Microscopic structure of hardwoods
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1 Microscopic structure of hardwoods presentation
2 2 Wood microstructure Hardwoods Hardwoods differ from softwoods: 1) vessels occurrence 2) the lack of radial arrangement of the longitudinal cells (X section) 3) much more complex in structure 4) rays are more variable in width
3 3 Structure of hardwoods Types of anatomical elements: vessel elements fibres parenchyma cells tracheids
4 4 Structure of hardwood 3D structure of hardwood
5 5 Anatomické elementy dřeva listnáčů 3D structure of hardwood -drawing
6 6 Vessel elements shape Vessel element is a cell with perforated endnings. volume: % - increasing along the stem height function - water transporting types earlywood vessel elements diameter > 100 μm latewood vessel elements diameter < 100 μm, dimensions lemgth: μm
7 7 Vessel elements types of vessel elements
8 8 Vessel elements
9 9 Vessel elements
10 10 Vessel elements Types after length: a) short (< 350 μm): Robinia, Fraxinus, Ulmus, Salix b) middle ( μm): Betula, Acer, Platanus, Carpinu, Juglans c) long (> 800 μm): Alnus Types after diameters: a) very narrow (< 50 μm): Acer, Pyrus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Ulmus b) narrow ( μm): Betula, Alnus, Populus, Carpinus, Cerasus, Robinia, Quercus, Castanea c) middle wide( μm): Juglans, Robinia, Ulmus d) very wide (> 200 μm): Quercus, Castanea, Fraxinus, Ailanthus
11 11 Vessels Rozdělení dřev listnatých dřevin na skupiny podle uspořádání a typu cév na P řezu
12 12 Vessels Oak groups in the Northern America
13 13 Vessel elements
14 14 Vessel elements
15 15 Vessel elements
16 16 Vessel elements Types of vessel perforations
17 17 Vessel elements 3D structure of vessels in wood of Populus
18 18 Vessel elements Nepropojené (vlevo) a propojené (vpravo) cévy na hranici letokruhu u dřeva BK a JV
19 19 Vessel elements Pitting of the cell wall of vessels type of pits: bordered pit without torus size: very small (< 4 μm): birch small (4 7 μm): alder medium (7 10 μm): hornbeam big (> 10 μm): chestnut number of pits per 1 mm2 of vessel cell wall: non-numerous (n < 10): exotic woods numerous (n = 10 20): exotic woods very numerous (n > 20): the most of European species
20 20 Vessel elements Types of pitting
21 21 Vessel elements Thyloses parenchyma cells that grew into lumina of vessels types: thin-walled, i. e. living thick-walled, i. e. dead presence: in ring-porous hardwoods and in walnut, beech,...
22 22 Vessel elements Thyloses in vessels (Robinia pseudoaccacia)
23 23 Vessel elements
24 24 Libriform fibres shape and orientation Long cells with closed endings Parallel to the stem axis % of wood volume function: mechanical support types length and thickness increase from e.w. to l.w. dimensions length: mm width: μm thickness of the cell-wall: 3 7 μm
25 25 Tracheids types: vascular vasicentric fibrous function: water transport mechanical support length: up to 0.5 mm vascular tracheids vasicentric tracheids fibrous tracheids
26 26 Tracheids
27 27 Parenchyma cells Shape rectangular or square-shaped or circle-like shape amount: 8 35 % of wood volume Parenchyma cells form: rays longitudinal parenchyma epithelial cells of resin canals thyloses and pith flecks
28 28 Parenchyma cells longitudinal parenchyma (up to: 20 % of wood volume) orientation Parallel to the stem axis function - food storageí types a) apotracheal b) paratracheal c) bounded
29 29 Parenchyma cells Longitudinal parenchyma in transversal view V vessel P long. parenchyma F fibre
30 30 Parenchyma cells Longitudinal parenchyma in tangential view
31 31 Parenchyma cells JV, HB, HR LP, HB, BK, OR Axiální parenchym apotracheální difuzní (a) a rozptýleně nakupený (b)
32 32 Parenchyma cells PJ, TR, OR JS AK tropická dřeva Axiální parenchym paratracheální skupinový (a), vazicentrický (b), vazicentrický křídlovitý (c), křídlovitě splývavý (f), jednostranně vazicentrický (g1) a jednostranně vazicentrický křídlovitý (g2)
33 33 Parenchyma cells JS, JM, MO DB, LP OR tropická dřeva Axiální parenchym svazkový hraniční (h), tangenciálně síťovitý (j) a žebříčkovitý (i), koncentrický (k, l)
34 34 Parenchyma cells
35 35 Parenchyma cells rays - strands of parenchyma cells in radial direction - often living cells in sapwood orientation: perpendicular to the stem axis function: food storage, (water transport) amount: % of wood volume types: homogeneous parenchyma cells of the same shape heterogeneous parenchyma cells of the differentshape seriation: uniseriate, biseriate,..., multiseriate
36 36 Parenchyma cells Rays in transversal view maple and birch
37 37 Parenchyma cells Rays in radial view - valuable for identification of ray type: homogeneous heterogeneous
38 38 Parenchyma cells Rays in tangential view - valuable for identification of ray type: homogeneous heterogeneous - valuable for identification of seriation
39 39 3D structure of hardwoods l.w. vessels e.w. vessels fibres ray
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