VARIATIONS OF TRICHOMES IN FAMILY ACANTHACEAE W.S.R. TO KALMEGH A MICROMORPHOLOGICAL AND MICROMETRIC STUDY

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1 526 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 2(6): November-December 2013 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 1.89*** Pharmaceutical Sciences ICV 5.13*** RESEARCH ARTICLE!!! VARIATIONS OF TRICHOMES IN FAMILY ACANTHACEAE W.S.R. TO KALMEGH A MICROMORPHOLOGICAL AND MICROMETRIC STUDY Switu Jani*, Harisha C. R. 1, Bhupesh R. Patel 2 * Ph.D. scholar, Pharmacognosy, 1. Head Pharmacognosy, 2. Assistant Professor, Dravyaguna Department. IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Gujarat , India. KEYWORDS: Acanthaceae, Glandular Trichomes, Sessile Trichomes, Kalmegh. For Correspondence: Switu Jani* Address: Ph.D. scholar, Pharmacognosy, 1. Head Pharmacognosy, 2. Assistant Professor, Dravyaguna Department. IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Gujarat , India. ABSTRACT All taxonomists are familiar with diversity of external hairs. Whole families may frequently be recognised by the occurrence of one or more distinctive types of hair. In other cases, species and genera can also be recognised on the basis of structure of hair. Smaller variations in size and density should be treated as a basis for the separation of closely related genera and species only after exhaustive investigation of wide range of material. The present study is undertaken with 7 species of the family to establish the nature, type and it variations. Kalmegha shows multicellular warty trichomes, glandular multicellular sessile trichomes; in Vasa multicellular simple and sessile multicellular head sessile trichomes was observed.

2 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): INTRODUCTION: Acanthaceae family includes 256 genera and 2765 species, distributed in tropical part of the world. In India family is represented by about 70 genera 340 species. The important medicinal plants are Vasa, Kakajanga, Sahachara, Kalmegh, Krishn vasa, Kolilaksha etc. family members are mostly herbs and climbers with and without spines, leaf simple, opposite decussate, infloresecence dichasial cyme, flowers subsessile, bracteoles are often large, coloured and more or less enclosing flower. Fruit capsule with ejaculators. Stem with prominent nodes and internodes. 1 The hairs comprise an assortment of both glandular and non glandular types. Non-glandular or clothing hairs may be unicellular or multicellular. Glandular hairs may have a unicellular or a multicellular stalk with glandular head may be unicellular or multicellular. 2 the Barlerieae are characterized particularly by unicellular hairs with thick walls and narrow lumina, the latter being enlarged towards the base of each hair, Unicellular, 2- armed hairs recorded in Barleria. Acanthaceae bear short unicellular or bicellular hairs with unthickened walls, but long, thin walled, uniseriate trichomes also occur. Candelabra hairs are found in a few species of Barleria and Ruellia. 3 Trichomes serve a number of functions, which include physical and chemical. Trichomes provide protection for the leaf against microbial organisms, aphids and insects, and the maintenance of a layer of still air on the leaf surface, thus combating excess water by transpiration. The secretions of glandular trichomes of certain genera constitute important materials for the perfumery, food and pharmaceutical, some secretions contain narcotic resin and others give rise to skin allergies. Trichomes on leaves are helpful in reducing the intensity of illumination. Hairs present on stigma are helpful in pollination. When present on seeds these are helpful in dispersal. Glandular hairs give secretory or excretory products which protect them from enemies. 4, 5 Nectar secreting trichomes help in pollination by attracting insect and digestive trichomes help in the capture and digestion of insects. 6 Trichomes types have been successfully used in classification of genera and even of species in certain families and in the recognition of inter-specific hybrids 3. A particular type of hair is often characteristic of the plant family or genus. Hence present study is done to differentiate the well known Ayurvedic drugs of family Acanthaceae with critical observation on plant kalmegha. 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection: The fresh plant twigs of Vasa, Kakjanga, Sahachara, Kalmegh, Krishn vasa, Kolilaksha were collected from the natural habitat of Jamnagar suburbs. Microscopic evaluation 7 Free hand sections were taken cleared with chloral hydrate. Microphotographs were taken by using Carl Zeiss binocular microscope attached with camera.

3 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): Micrometry 8 Systematic evaluation of Pharmacognosy of trichomes study followed by micrometry, Carl Zeiss binocular microscope attached with camera with preloaded micrometric analysis software, measure the length, breath of the trichomes, mean value is taken into consideration. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS Vasa (Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees) : In Vasa simple multicellular trichomes, multicellular sessile trichomes are observed. Simple multicellular trichomes measures X mm, and glandular multicellular sessile trichomes measures X mm. Fig. A,A1-A5. Krishna vasa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.) : In Krishna vasa multicellular head sessile glandular trichomes, simple multicellular sheathed trichomes, and multi cellular simple trichomes are observed. Multicellular head glandular trichomes measures 0.5X0.9 mm, simple multicellular 3-4 celled sheathed trichomes measures 5X0.6 mm, multi cellular simple trichomes measures 5.1X0.6mm. Fig B,B1-B8. Santhal ( Ruellia tuberosa L.) : In Santhal, multicellular stalk head filled with oil globules measures 2X0.7mm,simple multi cellular trichomes 3-4 celled measures 2.5X0.5mm, multicellular warty trichomes filled with prismatic and acicular crystals of calcium oxalate. Fig C, C1-C5. Sahachara (Barleria prionitis L.) : In Sahachara sessile glandular trichomes measuring about 0.8-1X 1.2 mm filled with oil globules, simple unicellular blotched trichomes, multicellular stalk head trichomes measures about 3.3X0.6 mm fill with oil globules. Fig D, D1-D5. Kokilaksha ( Hygrophila auirculata (Schum.) Heine.) : In kolilaksha, sessile glandular trichomes measuring about 0.8-1X0.5mm, multicellular warty trichomes measuring about 1.5X0.5mm, multicellular simple trichomes with base having cystolith 2.8X0.4mm, 3.2X0.4mm were observed. Fig. E, E1-E6. Kakajangha ( Peristrophe paniculata (Brum.f.) Wall. ) : In kakajangha warty multicellular covering trichomes measuring about X mm, sessile glandular trichomes measuring about 0.6 X 0.9mm filled with oil globules and candelabra trichomes measures about X mm, head measures about mm. Fig. F, F1-F7 Kalmegha ( Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees. ) : In kalmegha sessile glandular trichomes measuring about X mm, head measuring about 0.9 mm, warty multicellular trichomes measuring about 3.5 X0.7-1mm. sessile multicellular glandular head trichomes measuring about 0.8 X0.8 mm, simple multicellular trichomes measuring

4 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): about 2.3 X mm. candelabra trichome with head filled with oil globules and brown pigment. Fig.G, G1-G14. DISCUSSION The importance of epidermal characters of leaves in angiosperms, have been reviewed by several authors, 9 also the importance of trichomes in plant resistance against herbivores has also been done. 10 the present study reveals similar pattern of micro morphology of sessile glandular trichomes present in all the species taken under study. The micro metric evaluation of sessile glandular trichomes shows that the size variation is small but enough significant to differentiate species, like in Vasa sessile glandular trichome measure 0.65X0.8 mm, Krishna Vasa measures 0.5 X0.9 mm, Sahachara measures 0.9X1.2 mm, Kokilaksha measures 0.9X0.5 mm, Kakjangha measures 0.6X0.9 mm and in Kalmegha sessile glandular trichome 1.05X0.45 mm. The types of trichomes varying in individual plants play important role in identification of the plant like simple multicellular trichome in Vasa, simple multicellular sheathed trichome in Krishna Vasa were filled with microcrystals and acicular crystals, multicellular warty trichome of Santhal were filled with prismatic and acicular crystals, simple unicellular blotched trichome in Sahachara, multicellular blotched trichome in Kakajangha, and in Kalmegha warty multicellular trichome. Hence the size and types of trichomes play a very vital role in identification and differentiation of the individual species, also the key feature of acicular crystals, and cystoliths of Acanthaecae family are also seen to be persisting within trichomes. CONCLUSION The present study has potential for the authentication of Acanthaceae and their adulterants. Also micrometric evaluation trichomes help to establish not only the family characters but also the species. REFERENCES: 1. Sharma OP, Plant Taxonomy, 2 nd Edi, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2009, P Trease and Evans, Pharmacognosy, 16 th edi., Saunders Elsevier, 2009, P. 553, Metacalfe C.R. & Chalk L., Anatomy of the Dicotyledons,, vol II, oxford at the clarendon press, 1950, P Tayal M.S., Plant Anatomy, 5 th edi., Rastogi publications, 2004, P 108,109, Pandey B.P., Plant Anatomy, S. Chand, 1978, P V. Singh, P.C. Pande, D.K. Jain, A text book of Botany Angiosperms, 3 rd edi, Rastogi publications, 2008, P Wallis TE. Text book of Pharmacognosy, 5 th Edi., New Delhi: CBS Publishers & Distributors: (2002). P ,

5 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): Krishnamurty KV. Methods in the plant histochemistry. Madras: Vishwanandan Pvt, Limited; 1988, P Harisha C.R. and Switu Jani, Pharmacognostical study on trichomes of Solanaceae and its Significance, 2013, Universal Journal of Pharmacy (UJP) 2(1) pp Leaf Trichome Formation and Plant Resistance to Herbivory, Peter Dalin, Jon A Gren, Christer Bjo rkman, Piritta Huttunen and Katri K arkk ainen, chapeter 4, Pg Fig A: live plant Fig A1: warty multicellular Fig A2: warty multicellular trichome (breath) Fig A3: sessile glandular trichomes Fig A4: sessile glandular Fig A5: sessile glandular trichomes (breath) Fig B:live plant Fig B1:simple trichome (length) Fig B2:simple trichome (breath) Fig B3: multicellular Fig B4: multicellular trichome (breath) Fig B5: multicellular trichome with microccrystals

6 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): Fig B6: multicellular trichome with acicular crystals Fig B7: seesile galndulat Fig B8: seesile galndulat trichome (width) Fig C: live plant Fig C1: multicellular stalk head Fig C2: multicellular stalk head (length) Fig C3: multicellular stalk head (width) Fig C4: multicellular warty trichomes Fig C5: multicellular warty trichomes filled with prismatic and acicular crystals Fig D: live plant Fig D1: multicellular stalk trichomes (stalk width) Fig D2: multicellular stalk trichomes (head width)

7 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): Fig D3: sessile glandular Fig D4: sessile glandular trichomes (width) Fig D5:simple unicellular blotched trichomes Fig E: live plant Fig E1: sessile glandular Fig E2: sessile glandular trichomes (width) Fig E3: multicellular warty Fig E4: multicellular warty trichomes (width) Fig E5: multicellular simple trichomes with base (length) Fig E6: multicellular simple trichomes with base having cystolith (witdh) Fig F: live plant Fig F1: warty multicellular covering

8 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): Fig F2: warty multicellular covering trichomes (width) Fig F3: sessile glandular Fig F4: sessile glandular trichomes (width) Fig F5: candelabra trichomes (total length) Fig F6: candelabra trichomes (stalk width) Fig F7: candelabra trichomes (head width) Fig G1: live plant Fig G2: sessile glandular Fig G3: sessile glandular trichome (width) Fig G4: sessile glandular Fig G5: sessile glandular trichome (width) Fig G6: warty multicellular Fig G7: warty multicellular trichome (width) Fig G8: candelbra trichome with oil globule Fig G9: sessile multicellular glandular (length)

9 P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): Fig G10: sessile multicellular glandular (width) Fig G11: sessile multicellular glandular Fig G12: simple multicellular trichome (length) Fig G13: simple multicellular trichome (width) Fig G14: sessile multicellular glandular

PHARMACOGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF ROOT OF MAHANIMBA (MELIA AZEDARACH LINN)

PHARMACOGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF ROOT OF MAHANIMBA (MELIA AZEDARACH LINN) Shweta vekaria 1, K.Nishteswar 2,B.R.Patel 3, Harisha CR 4. 1 P.G. Scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna, 2 Head & Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna,