Lower limit: 50. Depth Upper limit: Lower limit: Depth Zones Shallow photic Photic. Bathyl Abyssal

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1 Ephedra alata Taxonomic Authority: Decne. Global Assessment Regional Assessment Region: Global LC Endemic to region Synonyms Ephedra alata subsp. (Stapf) Maire Ephedra alata subsp. Dubuis & Faurel Ephedra alata var. al Stapf Ephedra alenda (Stapf) Andr. Common Names ALANDA ALLENDA Upper Level Taxonomy Kingdom: PLANTAE Phylum: TRACHEOPHYTA Class: GNETOPSIDA Order: EPHEDRALES Family: EPHEDRACEAE Lower Level Taxonomy Rank: Subpopulation: Infra- rank name: Authority: Plant Hybrid General Information Distribution North Africa to Arabian Peninsula, Mauritania. Range Size Area of Occupancy: Upper limit: 1200 Extent of Occurrence: Lower limit: 50 Map Status: Elevation Depth Upper limit: Lower limit: Depth Zones Shallow photic Photic Bathyl Abyssal Hadal Biogeographic Realm Afrotropical Antarctic Australasian Neotropical Oceanian Palearctic Indomalayan Nearctic Population Reported as frequent and locally common. Considered a weed in Egypt (Arasi Lawrence Company cited in the Global Compendium of Weeds). Total Population Size Minimum Population Size: Maximum Population Size: Habitat and Ecology Robust shrub, xerophytic forming dense clumps. Found on sandy calcareous soil, gravely/rocky soil or clay soil in arid environments often near Wadis, in Wadi-beds, or on shifting sand dunes. Often with Haloxylon association. Sometimes a dominant component of the "végétation contractée". Diaspore blown by wind; has wing-like bracts. Flowering/fruiting time is from March to May.

2 System Terrestrial Freshwater Marine Movement pattern Nomadic Congregatory/Dispersive Migratory Altitudinally migrant Crop Wild Relative Is the species a wild relative of a crop? Growth From Shrub - small Definition Perennial shrub small (<1m) or dwarf shrub, also termed a Chamaephyte (<1m) Threats The plant is known to be used as animal food, medicine and for materials e.g. string and cord, however, it is unknown whether this is done in a sustainable manor or whether it is causing a major threat to the species. Past Present Future 13 None Conservation Measures Seed has been collected and stored as part of the Millennium Seed Bank Project and the distribution intersects some protected areas. Monitoring of its many uses is suggested as it is unknown whether this is sustainable at present. In Place Needed 4 Habitat and site-based actions 4.4 Protected areas 5 Species-based actions 5.3 Sustainable use Harvest management Trade management 5.7 Ex situ conservation actions Genome resource bank Countries of Occurrence PRESENCE ORIGIN Year Breeding Nonbreeding Passage Possibly Extinct Presence Native Introduced Re- Vagrant Origin Round Season only migrant season only extinct uncertain Introduced uncertain Algeria Chad Egypt Egypt Sinai Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Israel Jordan Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mali Mauritania Morocco Saudi Arabia Somalia Syrian Arab Republic

3 Tunisia General Habitats Score Description Major Importance 8 Desert 1 Suitable Unset 8.1 Desert - Hot 1 Suitable Unset Ecosystem Services Insufficient Information available Species provides no ecosystem services Species Utilisation Species is not utilised at all Purpose / Type of Use Subsistence National International 16. Other 2. Food - animal 3. Medicine - human and veterinary 8. Fibre The stems of most members of this genus contain the alkaloid ephedrine and are valuable in the treatment of asthma and many other complaints of the respiratory system (Plants for a Future 2010). Animal food: Aerial parts. The stem is eaten by bovines, camelidae and caprines. Materials: The stem is used for the fibres to make cord, string or twine and the plant is used for Tannins and Dyestuffs such as tanning goat skin for water bags. This is done by grinding the leaves, roots, peel or bark, boiling in water and then the skin is added for 1-3 days. The process is called girbah. Medicines: the stem is used for humans as a deobstruent, circular system disorders, to tread kidney disorders, as a stimulant, to treat bronchi disorders and asthma and used for the eyes. The plant (part not specified) is used for digestive system disorders. The plant is also used to control erosion in sandy areas. It will also tolerate saline soil. Trend in the level of wild offtake/harvest in relation to total wild population numbers over the last five years: Trend in the amount of offtake/harvest produced through domestication/cultivation over the last five years: CITES status: Not listed Livelihood Value Primary Product Scale of Assessment: Local Name of Location/Country/Region: Not Known Date: Description of product (eg. skin, meat, horn, fibre, etc.): Fibres, medicines, animal food For Single Species Harvest When Part of a Multi-species Harvest for this Product: Estimated annual harvest of the product: Not Known Estimated annual multi-species harvest: Units: Units: The species contribution to the total harvest (%): Users Amount of this species within multi-species harvest: Primary level of human reliance on the product: Geographically variable Who are the primary harvesters of this resource? By gender/age? Not known By socio-economic group? Not known

4 Specify other: Value to Livelihoods Proportion (%) of total population benefiting from this product: Not known Proportion (%) of household consumption (if dietary as a % of protein/carbohydrate) for this product: Not known Proportion (as a %) of household income for this product: Not known Value to Economy Annual cash income from this product - gross (in US$): IUCN Red Listing Red List Assessment: (using 2001 IUCN system) Least Concern (LC) Red List Criteria: Date Last Seen (only for EX, EW or Possibly EX species): Is the species Possibly Extinct? Possibly Extinct Candidate? Rationale for the Red List Assessment Wide ranging and reported as common where found, this species does not qualify for a threatened category. Monitoring of its many uses is suggested as it is unknown whether this is sustainable at present. Reason(s) for Change in Red List Category from the Previous Assessment: Genuine Change Nongenuine Change No Change Genuine (recent) Genuine (since first assessment) New information Knowledge of Criteria Taxonomy Criteria Revisio Same category and criteria Incorrect data used previously Other Same category but change in criteria Current Population Trend: Stable Date of Assessment: 13/08/2010 Name(s) of the Assessor(s): Evaluator(s): Notes: A.Bell & S.Bachman % population decline in the past: Time period over which the past decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): % population decline in the future: Time period over which the future decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): Number of Locations: Number of Mature Individuals: Severely Fragmented: Bibliography Abd El-Ghani, Monier M., 2000, Floristics and environmental relations in two extreme desert zones of western Egypt., Global Ecology and Biogeography.6, ,, Arasi Lawrence Company TM.,, Weeds of Egypt.,,, Bailey C., Danin A., 1981, Bedouin Plant Utilization in Sinai and the Negev., Ecanomic Botany2, ,, Desmond Foster Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1957, The Vegetation of Central and Eastern Arabia, The Journal of Ecology3, ,, EL-Kady H. F., EL-Shourbagy, 1994, Vegetation Changes in North Sinai Within three decades., Journal of Coastal Research.4, ,, Ewan J., 1991, Review: Untitled., Taxon.3, 537,, Freitag, H. & Maier-Stolte, M., 1994, Ephedraceae, Chorology of the trees and shrubs in south-west Asia and adjacent regions, Browicz, K.,,,

5 Kassam M., Imam M., 1954, Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian Desert: III. The wadi bed ecosystem., The Journal of Ecology.2, ,, Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., Stuppy, W.H., 2008, Seed Information Database (SID),, Published on Internet, Miller, A.G. & Cope, T.A., 1996, Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra,, Edinburgh University Press, Plants for a Future, , Plants For A Future, Earth, Plants, People.,,, RBG Kew, 2009, Kew herbarium catalogue,, RBG Kew, internet RBG Kew, 2009, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,, Published on the Internet; SEPASAL, 2009, Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL),, SEPASAL, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK, South African National Biodiversity Institute, 2009, SANBI African Flowering Plants Database,, Published online at , The flora of the Libyan desert., Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew)4, ,, Vesey-Fitzgerald D. F., 1957,, The Journal of Ecology.3, ,,