Quite often plants are seen as the background against which the more interesting (animal) wildlife occurs. After all, often, when we use the word
|
|
- Elizabeth Allen
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1
2 Quite often plants are seen as the background against which the more interesting (animal) wildlife occurs. After all, often, when we use the word 'habitat', we are actually using it as shorthand for plant communities. So the habitat for the Marbled White is chalk or limestone grassland. But, of, course, habitats consist of a mix of both animal and plant species - for a wasp parasitic on the Marbled White, it's the animal component that its most important. 2
3 So what I want to do is just try to put plants on a more equal footing with the animal species of grassland. Because the relationship between plants and the environment is the same as the relationship between animals and the environment. They must exhibit adaptations and behaviours that allow them to: - Secure nutrients and water. - Avoid being predated. - Reproduce successfully. - Disperse to find new space to occupy. Of course plants are at one major disadvantage when compared to most animals, in that grown individuals are rooted to the spot. So plants have to have very particular strategies to overcome this. 3
4 So, let's step back and have some basic plant ecology. Here's a model - the RSC triangle - which describes plant survival strategies. In this respect, grazing can be considered as both a disturbance - which the original approach considered it - but also a stress, in that it provides an ongoing restriction on the ability of competitive plants to dominate. So, a fast growing plant will find that it rapidly loses a large amount of material in which it has invested a lot of material. Plants associated with grazed grassland, therefore, tend to have growing points close, at or below ground level, and to be able to spread laterally. This is part of their ability to tolerate stress. Stressing the vegetation can lead to increased diversity, as the ability of individual species to grow, spread and compete is limited. Of course, increase the grazing pressure sufficiently, and it becomes real disturbance. Conservation practice has traditionally shied away from disturbance in grassland as being damaging to the sward. And it is the case that continued high grazing pressure can shift the balance so far towards the ruderal element of the flora that there is a serious reduction in diversity. 4
5 But it is also the case that many threatened grassland plants require repeated disturbance for survival. For some, it is keeping a low, open sward which provides reduced shade & competition for low-growing plants, but perhaps crucially also makes for easier germination. Some species, like Ground-pine and Basil-thyme (left), are grassland annuals, which can only grow and flower if the ground is well disturbed - effectively dug over. Some of these plants are associated with arable, but look most at home in grassland. A few genuinely do best where grazing is really heavy. Hound's-tongue (right) is unpalatable and a biennial, and often found in greatest profusion immediately around rabbit warrens. 5
6 Red Star-thistle (left) is another biennial. The first-year rosettes are flat to the ground to avoid grazing, and are resistant to trampling. The second-year plants are astonishingly tough and prickly and so it thrives where grazing pressure is so high that the surrounding vegetation is kept very short with an abundance of bare ground. And Small Fleabane (right) a once widespread but now very rare annual of grazed commons and similar areas thrives best in what would be considered the very worst of pasture management, with heavy grazing and substantial amounts of poaching. 6
7 Far less extreme, so perhaps more instructive, is Meadow Clary. Meadow Clary is a long-lived (30-40 years) perennial of grassland. It's listed as Near Threatened as its distribution is fairly stable, but it still only has a population of maybe 8,000 individuals. At Ranscombe, we've been studying it as we have small population on the edge of a wood. This population appeared to have been static for some while, and this was a cause for concern, as an apparently healthy population can hold an extinction debt i.e. Plants may continue to flower, but, without any seedling recruitment, there will be a gradual decline in population size as individual plants reach the ends of their lives. 7
8 We sought to remedy this by the simple exercise of creating bare ground where seedlings might germinate. This took just a few hours of work in July, after the flowers had set seed. 8
9 It was a very successful exercise with more than 100 seedlings being produced in the first year. 9
10 By plotting the position of existing and new plants each year, we have been able to follow the demographics of the population. 10
11 This graph show the change in Meadow Clary life stages (from seedlings up to flowering adults) recorded for all the plants present at Ranscombe. It is noticeable that this shows that more than 2 years are needed for plants to grow to flowering size. The non-flowering rosettes are resistant to grazing and trampling, so will survive and grow even under fairly heavy grazing. However, any flower-heads are grazed off, and so no recruitment can occur under such conditions. This suggests that Meadow Clary would do best where there is heavy grazing, taking off any flowers but producing lots of bare ground which will last into the following year, followed by a year when grazing is relaxed and seed can be set. 11
12 Meadow Clary is a plant where conservation efforts have struggled in the past, and I think this may be because we tend to favour management systems which are effectively the same each year. However, grassland as a more natural habitat is likely to be more dynamic, going through cycles of succession, so that species have adapted to exploit this. One of the challenges of grassland conservation may be to try and establish this sort of dynamism within it. 12
13 Of course, having a dynamic grassland system does presuppose that plants can move to new habitat. The other major challenge is to understand how plants get around. One of the noticeable things about the Meadow Clary work is that almost all seeds fell within about a metre of the parent plant. And this kind of thing is true of most plants which don't have seeds specifically designed to dance off through the air. Even tiny orchid seeds, which are like dust, almost all fall within a short distance of the parent. 13
14 How plants move about is still a mystery, but it is important to recognise that vectors may be present for more species than we think. We have been managing the 23ha Brockles Field at Ranscombe since It is former set-aside dating back to the late 1980s. Plants like the Ox-eye Daisies in the photo, Marjoram, Red Clover and others have all colonised the field naturally (despite all these having quite large seeds), and species are still arriving. 14
15 For example, An Eyebright species (left) arrived in some deliberately created bare patches some 3 years after the patches were created, but once present, quickly spread, while the first Cowslip (right) in the field was seen in It is notable that neither species occurs anywhere else on the reserve, so how they arrived is a complete mystery. 15
16 Studies in Europe have shown that deer and boar are important vectors of open habitat plants. This paper found 55 species on the feet and fur of 25 shot roe deer and nine wild boar, and concluded that hoofed game play a particular role in the dispersal of ruderal and grassland species in the agricultural landscape of Central Europe. 16
17 Likewise, we have noted that the seed of Broad-leaved Cudweed at Ranscombe appears to spread on the wheels of vehicles and the feet of people and/or wild animals. 17
18 Plantlife s Joe Costley has also published a paper on the colonisation of meadows at our Joan's Hill reserve. This showed that ten plant species colonised a relatively species-poor hay meadow in an eleven year period, during which time animals and machinery moved between that meadow and other more species-rich grassland on the same site. However, some species remained limited to older fields: these include green-winged orchid Anacamptis morio, common milkwort Polygala vulgaris, pepper-saxifrage Silaum silaus, cowslip Primula veris, betony Stachys officinalis, lady s bedstraw Galium verum and dyer s greenweed Genista tinctoria. Pepper-saxifrage, common milkwort and betony are mainly confined to those fields on the farm where evidence suggests they have been grassland for at least 88 years. Similarly, established colonies of greenwinged orchid and dyer s greenweed are confined to those fields on the farm that we believe could have been grassland for at least 170 years. This clearly suggests differences in the ability of different plant species to spread through the landscape, with implications for how we look to restore re recreate grasslands in the most natural way possible. 18
19 Clearly grazing means all sorts of different things to a wild plant stress, disturbance, germination opportunities, and a free lift to new places and these are perhaps very different to the way we see grazing impacting on vegetation. Though how we go forward in the light of all this information is a challenge we have yet to meet fully. Costley, J Meadow management increased plant species diversity in a speciespoor, neutral grassland in Herefordshire, UK. Conservation Evidence 12: Heinken, T. & Raudnitschka, D. (2002) Do Wild Ungulates Contribute to the Dispersal of Vascular Plants in Central European Forests by epizoochory? A Case Study in NE Germany. Forstw. Cbl. 121:
20 20
Biodiversity and sustainability of grasslands
Biodiversity and sustainability of grasslands Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton and Ann Cresswell Biodiversity and response to environment 36 Tools to explore genetic diversity within natural populations 37
More informationEcology for Planting Design - understanding long-term plant performance. (C) Noel Kingsbury 2016
Ecology for Planting Design - understanding long-term plant performance (C) Noel Kingsbury 2016 Understanding plants as living materials Inherently less predictable than hard materials Need to understand,
More informationFurther Notes on Orchis purpurea Herbivory and Conservation Alfred Gay
Further Notes on Orchis purpurea Herbivory and Conservation Alfred Gay In the January 2012 edition of the Journal of the Hardy Orchid Society, David Johnson and Mike Gasson (Johnson, 2012; Gasson, 2012)
More informationName: Section: Number:
Name: Section: Number: 2 3 Vocabulary Word Definition competition p.114 parasite p.117 host p.117 succession p.118 extinct p.120 endangered p.120 hazardous waste p.126 4 5 6 7 Lesson 1: How are ecosystems
More informationWhat is wrong with deer on Haida Gwaii?
What is wrong with deer on Haida Gwaii? A school curriculum by the Research Group on Introduced Species 2007 Forests of Haida Gwaii Haida Gwaii is an archipelago. It consists of a great number of islands,
More informationSuccession. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 4.3 Succession
Lesson Overview 4.3 THINK ABOUT IT In 1883, the volcanic island of Krakatau in the Indian Ocean was blown to pieces by an eruption. The tiny island that remained was completely barren. Within two years,
More informationEichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) Tristylous, clonal
Plant of the Day Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) Native to South America Tristylous, clonal Invasive in Asia, Africa, North America, Australia Clogs waterways, blocks sunlight and reduces oxygen
More informationWhat determines: 1) Species distributions? 2) Species diversity? Patterns and processes
Species diversity What determines: 1) Species distributions? 2) Species diversity? Patterns and processes At least 120 different (overlapping) hypotheses explaining species richness... We are going to
More informationEffect of competition on the distribution of Marram Grass within a sand dune system Introduction
» sjhoward.co.uk Effect of competition on the distribution of Marram Grass within a sand dune system Introduction Sand dunes provide a classic example of the progression of ecological succession, with
More informationAPES Chapter 9 Study Guide. 1. Which of the following statements about sea otters is false?
APES Chapter 9 Study Guide 1. Which of the following statements about sea otters is false? They use tools, They have the thickest fur of any mammal. They can eat 25% of their weight per day in sea urchins
More informationContinue 59 Invasive. Yes. Place on invasive plant list, no further investigation needed. STOP. No. Continue on to question 2.
Ohio Plant Assessment Protocol Posted Date: 7/2/ Step II Outcome: Directions: Place an "" in the Score column next to the selected answer to each of the four questions.. Is this plant known to occur in
More informationSIF_7.1_v2. Indicator. Measurement. What should the measurement tell us?
Indicator 7 Area of natural and semi-natural habitat Measurement 7.1 Area of natural and semi-natural habitat What should the measurement tell us? Natural habitats are considered the land and water areas
More informationPlant responses to climate change in the Negev
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Plant responses to climate change in the Negev 300 200 150? Dr. Bertrand Boeken Dry Rangeland Ecology and Management Lab The Wyler Dept. of Dryland Agriculture Jacob
More informationLesson Overview. Niches and Community Interactions. Lesson Overview. 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions
Lesson Overview 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions The Niche What is a niche? A niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what
More informationCrossword puzzles! Activity: stratification. zonation. climax community. succession. Match the following words to their definition:
Activity: Match the following words to their definition: stratification zonation climax community succession changing community structure across a landscape changing community composition over time changes
More information3.1 Distribution of Organisms in the Biosphere Date:
3.1 Distribution of Organisms in the Biosphere Date: Warm up: Study Notes/Questions The distribution of living things is limited by in different areas of Earth. The distribution of life in the biosphere
More informationOrganism Interactions in Ecosystems
Organism Interactions in Ecosystems Have you ever grown a plant or taken care of a pet? If so, you know they have certain needs such as water or warmth. Plants need sunlight to grow. Animals need food
More information7. E C. 5 B. 1 D E V E L O P A N D U S E M O D E L S T O E X P L A I N H O W O R G A N I S M S I N T E R A C T I N A C O M P E T I T I V E O R M U T
7. E C. 5 B. 1 D E V E L O P A N D U S E M O D E L S T O E X P L A I N H O W O R G A N I S M S I N T E R A C T I N A C O M P E T I T I V E O R M U T U A L L Y B E N E F I C I A L R E L A T I O N S H I
More informationThe brilliant wildflowers of County Durham s limestone
Whilst you are out looking at the wonderful wildflowers, you could also make a note of what you see. You can help us to find out more about the wildlife of this area. We would like you to join us to record
More informationEnvironmental Science: Biomes Test
Name: Date: Pd. VERSION 1 Environmental Science: Biomes Test 1. Eland are large herbivores with loose skin under the throat and neck. This patch of skin aids in lowering the body temperature when temperatures
More informationC1 Weeds in North Queensland
C1 Weeds in North Queensland Introduction This presentation covered Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata), the Four Tropical Weeds (Miconia spp., Mikania macrantha, Clidemia hirta, Limnocharis flava), and Mimosa
More informationThe 2012 Drought. Common Weed Complaints in Musk Thistle 1/18/2014. Webster County Diversified Agriculture Conference Marshfield, MO
The 2012 Drought 6 th worst drought in history Hottest year in history Sarah Kenyon University of Missouri Extension Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu The 2012 Drought Other Causes
More informationCompetition Among Organisms
A Vote for Ecology Activity 5 Competition Among Organisms GOALS In this activity you will: Observe the effects of competition among plants for space and nutrients. Describe the possible effects of introducing
More informationBiological Diversity and Biogeography
Lecture -7: Biological Diversity and Biogeography ENV 107: Introduction to Environmental Science Dr. A.K.M. Saiful Islam Biological Evolution Refers to the change in inherited characteristics of a population
More informationLecture 24 Plant Ecology
Lecture 24 Plant Ecology Understanding the spatial pattern of plant diversity Ecology: interaction of organisms with their physical environment and with one another 1 Such interactions occur on multiple
More information4. is the rate at which a population of a given species will increase when no limits are placed on its rate of growth.
Population Ecology 1. Populations of mammals that live in colder climates tend to have shorter ears and limbs than populations of the same species in warm climates (coyotes are a good example of this).
More informationWeather is the day-to-day condition of Earth s atmosphere.
4.1 Climate Weather and Climate Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth s atmosphere. Climate refers to average conditions over long periods and is defined by year-after-year patterns of temperature
More informationOverview of Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Ecosystems and Living Organisms Overview of Chapter 5 Evolution Natural Selection Biological Communities Symbiosis Predation & Competition Community Development Succession Evolution The cumulative
More informationEssential Questions. What factors are most significant in structuring a community?
Community Ecology Essential Questions What factors are most significant in structuring a community? What determines a communities species composition and the relative amount of species present? What is
More informationLIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES
LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES What characteristics help a population survive and grow? What are the dominant species in an ecosystem? Why doesn't a dominant species (of plant or animal)
More informationPLANT RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE
PLANT RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE This discussion is based on: Briske, D. D. 1991. Developmental morphology and physiology of grasses. p. 85-108. In: Grazing Management: An Ecological Perspective. R. K. Heitschmidt
More informationTiree s great yellow bumblebee project
Tiree s great yellow bumblebee project * * * * * Facts about the great yellow bumblebee LATIN NAME Bombus distinguendus GAELIC NAME Seillean mòr buidhe HOW RARE ARE THEY? It s one of the UK s rarest bumblebees
More informationThorns, Prickles, Spines - The characteristics make the plant less likely to be grazed by large herbivores; not effective against insect herbivores.
PLANT RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE This discussion is based on: Briske, D. D. 1991. Developmental morphology and physiology of grasses. p. 85-108. In: Grazing Management: An Ecological Perspective. R. K. Heitschmidt
More informationFOSS California Structures of Life Module Glossary 2007 Edition
FOSS California Structures of Life Module Glossary 2007 Edition Adaptation: Any structure or behavior of an organism that improves its chances for survival. Adult: A fully-grown organism. The last stage
More informationBiomes Section 2. Chapter 6: Biomes Section 2: Forest Biomes DAY ONE
Chapter 6: Biomes Section 2: Forest Biomes DAY ONE Of all the biomes in the world, forest biomes are the most widespread and the most diverse. The large trees of forests need a lot of water, so forests
More information14.1. KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. 38 Reinforcement Unit 5 Resource Book
14.1 HABITAT AND NICHE KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. A habitat is all of the living and nonliving factors in the area where an organism lives. For example, the habitat of a frog
More informationPlant Structure and Organization - 1
Plant Structure and Organization - 1 In our first unit of Biology 203 we will focus on the structure and function of the higher plants, in particular the angiosperms, or flowering plants. We will look
More informationIntermediate 2 Biology Homework plan 29 th October 21 st Dec 2012
Intermediate 2 Biology Homework plan 29 th October 21 st Dec 2012 All homework answers must be submitted in the homework jotter provided and handed in at the start of the lesson on a Monday Date Learning
More informationThe brilliant wildflowers of the Limestone Coast
Whilst you are out looking at the wonderful wildflowers, you could also make a note of what you see. You can help us to find out more about the wildlife of this area. We would like you to join us to record
More informationPOPULATION TRENDS FOR TULARE PSEUDOBAHIA AND STRIPED ADOBE LILY
POPULATION TRENDS FOR TULARE PSEUDOBAHIA AND STRIPED ADOBE LILY Kern County has more endangered, threatened and rare plant species than most states. The geography and environmental conditions in the county
More informationChapter 6 Lecture. Life History Strategies. Spring 2013
Chapter 6 Lecture Life History Strategies Spring 2013 6.1 Introduction: Diversity of Life History Strategies Variation in breeding strategies, fecundity, and probability of survival at different stages
More informationDEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL AND PLANT SCIENCES Autumn Semester ANIMAL POPULATION & COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
APS208 DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL AND PLANT SCIENCES Autumn Semester 2006-2007 ANIMAL POPULATION & COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Your answers should include named examples, and diagrams where appropriate. Answer TWO questions.
More informationCommunity Structure. Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area
Community Structure Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area Community Ecology The ecological community is the set of plant and animal species that occupy an area Questions
More informationWhat Shapes an Ecosystem? Section 4-2 pgs 90-97
What Shapes an Ecosystem? Section 4-2 pgs 90-97 What Shapes an Ecosystem? If you ask an ecologist where a particular organism lives, that person might say the organism lives on a Caribbean coral reef,
More informationAP Environmental Science I. Unit 1-2: Biodiversity & Evolution
NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-2, Biodiversity & Evolution AP Environmental Science I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ID#: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE AP Environmental
More informationPea Patch Pollination Game
Pea Patch Pollination Game Classroom Activity: 5-8 Time: One 45-60-minute class period Overview: In this activity, students play a simulation game modeling changes in a plant population (a Pea Patch) caused
More informationA population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time
A population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time Population Growth As long as the birth rate exceeds the death rate a population will grow Immigration
More information1 29 g, 18% Potato chips 32 g, 23% 2 30 g, 18% Sugar cookies 35 g, 30% 3 28 g, 19% Mouse food 27 g, 18%
1. When testing the benefits of a new fertilizer on the growth of tomato plants, the control group should include which of the following? A Tomato plants grown in soil with no fertilizer B Tomato plants
More informationGymnosperms. Section 22-4
Gymnosperms Section 22-4 Seeds can be found everywhere! Gymnosperms - bear their seeds directly in the surfaces of cones conifers such as pines and spruces cycads which are palmlike plants ginkgoes gnetophytes
More informationAdaptive Radiation (Lexile 990L)
daptation daptive Radiation (Lexile 990L) 1 The Hawaiian Islands are the picture of a tropical paradise. There are beaches, mountains, rainforests, grasslands, and deserts to explore, often on a single
More informationEvolutionary Ecology. Evolutionary Ecology. Perspective on evolution. Individuals and their environment 8/31/15
Evolutionary Ecology In what ways do plants adapt to their environment? Evolutionary Ecology Natural selection is a constant Individuals are continuously challenged by their environment Populations are
More informationBio 1M: The evolution of apes. 1 Example. 2 Patterns of evolution. Similarities and differences. History
Bio 1M: The evolution of apes 1 Example Humans are an example of a biological species that has evolved Possibly of interest, since many of your friends are probably humans Humans seem unique: How do they
More informationChapter 6 Reading Questions
Chapter 6 Reading Questions 1. Fill in 5 key events in the re-establishment of the New England forest in the Opening Story: 1. Farmers begin leaving 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Broadleaf forest reestablished 2.
More information14.1 Habitat And Niche
14.1 Habitat And Niche A habitat differs from a niche. Habitat physical area in which an organism lives Niche each species plays a specific role in an ecosystem niche includes the species habitat, feeding
More informationThe Diversity of Living Things
The Diversity of Living Things Biodiversity When scientists speak of the variety of organisms (and their genes) in an ecosystem, they refer to it as biodiversity. A biologically diverse ecosystem, such
More informationIt was small group of us who set out on a sunny but windy day, and just being in such a beautiful spot made us all feel good!
U3A field trip to Anchor Bottom, May 13 th 2016. It was small group of us who set out on a sunny but windy day, and just being in such a beautiful spot made us all feel good! As we walked in we spotted
More informationBurren National Park. Nature Trail
Burren National Park Nature Trail DO NOT KNOCK WALLS KEEP DOGS ON LEAD DO NOT MOVE ROCKS DO NOT PARK ON ROAD VERGES DO NOT SCARE ANIMALS TAKE LITTER HOME DO NOT PICK PLANTS TAKE RAIN GEAR AND BOOTS WITH
More information-The study of the interactions between the different species in an area
Community Ecology -The study of the interactions between the different species in an area Interspecific Interactions -Interaction between different species -May be positive, negative, or neutral and include
More informationThe Living World Continued: Populations and Communities
The Living World Continued: Populations and Communities Ecosystem Communities Populations Review: Parts of an Ecosystem 1) An individual in a species: One organism of a species. a species must be genetically
More informationLECTURE 8 Dispersal, Colonization, and Invasion
LECTURE 8 Dispersal, Colonization, and Invasion I. Introduction II. Some Definitions III. Dispersal IV. Colonization, seasonal migrations, and irruptions V. Diffusion versus jump dispersal VI. Barriers,
More informationMutualism: Inter-specific relationship from which both species benefit
Mutualism Mutualism: Inter-specific relationship from which both species benefit Mutualism Symbiosis: Intimate (generally obligate) inter-specific relationships from which both partners benefit 1 Mutualism
More informationMutualism. Mutualism. Mutualism. Early plants were probably wind pollinated and insects were predators feeding on spores, pollen or ovules
Mutualism Mutualism: Inter-specific relationship from which both species benefit Mutualism Symbiosis: Intimate (generally obligate) inter-specific relationships from which both partners benefit Mutualism
More informationRHOSYDD LLANPUMSAINT SITE OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST
RHOSYDD LLANPUMSAINT SITE OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Sam Bosanquet 2008 YOUR SPECIAL SITE AND ITS FUTURE Your Special Site and its Future is part of our commitment to improve the way we work with Site
More informationWeeds, Exotics or Invasives?
Invasive Species Geography 444 Adopted from Dr. Deborah Kennard Weeds, Exotics or Invasives? What is a weed? Invasive species? 1 Weeds, Exotics or Invasives? Exotic or non-native: Non-native invasive pest
More informationChapter 4 AND 5 Practice
Name: Chapter 4 AND 5 Practice 1. Events that occur in four different ecosystems are shown in the chart below. Which ecosystem would most likely require the most time for ecological succession to restore
More informationDynamic and Succession of Ecosystems
Dynamic and Succession of Ecosystems Kristin Heinz, Anja Nitzsche 10.05.06 Basics of Ecosystem Analysis Structure Ecosystem dynamics Basics Rhythms Fundamental model Ecosystem succession Basics Energy
More informationAustralian tropical savanna Information sheet
Australian tropical savanna Information sheet This is an example of an Australian savanna landscape with small trees and the ground covered in grasses. Where Australia s tropical savanna is spread over
More informationENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Nov 19, 2012)
ENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Nov 19, 2012) Elif Soyer Biological Communities COMPETITION Occurs when 2 or more individuals attempt to use an essential common resource such as food, water,
More informationTerrestrial Flora and Fauna
Terrestrial Flora & Fauna Part I In short, the animal and vegetable lines, diverging widely above, join below in a loop. 1 Asa Gray Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Ecosystems and Biomes Terrestrial Flora Terrestrial
More informationA Small Migrating Herd. Mapping Wildlife Distribution 1. Mapping Wildlife Distribution 2. Conservation & Reserve Management
A Basic Introduction to Wildlife Mapping & Modeling ~~~~~~~~~~ Rev. Ronald J. Wasowski, C.S.C. Associate Professor of Environmental Science University of Portland Portland, Oregon 8 December 2015 Introduction
More informationExam 3. Principles of Ecology. April 14, Name
Exam 3. Principles of Ecology. April 14, 2010. Name Directions: Perform beyond your abilities. There are 100 possible points (+ 9 extra credit pts) t N t = N o N t = N o e rt N t+1 = N t + r o N t (1-N
More informationLesson 9: California Ecosystem and Geography
California Education Standards: Kindergarten, Earth Sciences 3. Earth is composed of land air, and water. As a basis for understanding this concept: b. Students know changes in weather occur from day to
More informationHickory Hills Park: Invasive Species Management Plan Prepared by Colton Johnson, Animal Ecology, Iowa State University.
Hickory Hills Park: Invasive Species Management Plan Prepared by Colton Johnson, Animal Ecology, Iowa State University Summer 2011 Above: Hickory Hills Park Left: Garlic Mustard Right: Autumn Olive 1 Record
More informationEcology +Biology. Baker-2015
Ecology +Biology Baker-2015 Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment. Eco meaning home, and ology meaning the study of. Thus
More informationAustralia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida.
Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 2008. Predicting Invasive Plants
More informationCh. 14 Interactions in Ecosystems
Ch. 14 Interactions in Ecosystems 1 14.1 Habitat vs. Niche Habitat all biotic and abiotic factors where an organism lives WHERE a species lives 2 Ecological Niche All physical, chemical, and biological
More informationHW/CW #5 CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE
HW/CW #5 CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE 1. The portion of Earth in which all life exists is known as A) the climax stage B) the biosphere C) a population D) a biotic community 2. The study of the interactions between
More informationREVEGETATION TRENDS AND LESSONS MONTANA COAL
REVEGETATION TRENDS AND LESSONS MONTANA COAL The secret of managing is to keep the guys who hate you away from the guys who are undecided. Casey Stengel Can't anybody here play this game? Casey Stengel
More informationThese are my slides and notes introducing the Red Queen Game to the National Association of Biology Teachers meeting in Denver in 2016.
These are my slides and notes introducing the Red Queen Game to the National Association of Biology Teachers meeting in Denver in 2016. Thank you SSE and the Huxley Award for sending me to NABT 2016! I
More informationChapter Niches and Community Interactions
Chapter 4 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions Key Questions: 1) What is a niche? 2) How does competition shape communities? 3) How do predation and herbivory shape communites? 4) What are three primary
More informationNatural Selection. Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace
Natural Selection Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace Darwin s Influences Darwin observed such variations in species on his voyage as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle Darwin s Influences Kept vast diaries
More informationFOSS California Environments Module Glossary 2007 Edition. Adult: The last stage in a life cycle when the organism is mature and can reproduce.
FOSS California Environments Module Glossary 2007 Edition Adult: The last stage in a life cycle when the organism is mature and can reproduce. Algae: A large group of water organisms. Amphibian: An organism,
More informationChapter 6 Population and Community Ecology
Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP, second edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board,
More informationNative Species? In US prior to European settlement
INVASIVE SPECIES Native Species? An organism that is a part of the balance of nature that has developed over hundreds or thousands of years in a particular region or ecosystem. In US prior to European
More informationScience 9 - Unit A Review Sheet
Science 9 - Unit A Review Sheet Learning Outcomes Can you? describe the relative abundance of species on Earth and in different environments describe examples of variation among species and within species
More informationThe Importance of Bees
Name: Class Period: Due Date: The Importance of Bees Imagine a world without bees. Some might rejoice at the thought of never being stung by one of those little yellow buzzers, and others might miss the
More informationEcology is studied at several levels
Ecology is studied at several levels Ecology and evolution are tightly intertwined Biosphere = the total living things on Earth and the areas they inhabit Ecosystem = communities and the nonliving material
More informationCommon Name: YELLOW LADY S-SLIPPER. Scientific Name: Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury. Other Commonly Used Names: golden slipper
Common Name: YELLOW LADY S-SLIPPER Scientific Name: Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury Other Commonly Used Names: golden slipper Previously Used Scientific Names: Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus Family:
More informationCommunity and Population Ecology Populations & Communities Species Diversity Sustainability and Environmental Change Richness and Sustainability
1 2 3 4 Community and Population Ecology Chapter 6 Populations & Communities Biosphere> ecosystems> communities> populations> individuals A population is all of the individuals of the same species in a
More informationLesson Overview 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions
THINK ABOUT IT If you ask someone where an organism lives, that person might answer on a coral reef or in the desert. Lesson Overview 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions These answers give the environment
More information4. Identify one bird that would most likely compete for food with the large tree finch. Support your answer. [1]
Name: Topic 5B 1. A hawk has a genetic trait that gives it much better eyesight than other hawks of the same species in the same area. Explain how this could lead to evolutionary change within this species
More informationStamp Area. Biology - Note Packet #55. Major Climate Change ( ) What are some causes of major changes (or disruptions) in an ecosystem?
Name: Mr. LaFranca s - Period Date: Aim: How do ecosystems change over time? Do Now: In I Am Legend, Will Smith s character is the last man in an abandoned NYC. Why do you think grass is overtaking (growing
More informationProject. Aim: How does energy flow in Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems? Explore. The four food webs are:
Name: Date: Aim: How does energy flow in Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems? Explore The four food webs are: o Antarctic Marine Food Web o Arctic Marine Food Web o Tundra Land Food Web o Tundra Freshwater
More information3rd Six Weeks Pre-Test (Review)
Name 3rd Six Weeks Pre-Test (Review) Period 1 How can a model of the solar system be used in planning a trip from Earth to another planet? To estimate distance, travel time and fuel cost. B To anticipate
More informationPopulation and Community Dynamics
Population and Community Dynamics Part 1. Genetic Diversity in Populations Pages 676 to 701 Part 2. Population Growth and Interactions Pages 702 to 745 I) Introduction I) Introduction to understand how
More informationFood Chains. energy: what is needed to do work or cause change
Have you ever seen a picture that shows a little fish about to be eaten by a big fish? Sometimes the big fish has an even bigger fish behind it. This is a simple food chain. A food chain is the path of
More informationName a sedimentary rock and explain how was it formed. Y11 Changing landscapes of the UK
Name a sedimentary rock and explain how was it formed Small particles that have been transported and deposited in layers, such as sandstone; or from the remains of plants and animals e.g. chalk. Pressure
More informationEnvironmental Studies
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Environmental Studies Unit 1 The Living Environment Tuesday 15 May 2012 You will need no other
More information(2) Scientists investigated the diversity of plants in a small area within a forest. The table shows their results. Number of individuals
Q1. (a) What is a species? (b) Scientists investigated the diversity of plants in a small area within a forest. The table shows their results. Plant species Number of individuals Himalayan raspberry 20
More informationChapter 6 Population and Community Ecology. Thursday, October 19, 17
Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Module 18 The Abundance and Distribution of After reading this module you should be able to explain how nature exists at several levels of complexity. discuss
More information