Evolution: Natural Selection Lecture 16 Summer 2014

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1 Evolution: Natural Selection Lecture 16 Summer 2014

2 Biodiversity 1 Globally - ~1.8 million species ~10,000 birds ~ 4629 mammals ~ 8240 reptiles ~ 900,000 insects (named) ~ 300,000 vascular plants ~ 20,000 fish

3 Species Diversity & Unity 2 Organisms suited to their environment See Fig.13.1

4 Species Diversity & Unity 3 Hierarchy of classification Need a theory (model) that can explain these patterns See Fig

5 Themes in Biology 4 Evolution is the theme that unifies all biology Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution - Theodosius Dobzhansky

6 Darwin s Journey 5 Charles Darwin ( ) Voyage of the HMS Beagle Fig. 13.3

7 Historical Context of Darwin s Work 6 Aristotle ( B.C.) Special Creation/Natural Theology (Judeo- Christian) Species are fixed The world is ~ 6000 years old Carolus Linnaeus ( )

8 Historical Context of Darwin s Work 7 Charles Lyell ( ) - Geologist Gradualism Mechanisms of change are constant over time Earth older than proposed

9 Historical Context of Darwin s Work 8 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck ( ) - Naturalist Species have changed through time and are related by common ancestry (1809) Mechanism - Inheritance of acquired characteristics

10 Historical Context of Darwin s Work 9 Thomas Malthus ( ) Economist 1798 An Essay on the Principle of Population as it affects the Future Improvement of Society Human population has the potential to grow faster than food supply

11 Darwin s Work 10 Darwin observed patterns Descent with Modification Species are related by common ancestry Species change through time Darwin proposed a process Natural Selection

12 Darwin s Work 1844 Darwin writes essay on evolution of species and natural selection 1859 Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Alfred Russel Wallace sends Darwin an essay outlining the process of evolution by natural selection

13 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 12 Evolution: A genetically based change in the characteristics of a population over time Change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time. Process = Natural selection Also: Genetic drift Mutation Gene Flow

14 The Process: Natural Selection 14 Darwin s Four postulates (criteria) 1. Individuals within a population vary in traits 2. Variation must be heritable (genes/dna) 3. In every generation, more offspring are produced than can survive. Only some individuals survive to reproduce. 4. Survival and reproduction of individuals is not random Individuals with certain heritable traits survive and produce more offspring - they have been naturally selected Outcome of process: A Population s characteristics will change over time = Evolution will occur

15 Populations 14 Population a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time Typically breed within the population

16 Evolution by Natural Selection 15 Evolution: a genetically based change in the characteristics of a population over time Fig. 1.12

17 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 16 What is survival of the fittest? Darwinian fitness Ability of an individual to produce offspring, relative to the ability in other individuals in the population An Adaptation Any heritable trait that enables organisms to survive and reproduce better under prevailing environmental conditions relative to individuals lacking this trait

18 Evolution by Natural Selection 17 What would happen to this population if the predator was a mammal that could see dark beetles more easily than light beetles? Fig. 1.12

19 Artificial Selection 18 See Fig. 1.13

20 Evidence of Evolution 19 Evolution is observable within our lifetime Antibiotic resistant bacteria Insects resistant to pesticides Plants resistant to herbicides Galapagos finches Evolution can be tested experimentally

21 Evolution in Action: Galapagos Finches 20 Finches studied since early 1970 s Peter & Rosemary Grant Finch population had variation in many heritable traits, including beak size The Beak of the Finch. Jonathan Weiner How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches. Peter & Rosemary Grant. 2007

22 Evolution in Action: Galapagos Finches 21 Is there variation in this population? What is the average beak size? Beak Depth of Medium Ground Finch. Year = 1976 Population = 751

23 Evolution in Action: Galapagos Finches 22 Medium ground finches eat seeds Average rainfall year Wide variety of seeds Drought year Shrubs with large, hard seeds Wet Year Shrubs overgrown by vines that produce small seeds

24 Evolution in Action: Galapagos Finches was a drought year. Make a prediction - what would happen to the population size of the medium ground finch from 1976 to the end of 1977? Draw a graph illustrating your prediction Make a prediction what would happen to the beak depth of the medium ground finch, if measured in 1978? Draw a graph illustrating your prediction

25 Evolution in Action: Galapagos Finches 24 Were your predictions correct? Did evolution occur? Beak Depth of Medium Ground Finch. Year = 1978 Population = 90

26 Evolution in Action: Galapagos Finches was an extremely wet year What types of medium ground finishes had the greatest reproductive success? (e.g., what characteristics did they have?)

27 Evolution by Natural Selection 26 Genetic diversity is key! Ray Troll

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