Starry stone Star ry stone o w r o t: Wha : Wha is it, wha is it, wha do w do w know, wha know , wha do w

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1 Starry stonewort: What is it, what do we know, what do we need to know? Dan Larkin AIS Summit October 6, 2016 Photo: Dave Hansen

2 Overview Introduction to starry stonewort Knowledge gaps and research Identification and detection Photo: Dave Hansen

3 People Research team Ranjan Muthukrishnan (postdoc) Wes Glisson (research fellow) Mike Verhoeven (grad. student) Carli Wagner (undergrad.) MAISRC collaborators Luis Escobar Nick Phelps Megan Weber

4 People Starry stonewort working group MnDNR University of Wisconsin Central Michigan University New York Botanical Garden University of Geneva

5 Starry stonewort Nitellopsis obtusa Green algae Harmful bluegreen algae Three domains of living organisms (Gogarten, Taiz et al. 2015)

6 Starry stonewort Nitellopsis obtusa Charophyte Phylogeny of green plants, Viridiplantae (Soltis Lab)

7 Starry stonewort Closely related to stoneworts / muskgrasses native to Minnesota Ecologically important Water quality Habitat McCourt et al Chara aspera C. contraria Nitella flexilis

8 Starry stonewort Native to Eur. & Asia Red listed (CHE, CZE, FIN,, DEU,, GBR,, JPN,, SWE) ) Special concern Near threatened Vulnerable Endangered Regionally extinct Photo: Scott Brown

9 Reproduction and spread Dioecious, i only males in North America to date Spread here by fragments and bulbils

10 Reproduction and spread Concentrated t in lakes w/ accesses and high-use areas Human movement Photo:

11 Invasion history Relatively l new invader Quickly gaining ground Increasing concern for AIS management

12 Invasion process Long-term management Abundanc ce Containment Eradication Prevention Species absent Rare, localized Rapidly increasing Widespread and abundant Invasion stage g (time )

13 Invasion process Long-term management Abundanc ce hydrilla Eradication Prevention Containment curlyleaf pondweed Species absent Rare, localized Rapidly increasing Widespread and abundant Invasion stage g (time )

14 Invasion process Long-term management Abundanc ce hydrilla Eradication Prevention starry Containment stonewort t curlyleaf pondweed Species absent Rare, localized Rapidly increasing Widespread and abundant Invasion stage g (time )

15 Invasion process Stage of high uncertainty Long-term management Abundanc ce starry Containment stonewort t Eradication Prevention Species absent Rare, localized Rapidly increasing Widespread and abundant Invasion stage g (time )

16 Invasion process Abundanc ce How many lakes? Curlyleaf ~750 Eurasian ~330 Flowering rush ~36 Eradication Prevention starry Containment stonewort t Long-term management Species absent Rare, localized Rapidly increasing Widespread and abundant Invasion stage g (time )

17 Invasion process H h f How much of an invaded lake?

18 Knowledge gaps True distribution ib ti Ecological impacts Spread potential Effective treatments Larkin et al. In prep. review paper

19 Knowledge gaps True distribution ib ti Need expert verification Need more search effort

20 Knowledge gaps Ecological l impacts Concern about potential effects on Plant diversity Fish habitat Ecosystem condition No peer-reviewed literature, rigorous data

21 Spread potential What is its ecological l niche? Where are those conditions available?

22 Spread potential Used climate to predict invasion (ecological niche modeling) Occurrences from native and invaded ranges Examined relationship to climatic factors Predicted potential for range expansion

23 Ecological niche model Occurrences Escobar et al Sci. Reports

24 Ecological niche model Predictions of suitable habitat Escobar et al Sci. Reports

25 Ecological niche model Uninvaded areas (Mid-Atlantic, Great Plains, Intermountain West) potential high suitability Escobar et al Sci. Reports

26 Ecological niche model Minnesota may have limited suitability Escobar et al Sci. Reports

27 Ecological niche model Unfortunately, t model now being tested Upper Red Turtle Moose Winnibigoshish Cass Rice Koronis Sylvia

28 Ecological niche model Is SSW climatelimited in Minn.? Correlative models Nature full of surprises (e.g., Upper Red) Photomonger

29 Climate tolerance experiments SSW cultures in lab Will mimic potentially range-limiting conditions Duration Photoperiod Light quality

30 Scaling down to Minn. lakes Chemistry of SSW lakes High ph High conductivity Ca Mg Wide N, P ranges based on data from NY (Sleith) based on data from NY (Sleith) and Europe (Rey-Boissezon)

31 Scaling down to Minn. lakes Chemistry of SSW lakes What lakes is it found High ph in now? High conductivity Ca Mg Wide N, P ranges What are physiochemical conditions of these lakes? based on data from NY (Sleith) and Europe (Rey-Boissezon) Which Minnesota lakes overlap with these conditions?

32 Scaling down to Minn. lakes Chemistry of SSW lakes What lakes is it found High ph in now? High conductivity Ca Mg Wide N, P ranges What are environmental conditions of these lakes? based on data from NY (Sleith) and Europe (Rey-Boissezon) Which Minnesota lakes overlap with these conditions?

33 Scaling down to Minn. lakes Chemistry of SSW lakes What lakes is it found High ph in now? High conductivity Ca Mg Wide N, P ranges What are environmental conditions of these lakes? based on data from NY (Sleith) and Europe (Rey-Boissezon) Which Minnesota lakes overlap with these conditions?

34 Overland spread If contaminated t boat how long does material stay viable? Photo: NYS DEC

35 Overland spread Desiccation trials Still able to grow after 1h, 2h, 4h, 8h.?

36 Starry stonewort control Difficult to control starry stonewort No vasculature Haircut dead tops, able to resprout No publications Pullman and Crawford 2010

37 Starry stonewort control Difficult to control starry stonewort Seedbank of bulbils left behind Herbicide sensitivity of bulbils unknown

38 Starry stonewort control Testing sensitivity of plants and bulbils to g y p different herbicides

39 Starry stonewort control Lab trials Chelated copper algaecides Non-copper herbicides (diquat, endothall, flumioxazin) Photo: MAISRC Facebook

40 Starry stonewort control Non-target effects on native charophytes and vascular plants Photos: Ville Karvinen, articulo.mercadolibre.com.ec/, Gary Fleming, C. B. Hellquist)

41 Starry stonewort control In-lake treatment t t outcomes Upper Red Cass Moose

42 Identification May yg grow dense, tall Can have robust, plant-like appearance underwater Photo: Paul Skawinski

43 Identification May yg grow dense, tall Can form thick mats Photos: Dan Larkin, Minnesota DNR

44 Identification Whorls of 4-6 long branchlets Photo: Paul Skawinski

45 Identification Whorls of 4-6 long branchlets Photo: Scott Brown

46 Identification Small, starshaped bulbils Photos, L-R: Dan Larkin, MN DNR, Paul Skawinski

47 Identification Unlike most Chara, smooth stems YouTube: Starry stonewort identification, Paul Skawinski (UWEX)

48 Identification Unlike Nitella, asymmetrical branching YouTube: Starry stonewort identification, Paul Skawinski (UWEX)

49 Identification More stiff out of water YouTube: Starry stonewort identification, Paul Skawinski (UWEX)

50 Starry trek Minnesota & Wisconsin Statewide, coordinated shoreline searches Tentative date: Saturday, Aug. 5 th, 2017 Photo: Dave Hansen

51 Questions? Photo: Dave Hansen