BOT 161 FIRST SEMESTER TEST / EERSTE SEMESTERTOETS AUGUST 2009 MEMORANDUM

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "BOT 161 FIRST SEMESTER TEST / EERSTE SEMESTERTOETS AUGUST 2009 MEMORANDUM"

Geraldine Simmons
6 years ago
Views:

1 BOT 161 FIRST SEMESTER TEST / EERSTE SEMESTERTOETS AUGUST 2009 MEMORANDUM QUESTION / VRAAG 1 : [7] Provide the correct scientific term for each of the following descriptions. Gee die korrekte wetenskaplike term vir elk van die volgende beskrywings. (7) 1.1 Relatively unspecialized cells that retain the ability to divide and perform most of the plant's metabolic functions of synthesis and storage. Relatiewe ongespesiliseerde selle wat die vermoë behou om te deel en verrig die meeste van die plant se metaboliese funksies van sintese en berging. 1.2 Strengthening cells with thick secondary walls usually found in nutshells and seed coats. Versterkings selle met dik sekondêre wande wat gewoonlik in neutedoppe en saadhuide voorkom. 1.3 Structures that allow the diffusion of oxygen into woody stems. Strukture wat die diffusie van suurstof tot binne houtagtige stingels toelaat. 1.4 Type of living plant cell that lacks nuclei at functional maturity. Tipe lewendige plantsel wat geen selkerne by funksionele volwassenheid het nie. 1.5 A type of phyllotaxis where one leaf is borne per node. n Tipe fillotakse waar een blaar per knoop voorkom. 1.6 A root-fungus association critical in the nutrition of some plants. n Wortel-swam verwantskap wat krities vir die voeding van sekere plante is. 1.7 The mechanism of water transport in xylem that can contribute to recovery from cavitation Die meganisme van water vervoer in xileem wat kan bydra tot die herstel van kavitasie parenchyma / parenchiem sclereids / sklereide ½ for sclerenchyma lenticels / lentiselle sieve tube / sifvaat alternate / afwisselend mycorrhiza / mikorizza root pressure / worteldruk

2 QUESTION / VRAAG 2 : [6] By completing the table below, compare and contrast the basic types of meristems found in plants. Deur om die tabel te voltooi, vergelyk en kontrasteer die basiese tipes meristeme wat in plante voorkom. (6) Meristem type Meristeem tipe Function Funksie Location in plant Ligging in die plant One example of a tissue produced from the meristem Een voorbeeld van n weefsel wat die meristeem vervaardig Apical meristem Apikale meristeem Increases the length of the plant Toename in die lengte van die plant (primary growth only ½) Tips of the shoot (stem) and root Punte van stingels en wortels Any primary tissue in the dermal (epidermis, ground (cortex, pith) or vascular (primary xylem, primary phloem) tissue system Enige primêre weefsel in die dermis (epidermis, grond (korteks, murg) of vaatweefsel (primêre xileem, primêre floeëm) sisteem. Lateral meristem Laterale meristeem Increases the girth / thickness of the plant Toename in dikte van die plant (secondary growth only ½) Cylinders of cells along the length of roots and stems Silinders van selle al langs die lengte van wortels en stingels Secondary xylem / secondary phloem / cork cells / phelloderm Sekondêre xileem / sekondêre floeëm / kurkselle / felloderm

3 QUESTION / VRAAG 3 : [5] Answer the following statements as TRUE or FALSE. If your answer is FALSE, motivate your answer. Beantwoord die volgende stellings as WAAR of ONWAAR. Indien jou antwoord ONWAAR is, motiveer jou antwoord. 3.1 Bark is associated with perennials but not annuals. Bas word met meerjarige plante en nie met eenjarige plante geassosieer nie. True / Waar 3.2 A cladode is a flattened petiole that resembles a leaf. n Kladood is n afgeplatte petiool (blaarsteel) wat soos n blaar lyk. False phyllode is a flattened petiole (or cladode is a flattened stem) Onwaar fillood is n afgeplatte petiool (of kladood is n afgeplatte stingel) 3.3 Within a woody stem that develops secondary growth, the cork cambium develops from the cortex. In n houtagtige stingel wat sekondêre groei ondergaan, ontwikkel die kurkkambium vanuit die korteks. True / Waar 3.4 Monocots typically have a taproot rather than a adventitious root sytem. Monokotiele het tipies eerder n penwortelstelsel as n bywortelstelsel. False Monocots have an adventitious root system Onwaar Monokotiele het n bywortelstelsel 3.5 Water can cross the cortex via the symplast or apoplast, but minerals moving via the apoplast must finally cross the selective membranes of endodermal cells. Water kan deur die korteks beweeg via die simplas en apoplas, maar minerale wat deur die apoplas beweeg moet deur die selektiewe membrane van endodermisselle finaal beweeg. True / Waar

4 QUESTION / VRAAG 4 : [8] 4.1 Typically, stems are considered as the upright axes connecting subterranean roots and leaves situated some height above ground level. Yet, their are many examples of valid stems that deviate from this theme. Name TWO examples of these modified stems along with their function. Remember: Give the scientific name of the two examples. Tipies word stingels beskou as die vertikale asse wat ondergrondse wortels en blare wat n entjie bo die grondoppervlakte voorkom verbind. Maar daar is baie voorbeelde van ware stingels wat van hierdie tema afwyk. Noem TWEE voorbeelde van hierdie gewysigde stingels en gee hul funksies. Onthou: Gee die wetenskaplike naam van die twee voorbeelde. (4) ANY TWO EXAMPLES: Type: (½) Scientif name: Function: (½) Grow horisontal, above ground / Groei horisontaal, bogronds Stolons: Duchesnea sp. Vegetative reproduction Stolons: Duchesnea sp. Vegetatiewe voortplanting Grow horisontal, below ground / Groei horisontaal, ondergronds Rhizomes: Iris sp. Vegetative reproduction / storage Risome: Iris sp. Vegetatiewe voortplanting / berging Other below ground / Ander ondergronds: Tubers: Solanum sp. Vegetative reproduction / storage Knolle: Solanum sp. Vegetatiewe voortplanting / berging Bulbs: Allium sp. Storage Bolle: Allium sp. Berging Rootstock / Corm: Hypoxis sp. Storage Wortelstock: Hypoxis sp. Berging 4.2 Study the figure below and answer the following questions. Bestudeer die figuur hieronder en beantwoord die volgende vrae Which tissues / cell types are indicated by the following letters? Watter weefsels / seltipes word deur die volgende letters voorgestel? B. cortex / korteks C. endodermis D. pericycle / perisikel G. pith / murg (4 x ½) Does this illustration represent a cross-section through a monocot or a dicot root? Motivate your answer. Stel die deursnee in bostaande illustrasie n monokotiele of dikotiele wortel voor? Motiveer jou antwoord. (2) Monocot. Xylem and phloem arranged in a ring (circle) around the pith. (OR xylem not star-shaped as in dicot ½) Monokotiel. Xileem en floeëm in n kring om die murg gerangskik. (OF xileem nie ster-vorming soos in dikotiel ½)

5 QUESTION / VRAAG 5 : [11] 5.1 Briefly explain why it is possible for big, old, hollow trees to grow and live for many years and still produce green leaves. Verduidelik kortliks hoekom dit moontlik is vir groot, ou, hol bome om te groei en oorleef vir baie jare en nogsteeds groen blare produseer. (4) The older, non-functioning wood, heartwood, is toward the centre of the tree. It does not matter if this wood is removed as it only functions in support (not needed for water transport). The functional secondary xylem, sapwood, is still present as it is closest to the vascular cambium (towards the outer part of the tree). Water transport up the stem to the leaves still occurs here and the tree can still grow. Die ouer, nie-funksionele hout, kernhout, is in die senter van die boom. Dit maak nie saak as hierdie hout verwyder word nie aangesien dit alleenlik as versterking dien (nie nodig vir water vervoer nie). Die funksionele sekondêre xileem, spinthout, is nog teenwoordig omdat dit naaste aan die vaatkambium is (na die buitekant van die boom). Watervervoer by die stingel op tot die blare vind plaas hier en die boom kan nogsteeds groei. 5.2 Imagine that you discover a new species of herbaceous plant. The flowers of this plant clearly place it with the dicots. But the plant body has a peculiar, jointed appearance, and you are not sure whether the large photosynthetic structures are leaf blades or flattened stems. Name and briefly discuss TWO anatomical criteria that would allow you to decide whether these structures are leaves or stems. Stel voor jy ontdek n nuwe spesie van n kruidagtige plant. Die blomme van hierdie plant plaas dit duidelik saam met die dikotiele. Maar die plantliggaam het n eienaardige, gelede voorkoms en jy is nie seker of die groot fotosintetiese strukture of blaarskywe (lamina s) of afgeplatte stingels is nie. Noem en verduidelik kortliks TWEE anatomiese kriteria wat jou in staat sal stel om te bsluit of hierdie strukture blare of stingels is. (4) ANY TWO DIFFERENCES / CRITERIA: Stems: Have a cortex and a large pith separated by a ring of vascular bundles. There is an active vascular cambium. Leaves: Have palisade parenchyma and spongy mesophyll between the two epidermis layers. The vascular bundles are arranged in a netted manner. There is no active vascular cambium. Stingels: Het n korteks en a groot murg, geskei deur n kring vaatbondels. Daar is n aktiewe vaatkambium. Blare: Het palisade parenchiem en sponsmesofil tussen twee epidermislae. Die vaatbondels is netvormig gerangskik. Daar is geen aktiewe vaatkambium. 5.3 On a really hot day, one might see maize leaves in a field fold (or curl) in on itself. What causes this phenomenon? Why does this happen? Op n baie warm dag, kan n mens waarneem dat mielie blare in n landery opvou of opkrul. Wat veroorsaak hierdie verskynsel? Hoekom gebeur dit? (3) Bulliform cells are responsible. They are usually turgid and under hot conditions they collapse and cause the leaf to curl. This prevents water loss from the epidermis.

6 Motorselle is verantwoordelik hiervoor. Hulle is gewoonlik turgied en onder warm toestande, val hulle plat en veroorsaak dat die blaar opkrul. Hierdie verhoed water verlies van die epidermis. QUESTION / VRAAG 6 : [5] Answer the following questions. Write your answers (letters) in the boxes provided. Beantwoord die volgende vrae. Skryf jou antwoorde (letters) neer in die boksies voorsien. 6.1 Which structure or compartment is not part of the apoplast? Watter struktuur of komponent is nie deel van die apoplas nie? B. 6.2 Which one of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential? Watter een van die volgende het die laagste (mees negatief) waterpotensiaal? E 6.3 What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? Wat is die hoof krag waarby die meeste water in die xileem houtvate na die boonste gedeeltes van n boom beweeg? C 6.4 Which one of these does not stimulate the opening of stomata? Watter een van die volgende stimuleer nie die opening van huidmondjies nie? A 6.5 Which of the following is responsible for the cohesion of water molecules? Watter van die volgende is verantwoordelik vir die kohesie van water molekules? C

7 QUESTION / VRAAG 7 : [8] 7.1 Why is it a bad idea to overfertilize your houseplants? If the amount recommended on the package is good, wouldn t more be better? Waarom is dit n slegte idee om jou huisplante te veel kunsmis te gee? As die aanbevole hoeveelheid op de pakkie goed is, sou meer nie beter wees nie? (3) A high concentration of salts (fertilizer) can cause the soil s water potential to drop (become more negative) and lower the water potential gradient from soil to roots. This will reduce uptake of water by the roots n Hoë konsentrasie soute (kunsmis) kan veroorsaak dat die grond se water potensiaal sal daal (word meer negatief), en die water potensiaal gradient van die grond na die wortels verlaag. Hierdie sal die opname van water deur die wortels verlaag 7.2 Fill in the missing words. Vul die ontbrekende woorde in. (5) The rapid movement of phloem sap from is due to the pressure-flow mechanism. At the (source / sink) source, high solute concentration (increases / decreases) decreases the water potential, and the resulting movement of (water / sucrose) water into the sieve tube produces a (positive / negative) positive pressure. At the (source / sink) sink, the loss of (water / sucrose) water following the exodus of (water / sucrose) sucrose into the surrounding tissue results in a (higher / lower) lower pressure. Die vinnige beweging van floeëmsap is a.g.v. die druk-vloei meganisme. By die (bron / swelg) bron, n hoë opgeloste stof konsentrasie (verhoog / verlaag) verlaag die water potensiaal, en die gevolglike beweging van (water / sukrose) water. in die sifvaat produseer n (positiewe / negatiewe) positiewe druk. By die (bron / swelg) swelg, die verlies van (water / sukrose) water na die eksodus van (water / sukrose) sukrose. in die omliggende weefsel veroorsaak n (hoër / laer) laer druk.

Chapter 23 Notes Roots Stems Leaves

Chapter 23 Notes Roots Stems Leaves I. Specialized tissue in plants - effective way to ensure the plant s survival A. Seed plant structure 1. Roots - a. Absorbs water and dissolves nutrients b. anchors