T TT Tt. T TT Tt. T = Tall t = Short. Figure 11 1
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1 Chapt 11 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The principles of probability can be used to a. predict the traits of the offspring of genetic crosses. b. determine the actual outcomes of genetic crosses. c. determine which species should be used in genetic crosses. d. decide which organisms are best to use in genetic crosses. Tt T t TT T TT Tt T TT Tt T = Tall t = Short Figure In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11 1, which of the following is true about the offspring resulting from the cross? a. About half are expected to be short. b. All are expected to be short. c. About three fourths are expected to be tall. d. All are expected to be tall. RrYy RRYy RY Ry RY Ry RY RRYY RRYy RRYY RRYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy RRyy ry RrYY RrYy RrYY RrYy ry RrYy Rryy RrYy Rryy
2 Figure Use Figure 11 3 to answer the following question. If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many different phenotypes are their offspring expected to show? a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d A breed of chicken shows codominance for feather color. One allele codes for black feathers, another codes for white feathers. The feathers of heterozygous chickens of this breed will be a. black. b. white. c. gray. d. speckled. 5. In rabbits, there are four different versions of the gene for coat color. What pattern of inheritance is this? a. incomplete dominance. b. polygenic inheritance. c. codominance. d. multiple alleles. 6. Which of the following supports the claim that the environment can affect genetic traits? a. Oak trees get taller as they grow. b. Hydrangea flower color varies with soil ph. c. Dandelion plants are self pollinating. d. Pinion trees bear cones every other year. Figure What is shown in Figure 11 4? a. independent assortment b. anaphase I of meiosis c. crossing-over d. replication 8. A tetrad consists of a. a homologous pair of chromosomes, each made of two chromatids. b. the four copies of a chromosome that are normally present in cells. c. two sister chromatids that have each been replicated during interphase. d. a parental chromosome that was replicated to form a pair, then replicated again.
3 9.The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the a. less likely they are to be inherited together. b. more likely they are to be linked. c. less likely they are to assort independently. d. less likely they are to be separated by crossing over. 10.In pea plants, gray seed color (G ) is dominant over white seed color (g) and smooth pod shape (S) is dominant over constricted pod shape (s). A plant that has the genotype GGss is crossed with a plant that has the genotype GgSs. What is the probability of having offspring with the genotype Ggss? 11. a. 0 b. 10% c. 25% d. 50% The Punnett square shown here shows two of the possible offspring from a cross between two individuals for a simple autosomal trait where (A) is the dominant allele and (a) is the recessive allele. The offspring in boxes 1 and 2 will have what genotypes? a. 1 is AA and 2 is aa. b. Both 1 and 2 are Aa. c. 1 is Aa and 2 is aa. d. It is not possible to determine the genotypes. 12. A recessive trait is defined as a. one that is always expressed. b. one that is never expressed. c. one that is expressed whenever it is present. d. one that is expressed when the dominant allele is not present. 13. Which best defines a dominant trait? a. one that cannot be seen b. a trait that all organisms have c. a trait that is expressed when an organism has two of the alleles coding for it d. a trait that is expressed whenever an allele for it is present
4 14.Examine the Punnett squares shown here. If 348 offspring were produced in the F 2 generation of this cross, how many of those offspring would you expect to have purple flowers? a. 0 b. 87 c. 174 d Mice have 40 chromosomes. If two mice mate and produce offspring, how many chromosomes would be found in each sperm cell of the male offspring produced? a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d In which organism could you find this process occurring? a. In a female cat b. In a male blue jay c. In a sunflower d. In a bacterium
5 17.In which situation does the environment play a significant role in gene expression? a. An Arctic fox has a gray coat in summer and a thick, white coat in winter. b. Two pea plants with yellow seeds produce some offspring with green seeds. c. A cross between red flowers and yellow flowers produces offspring with orange flowers. d. None of the other answer choices 18. What is Gregor Mendel's contribution to the history and study of genetics? a. He discovered that characteristics are determined by inherited factors (genes). b. He discovered that alleles can be dominant or recessive. c. He discovered that alleles segregate independently during the formation of gamates. d. All of the other answer choices 19. What trait, dominant or recessive, will be expressed if an organism has one dominant allele and one recessive allele? a. The dominant trait b. The recessive trait c. Both the dominant and recessive traits d. The organism will lack that trait completely. 20. What term defines the event when the alleles for each gene separate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene? a. Characterization b. Genetics c. Principle of dominance d. Segregation 21. Mendel found that the generation between the P and F 2 generation is fundamental to genetic theory. What is the generation between the P and F 2 generations called? a. P 2 b. P 3 c. F 1 d. F What term defines why genetic variations are present in organisms even when they have the same parents? a. Dependent assortment b. Genetics c. Independent assortment d. Punnett square 23. A F 1 plant that is homozygous for tallness is crossed with a heterozygous F 1 plant. What ratio of tall to short plants (tall:short) represents the possible offspring? a. 1:1 b. 1:3 c. 3:1 d. 4:0
6 24.The physical characteristics of an organism are called its, whereas the genetic characteristics of an organism are called its. a. alleles; phenotype b. genotype; phenotype c. heredity; genotype d. phenotype; genotype 25. There are genetic crosses in which neither of two alleles is dominant over the other. In these crosses, the phenotype is a blend of the two alleles. These crosses are described as a. codominant. b. incomplete dominance. c. multiple alleles. d. non-mendelian inheritance. 26. An experiment crosses an F 1 generation of red-flowered (RR) plants and white-flowered (WW) plants. What is the color of the F 2 generation if the allele for color is characteristic of incomplete dominance? a. Blue b. Pink c. Red d. White 27. Environmental conditions can affect gene expression, changing an organism's a. alleles. b. fertilization. c. genotype. d. phenotype. 28. During a hot spring, the western white butterfly is found to have an unusually light wing pigmentation. What is the best reason for this altered phenotype? a. Altered genes b. Change in alleles c. Environment d. Independent assortment 29. What is the main result of meiosis? a. 2 diploid cells b. 2 haploid cells c. 4 diploid cells d. 4 haploid cells 30. In human cells, 2N = 46. How many chromosomes does an egg cell carry? a. 2 b. 23 c. 46 d What term defines a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes? a. Cytokinesis b. Diploid c. Haploid d. Telophase 32. Meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid cells. Mitosis produces a. 2 genetically different diploid cells. b. 2 genetically identical diploid cells. c. 4 genetically different haploid cells. d. 4 genetically identical haploid cells.
7 33. In what phase of both mitosis and meiosis are sister chromatids present? a. Anaphase b. Cytokinesis c. Prophase d. Telophase 34. What process is best related to Mendel's principle of independent assortment? a. Gene linkage b. Light-dependent reactions c. Mitosis d. Meiosis 35. Which process produces offspring with a wide genetic variation? a. Anaphase b. Meiosis c. Mitosis d. Telophase 36. A student crosses two pea plants and records information about F 1 phenotypes for seed shape in the table. If the parent plants had the genotypes Ss and ss, what should the student fill in for the expected number of plants of each phenotype? a. Smooth seeds: 45; Wrinkled seeds: 55 b. Smooth seeds: 60; Wrinkled seeds: 72 c. Smooth seeds: 66; Wrinkled seeds: 66 d. Smooth seeds: 99; Wrinkled seeds: In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan determined that certain genes in fruit flies appeared to be linked together. Morgan found four groups of linked genes. To which structure do these linkage groups relate? a. Centrioles b. Chromosomes c. Ribosomes d. Spindle fibers 38. In 1911, Alfred Sturtevant reasoned that he could use frequencies of crossing-over to map the genes on a chromosome. Which term can be used to describe Sturtevant's statement? a. Scientific theory b. Scientific principle c. Scientific hypothesis d. None of the above
8 39.Scientists studying a meadow ecosystem collect western white butterflies from a single population in the spring and summer. They notice that all individuals that hatch in the spring have darker wings than those that hatch in the summer. What is the most likely explanation for these different traits? a. Different environmental factors affect gene expression for wing color. b. Different alleles are inherited at different times of the year. c. Wing color is a polygenic trait in these butterflies. d. Wing color is influenced by codominance of alleles. 40. Identifying the relative locations of genes on a chromosome and creating a diagram of their locations is called a. karyotyping. b. gene mapping. c. independent assortment. d. chromosome mapping. 41. A specific characteristic of an individual, such as height, is called a. a gene b. an allele c. a gamete d. a trait 42. In a cross between a pea plant with yellow seeds and a pea plant with green seeds, all the offspring produced green seeds. This shows the trait for yellow seed color is and green seed color. a. recessive, dominant b. dominant, recessive c. purebred, recessive d. hybrid, recessive 43. What is the predicted phenotypic ratio in the offspring resulting from a cross of Tt Tt? a. 1:2:1 b. 3:1 c. 1:1 d. None of the other answer choices 44. A researcher hypothesizes that hair on human fingers is a dominant trait. The researcher examines the fingers of hundreds of people at a university, and asks about each person's family history. Which of the following findings would support the hypothesis? a. Couples without hair on their fingers never had biological children with hair on their fingers. b. People with hair on their fingers sometimes had one biological parent with no hair on their fingers. c. People with hair on their fingers sometimes had two biological parents with hair on their fingers. d. All of the other answer choices Completion Complete each statement. 1. Due to the process of segregation, alleles separate during the production of.
9 2. An organism has 38 chromosomes in a body cell. After mitosis each cell has 38 chromosomes. After meiosis each gamete has chromosomes. 3. The characteristics of an organism are determined by two factors:. 4. An organism s gametes have the number of chromosomes found in the organism s body cells. 5. Crossing-over occurs during the stage of meiosis called. Short Answer RrYy RY Ry ry ry RrYy RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy ry RrYY RrYy rryy rryy Seed Shape R = Round r = Wrinkled Seed Color Y = Yellow y = Green ry RrYy Rryy rryy rryy Figure What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring of the plants in the Punnett square in Figure 11 2? 2. What is the probability that a cross between parents who are both homozygous recessive for trait will have offspring that are homozygous recessive for that trait? 3. Define homologous chromosomes.
10 BbRr BR Br br br BbRr BR BBRR BBRr BbRR BbRr Br BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr br BbRR BbRr? bbrr Hair Color B = Black b = White Hair Texture R = Rough r = Smooth br BbRr Bbrr bbrr bbrr Heterozygous male guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr) are crossed with heterozygous female guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr). The incomplete Punnett square in Figure 11 6 shows the expected results from the cross. Figure Interpret Tables Identify the genotype of the offspring that would be represented by the question mark in Figure 11 6.
11 chpt 11 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC11 BLM: analysis 2. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L3 STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC14 3. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 OBJ: Explain the principle of independent assortment. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC18 BLM: synthesis 4. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe examples of exceptions to Mendel's principles. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC23 BLM: comprehension 5. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Describe examples of exceptions to Mendel's principles. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC25 BLM: comprehension 6. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 OBJ: Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. STA: Bio.5C TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC28 BLM: evaluation 7. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC34 8. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC36 BLM: analysis 9. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Describe how alleles from different genes can be inherited together. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC45 BLM: evaluation 10. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: comprehension 11. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions. STA: Bio.6A TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions. STA: Bio.6A TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 STA: Bio.6F Bio.2G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: analysis
12 15. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: analysis 17. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 OBJ: Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. STA: Bio.5C TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: evaluation 18. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions. STA: Bio.3F Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions. STA: Bio.6A TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: comprehension 20. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe what happens during segregation. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe what happens during segregation. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Explain the principle of independent assortment. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe examples of exceptions to Mendel's principles. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Describe examples of exceptions to Mendel's principles. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. STA: Bio.6E Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. STA: Bio.6E Bio.6F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis.
13 STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Contrast meiosis and mitosis. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: comprehension 31. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Contrast meiosis and mitosis. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: comprehension 33. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: comprehension 34. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe how alleles from different genes can be inherited together. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: comprehension 35. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: comprehension 36. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 STA: Bio.6F Bio.2F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: analysis 37. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 OBJ: Describe how alleles from different genes can be inherited together. STA: Bio.6G Bio.3F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis. STA: Bio.6G Bio.2D Bio.3F TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 OBJ: Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. STA: Bio.5C Bio.2H TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ BLM: synthesis 40. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe how alleles from different genes can be inherited together. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_ ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions. STA: Bio.6A TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_ ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions. STA: Bio.6A TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_ BLM: comprehension 43. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 STA: Bio.6F TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_ BLM: analysis
14 44. ANS: D PTS: 0 DIF: L3 OBJ: Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions. TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_ STA: Bio.5C Bio.2B COMPLETION 1. ANS: gametes, sex cells PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Describe what happens during segregation. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_CO62 BLM: comprehension 2. ANS: 19 PTS: 1 DIF: L3 STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_CO63 BLM: analysis 3. ANS: genes and environmental conditions PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. STA: Bio.5C TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_CO71 4. ANS: half PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_CO73 BLM: comprehension 5. ANS: prophase I PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis. STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_CO74 BLM: analysis SHORT ANSWER 1. ANS: The phenotype ratio is 9 round, yellow seeds : 3 round, green seeds : 3 wrinkled, yellow seeds : 1 wrinkled, green seed. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Explain the principle of independent assortment. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_SA79 2. ANS: 100% PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Explain how Mendel's principles apply to all organisms. STA: Bio.3F Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_SA82 BLM: analysis 3. ANS: Homologous chromosomes are the two sets of chromosomes found in a body cell one set inherited from the male parent and the other inherited from the female parent. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes.
15 STA: Bio.6G TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_SA85 BLM: comprehension OTHER 1. ANS: The genotype of the offspring is bbrr. PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: Explain the principle of independent assortment. STA: Bio.6F TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_OT91
is the scientific study of. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is considered the of genetics. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary garden.
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