USING PLANT PHENOLOGY TO MONITOR INSECT PESTS OF LANDSCAPE PLANTS
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1 USING PLANT PHENOLOGY TO MONITOR INSECT PESTS OF LANDSCAPE PLANTS By Mario Lanthier CropHealth Advising & Research, Kelowna, British Columbia Plant phenology is the relation between climate and specific events in plant development, such as bud break, blooming or dropping of leaves. This development is dependent on temperature, therefore a plant will bloom earlier in a warm year and later in a cool year. Similarly, insect development is also dependent on temperature. Insect pests are more susceptible to pesticide treatments during their young stages, and less susceptible in the adult and egg stage. Researchers have correlated the development of certain plants with the appearance of the vulnerable stage of certain insects. This information is helpful to determine which insect pests to monitor at different times of the year. The use of plant phenology for pest management is not exact, and needs to be constantly verified under local conditions. CropHealth Advising & Research 2007 Above A brown woody area at the end of the branch is typical damage from s. Plant phenology can help determine when to monitor for this pest, ahead of the damage. For example, when is in pink bud (early spring), it is an indicator to monitor for the overwintering insects, and treat if found. When Acer saccaharum is in full leaf colours (during fall season), it is an indicator to monitor for the overwintering nymphs, and treat if found.
2 I. DEVELOP AN IN-HOUSE CALENDAR When monitoring, the stage of development of permanent plants in the area should be recorded. Since plant and insect development are both dependent on temperature, it is possible to correlate the development of certain plants with the appearance of the vulnerable stage of specific pests. For example, the egg hatch of eastern tent caterpillars coincides with the blooming period of saucer magnolia. This information can be used to determine the time of year to monitor for a pest, and is more precise than relying on calendar dates. The use of plant phenology for pest management is not exact, and needs to be constantly verified under local conditions. The pest manager should be aware that the environment is different between the sun exposed site and the north exposed site of a property, or near buildings compared to open fields. The pest manager should take this into account when selecting appropriate indicator plants. II. INDICATOR PLANTS FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA A list of indicator plants for insects commonly found on ornamentals in British Columbia is provided in the following tables. When an indicator plant reaches a particular stage of development, it is time to monitor for certain insects. The information is adapted from the publication Coincide: The Orton System of Pest Management (by D.A. Orton and T.L. Green, 1989, Plantsmen s Publications, Illinois). The information in this book is based on twenty years of data from Illinois. Since the development for plants and insects is based on temperature, the same rates of development probably occur in British Columbia, but at different calendar dates. Another excellent reference is available on the website of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (look for D.A. Herms, 2000, in Special Circular 173, Ornamental Plants: Annual Reports and Research Reviews 1999 ). This report is a field verification and augmentation of the Orton Book. It presents a sequence of development for 85 plants and 46 insect and mite species in Ohio from 1997 to There were large weather differences during the three years, but the order of phonological events was generally consistent. III. TABLES Table 1: organized by seasonal pest activity Table 2: organized by indicator plant Table 3: organized by target pest
3 I. BY SEASONAL ACTIVITY Indicator plant and stage (green bud) (early bloom) Gleditsia triacanthos (bud break) Prunus X cistena Insect pest and Latin name Pine bark aphid (Pineus strobi) Spruce eriophyid mite (Nalepella halourga) (Oligonychus ununguis) Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americana) European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) Willow aphid (Pterocomma smithae) Honeylocust pod gall midge (Dasineura gleditchiae) Honeysuckle aphid (Hyadaphus tataricae) Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) Birch leaf miner (Fenusa pusilla) Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) Insect and stage To monitor Overwintering insects Overwintering larvae Newly-hatched immature First aphids First instar nymphs
4 Philadelphus coronaries Crataegus crus-galli (fruit turning orange) (fruit is now orange) Acer saccharum (leaves in fall colour) Acer saccharinum (leaves have fallen) (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius) Elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola) Tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) Bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) (Otiorhynchus suscatus) San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus) Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) Cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) Lecanium scale (Lecanium corni) Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urtiace) Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae) Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) (Oligonychus ununuis) Overwintering adults Start of egg hatch Young immature larvae New adults When aphids are present Immature stages and adults End of egg hatch
5 II. BY INDICATOR PLANT Indicator plant and stage Acer saccharum (leaves in full colour) Acer saccharinum (defoliated) Crataegus crus-galli Gleditsia triacanthos (bud break) Philadelphus coronaries Prunus X cistena Insect pest and Latin name Honeysuckle aphid (Hyadaphus tataricae) Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius) Elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola) Bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) (Otiorhynchus suscatus) San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus) Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) Tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) Honeylocust pod gall midge (Dasineura gleditchiae) Insect and stage To monitor First aphids First instar nymphs Overwintering adults New adults When aphids are present Young immature larvae Start of egg hatch
6 (fruit turning orange) (fruit is now orange) (green bud) Spruce eriophyid mite (Nalepella halourga) (Oligonychus ununguis) European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) Willow aphid (Pterocomma smithae) (Oligonychus ununuis) Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae) Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) Pine bark aphid (Pineus strobi) Birch leaf miner (Fenusa pusilla) Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) Cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) Lecanium scale (Lecanium corni) Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urtiace) Overwintering insects Overwintering larvae Newly-hatched immature End of egg hatch Immature stages and adults
7 III. BY TARGET PEST Indicator plant and stage Acer saccharum (leaves in fall colour) (early bloom) Prunus X cistena (fruit is now orange) Insect pest and Latin name Bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) (Otiorhynchus suscatus) Birch leaf miner (Fenusa pusilla) Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius) Cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americana) Elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola) European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) Insect and stage To monitor Overwintering adults New adults Overwintering insects Overwintering larvae
8 Gleditsia triacanthos (bud break) (green bud) Philadelphus coronaries (fruit turning orange) Acer saccharinum (leaves have fallen) Crataegus crus-galli Honeylocust pod gall midge (Dasineura gleditchiae) Honeysuckle aphid (Hyadaphus tataricae) Lecanium scale (Lecanium corni) Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) Pine bark aphid (Pineus strobi) Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus) Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae) Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) Spruce eriophyid mite (Nalepella halourga) (Oligonychus ununguis) (Oligonychus ununuis) Tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urtiace) Willow aphid (Pterocomma smithae) Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) First aphids First instar nymphs Start of egg hatch End of egg hatch Newly-hatched immature Young immature larvae Immature stages and adults When aphids are present
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