4. Which of the following is not true regarding sympatric speciation?

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1 Biol 307: Review Questions 1. The Pied Wagtail is an insect-eating bird species that lives in Europe. Researchers observed that Wagtails prefer to eat insects that are 7 mm in length, even when 8 mm insects are more abundant. Why should Wagtails show this preference? A. Wagtails encounter only 7 mm sized insects in their native habitat and do not recognize the larger insects as food. B. 7 mm sized insects provide Wagtails with the most energy for the time and energy they spend handling and processing the food. C. Wagtails avoid 8 mm sized insects so that there will always be a breeding populations to produce more insects. D. The 8 mm sized insects were offered to the Wagtails randomly instead of in patches. E. The Wagtails have undergone stabilizing selection and therefore they select against extremes in insect size. 2. Your physician gives you a prescription for an antibiotic. You take the antibiotic until you are feeling better and decide to save the remaining doses for future use. What is the likely result of your behaviour? A. By decreasing your reliance on antibiotics, you are promoting the health of your immune system. B. You are saving yourself from having to pay money to renew the prescription when, at some time in the future, you again need that antibiotic. C. You are contributing to that antibiotic being less effective the next time it is used. D. By using less of the antibiotic, you decrease the exposure of bacteria to that antibiotic and thus help to make sure that the antibiotic will remain effective when used in the future. E. You are making yourself immune to that antibiotic. 3. Natural selection can be defined as. A. changes in gene frequencies attributable to chance B. the accumulation of random mutations C. the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment D. descent with modification E. the relationships among all organisms 4. Which of the following is not true regarding sympatric speciation? A. It can occur very rapidly. B. It is uncommon among animals but relatively common among plants. C. It involves a reproductive barrier.

2 D. It usually takes many generations. E. One example comes from polyploidization events in plants. 5. Ozone in the stratosphere. A. Was formed 100 million years ago by photosynthetic organisms. B. is being increased by the production of photochemical smog. C. is formed when infrared radiation interacts with O2. D. protects us from the damaging effects of UV radiation. E. both C and D 6. Which of the following assumptions was NOT part of Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection? A. Traits are inherited as discrete particles. B. Earth is very old. C. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support. D. Organisms compete for limited resources. E. Organisms vary in heritable ways. 7. Which of the following was not true when Earth was formed? A. There was a cloud of volcanic gases. B. Liquid water was abundant. C. Meteorites impacted the surface. D. Carbon dioxide was available. E. There was no free oxygen. 8. The Lindeman Efficiency estimates A. the percentage of solar energy that penetrates the ozone layer and reaches the Earth s surface. B. the gross primary productivity of an area. C. the amount of energy lost as heat. D. the photosynthetic efficiency. E. the amount of energy assimilated from a lower trophic level. 9. Which of the following statements is not true? A. Ectotherms are more efficient at converting available energy into biomass than are endotherms. B. Great White Sharks are endotherms. C. An ectotherm s body temperature fluctuates with the ambient temperature.

3 D. Endotherms derive most of their body heat from their own metabolism and therefore do not require as much food energy as ectotherms. E. Honeybees can generate metabolic heat by shivering. 10. Of all the organisms that have ever existed, what percentage are estimated to now be extinct? A. 50.0% B. 99.9% C. 78.8% D. 11.1% E. 82.2% 11. The most diverse group of organisms in terms of number of species described are the A. prokaryotes B. angiosperms C. endotherms D. insects E. mammals 12. Human babies with birth weights below 5.5 lbs or above 9.5 lbs have higher mortality rates than babies who weigh between 5.5 and 9.5 lbs. When there are selective pressures favouring an intermediate phenotype, it is called A. gene flow B. stabilizing selection C. directional selection D. diversifying selection E. artificial selection 13. The definition of aestivation is. A. long-term summer torpor. B. fertile period among female primates. C. deriving most body heat from metabolism. D. energy becoming less organized as it is transferred from one state to another. E. deriving most body heat from the environment.

4 14. Relative to its size, which organism would require more energy to support its functions? A. crocodile B. trout C. frog D. squirrel E. butterfly 15. The appearance of an organism, which is a combination of the expression of the genes and environment modification, is called the A. phenotype B. genotype C. attractiveness quotient D. harem size determinant E. mating system 16. Punctuated Equilibrium refers to A. the balance of ozone formation and depletion in the statosphere. B. the occurrence of rapid speciation followed by a long period of no change. C. the balance between predator-prey interactions under optimal foraging theory. D. the optimal quantity of a given requirement of life. E. the balance of nature. 17. The point on the Earth s surface that receives the greatest solar energy on any given day is A. the Tropic of Capricorn. B. the Tropic of Cancer. C. the intertropical divergence zone. D. the thermal equator. E. the coast of Peru 18. The process of deflection of large masses of air and water to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere is called the A. Jet Stream B. Thermal Equator C. Ocean Conveyor Belt System

5 D. Gulf Stream E. Coriolis Effect 19. What is a Hadley Cell? A. The circulation of air starting and finishing at the equator. B. a cell that lacks a nucleus as is found in prokaryotes. C. A single-celled marine organism that disappeared during the Permian extinction. D. The circulation of ocean water that is started when cold, salty water sinks after passing through the Gulf Stream. E. The cycle of carbon as it passes through gaseous and solid phases in ecosystems. 20. Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed a mechanism by which evolution could occur. Although it was a reasonable idea in its day, this mechanism has since been shown to be incorrect. Why is it incorrect? A. The only circumstances under which it could work is when there are only two phenotypes in the population. B. Offspring can only inherit what is encoded in their parents genes. C. The mechanism proposed that evolution occurs quickly and we now know that evolution occurs slowly and gradually. D. The skills acquired by one parent cancel out the skills acquired by the other parent so that the offspring inherit an intermediate set of skills. E. The mechanism applies only to small populations 21. An earthworm lives in the soil and consumes dead organic material, such as leaf litter. Based on what it eats, how would you describe an earthworm? A. Producer B. Herbivore C. Carnivore D. Detritivore E. Omnivore 22. For a sexually-reproducing species to achieve an ecological fitness = 1, it needs to: A. Produce many small offspring that survive to reproduce. B. Produce few large offspring that survive to reproduce. C. Produce one offspring that survives to reproduce. D. Produce two offspring that survive to reproduce. E. Produce more offspring than the average for its species.

6 23. In order for behaviour to be influenced by natural selection, it must be A. optimal. B. modified by environmental experience. C. exhibited by a majority of individuals. D. predictable given a certain set of circumstances. E. at least partially influenced by genetic inheritance. 24. The Iwi defends a territory only when the costs of doing so are less than the benefits gained by having exclusive access to the nectar-rich flowers on the territory. When is it beneficial for Iwis to defend territories? A. When nectar production is high because they can defend a very small territory and have access to a lot of nectar. B. When nectar production is moderate because they are able to gain enough energy from the flowers to offset the costs of defending them. C. When nectar production is low because there isn t enough nectar to support the entire population. D. During the breeding season because individuals need more energy in order to breed. E. During migration and on the wintering grounds because migration is energetically costly. 25. In a food web that consists of kelp, sea urchins, sea otters, and fish, which statement best reflects the effect of removal of the sea otters? A. Upon removal of the sea otters, the sea urchin populations increased dramatically. B. Upon removal of the sea otters, the fish population stayed steady. C. Upon removal of the sea otters, the kelp population increased. D. Upon removal of the sea otters, the sea urchin populations decreased dramatically. E. Upon removal of the sea otters, the fish population increased. 26. Which statement does not relate to the benefits of a female in a polygynous mating system? A. The females that arrive at a habitat first could raise the most offspring. B. A female reduces the chance of acquiring weak genes. C. Females in a harem receive better resources. D. none of the above E. all of the above

7 27. What is one reason why are there only two sexes? A. With more than two sexes, the costs of having females increases. B. With more than two sexes, more energy would be lost as extra mating costs. C. With more than two sexes, the genetic variability would decrease, leading to susceptibility to pathogens. D. With more than two sexes, a polyandrous mating system would evolve and this would result in a loss of fitness. E. All of the above 28. The general equation for photosynthesis is: A. sunlight + O2 = CH2O + CO2 + H2O B. sunlight + CO2 + H2O = CH2O + O2 C. sunlight + CO2 + H2O = CH2O D. sunlight + H2O + O2 = CH2O + CO2 E. sunlight + CH2O + CO2 = O2 + H2O 29. C4 plants do not dominate the Earth because... A. C3 plants are better competitors B. C4 plants can only live in arid environments C. the C4 pathway requires a greater expenditure of energy than the C3. D. C3 plants evolved first E. All of the above. 30. All of the following represent explanations accounting for the global diversity gradient except: A. increased niche diversity. B. human activity. C. prior distribution of tropical climates. D. increased speciation events. E. stability of tropical environments over time.

8 Answers (in the case of questions asking for definitions or something that is straight out of the notes, I haven t bothered to give an explanation for the answer. If you are still puzzled why you erred on a question, feel free to discuss it with me): 1)B; Optimal foraging theory suggests that organisms choose their prey depending on energy gained/time spent 2)C; Because you didn t use the full dose, there are likely some bacteria still present in your system that happen to have genes that make them more resistant to that antibiotic. Now they have less competition from the other less-resilient bacteria and will proliferate. 3) D; Descent with modification: Surviving organisms represent genes that are descended down from previous generations. They are a modification of what was present in the previous generation due to the differential survivorship and reproductive success realized by members of the previous generation 4)D; Sympatric speciation is thought to occur very rapidly, even within one generation 5)D; Was formed 400 mya, is being decreased by our uses of various chlorine chemicals and is formed through a reaction between ultraviolet radiation and O2. 6)A; Darwin never could figure out how heredity worked. 7)B; Water vapour was present but not liquid water. It took another 6 billion years for the Earth to cool down enough to have liquid water. 8)E; Lindeman efficiency = assimilation efficiency. The proportion of energy in a tropic level that is consumed (and assimilated) to make energy for the tropic level above. 9)D; Endotherms require MORE energy than ectotherms because they use some of th energy they consume simply for maintaining body heat 10)B; 99% (straight from your notes) 11)D; insects. Over half of all known organisms are insects. 12)B; Stabilizing selection is the type of selection where both extremes in the distribution of a trait show less survivorship/reproduction than those in the midrange 13)A; aestivation is a reduction in metabolism that occurs when organisms are suffering from high temperatures

9 14)D; A squirrel, because this is the only endotherm in the list and endotherms require more energy to function due the costs in terms of energy to maintain body heat 15)A; 16)B; 17)D; 18)E; 19)A; 20)B; Lamarck s theory required that organisms can pass on traits that they acquired through their own personal trials of life onto their offspring. 21)D; Detritivore 22)D; Sexual species only pass on half their genes to each offspring. Therefore, they must produce two offspring in order to, on average, have passed on a copy of each of their genes and have a value of 1 for fitness. 23)E; Natural selection for a trait requires that offspring inherit the genes for said trait from their parents 24)C; 25)A; Sea otters ate sea urchins so when the sea otters were removed from the food chain, sea urchin populations exploded. This caused a decrease in the kelp population which, in turn, caused a decrease in fish populations. 26)D; All of the statements relate to the benefits to females in a polygynous mating system. 27)B; 28)B; Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction whereby carbon dioxide and sunlight is used to make carbohydrate and oxygen 29)C; 30)B. Human activity is not thought to be a major reason why more species exist in tropical areas.