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1 * Population Dynamics

2 Populations are dynamic constantly changing Some are seriously declining and threatened with extinction Others are experiencing growth Therefore biologists are constantly studying populations to observe and monitor changing environmental conditions that affect population size

3 * Characteristics of Populations To study populations, scientists measure characteristics like: POPULATION SIZE estimated total number of organisms POPULATION DENSITY number of organisms of the same species that occur per unit area or volume

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5 * How to calculate population density Population Density (D) = total number of organisms counted (N) space occupied by the population (S) D = N/S For example: There are 480 moose living in a 600 hectare (ha) region of Algonquin park. What is the population density D = N/S D = 480moose/600ha D = 0.8 moose/ha

6 * Population Density Population density can be deceiving because of used or unusable space within a habitat Therefore population density can be divided into 2 forms: Crude Density: the number of individuals of the same species per total unit area or volume. This was just calculated. Ecological Density: the number of individuals of the same species per unit area or volume actually used by the individuals Ex: There are 480 moose living in a 600 hectare (ha) region of Algonquin park. However moose do not utilize open lake water which takes up 70ha of the 600ha. What is the ecological density? D = 480 moose/(600ha 70ha) D = 0.9 moose/ha

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8 Population Dispersion General pattern in which individuals are distributed through a specified area There are 3 main Dispersal Patterns CLUMPED DISPERSION Most common Organisms are densely grouped in areas of the habitat with favourable conditions May also be a result of social behaviour Ex. Fish swimming in large schools to gain protection

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12 POPULATION DISPERSION UNIFORM DISPERSION Rare in nature Individuals are evenly distributed throughout the habitat May result from competition between individuals that set up territories for feeding, breeding, or resting Ex. Nesting penguins

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14 POPULATION DISPERSION RANDOM DISPERSION Also rare in nature When organisms are minimally influenced by interactions with other individuals Habitat conditions are usually uniform Ex. In tropical rain forests, trees of the same species can be random in nature

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17 Measuring Populations In very rare instances, biologists can make an exact count of the total number of individuals in a population However populations are dynamic and their number and geographic locations change over time, making a precise count impractical Therefore, biologists count a sample of a population at a particular time then estimate a total size There are a variety of different sampling methods. Two main ones are: Quadrat Method Mark and Recapture Method

18 Quadrat Method A large area, such as a forest, can be sampled using small selected areas in which a sampling frame, or QUADRAT, is placed The number of individuals of one or more species can be counted within each quadrat Population size and density can then be estimated through calculations based on counts within the quadrats Quadrat sampling is most effective for stationary species such as the populations of different tree species in a forest

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23 Quadrat Calculations Sample Problem: A student wants to estimate the population size and density of ragweed plants in a large field measuring 100m x 100m. She randomly places three 2.0m x 2.0m quadrats in the field. Estimate the population density and size if she finds 18, 11, and 24 ragweed plants in the three quadrats. Estimated Population Density = Total number of individuals found Total Sample Area = m 2 + 4m 2 + 4m 2 = 4.4 ragweed plants/m 2 Estimated Population Size = Estimate population density x total size of area studied = 4.4 ragweed plants/m 2 x (100m x 100m) = 4.4 ragweed plants/m 2 x 10,000m 2 = 44,000 ragweed plants

24 Mark and Recapture Method A sampling technique for measuring mobile wildlife populations such as fish is the MARK AND RECAPTURE METHOD A sample of animals are captured, marked in some way and then released Techniques for capturing and and marking must be carefully planned so that the chances of each individual being caught are equal Marking techniques must not harm the organism or restrict its normal activities and must remain clearly visible Under ideal conditions no new individuals must enter the populations, and no marked animals should leave or die

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26 Mark and Recapture Calculations Sample Problem: Consider a fish population of unknown size from which 26 individuals are randomly captured, marked and released. Assume that the released individuals move randomly through the population. If a second sample of 21 individuals is captured sometime later in which 3 are found to be marked. Estimate the population size. Estimated Population Size: Total # Marked (M) = # of marked in 2 nd sample (m) Population Size (N) Size of second sample (n) : M = m 26 = 3 N n N 21 Cross Multiply : N = 26 x 21 Therefore N = 182 3

27 Homework Section 12.1 p Answer p. 592 #1, 5, 6, 7

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