Pest control services provided by beneficial insects in agricultural landscapes of Manitoba

Transcription

1 Pest control services provided by beneficial insects in agricultural landscapes of Manitoba Alejandro C. Costamagna and K.G.L. Ishan Samaranayake Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba

2 Ecosystem Services provided by Dung burial: $0.38 Insects Services provided by natural ecosystem functions that support human and other organisms survival and well being Estimates for United States (in billion / year): Pollination wild insects: $3.07 Pest control of native herbivores: $4.49 Food for wildlife (fishing, hunting, etc.): $49.96 Losey & Vaughan, Bioscience (2006)

3 Alternative Habitats at the Landscape Overwintering sites Alternative prey/hosts Host plants Nectar or pollen resources Aggregation sites Moderated microclimates Refuge from predation and IGP (Doug Landis) Landis D.A., Wratten S.D. & Gurr G.M. (2000). Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology, 45,

4 Agricultural Landscape Complexity Complex landscape Simple landscape 1.6 Km 1.6 Km 1 - Higher % deciduous forests 2 - Lower % area cover by crops 3 - Smaller fields 4 -Wider field borders Complex landscape have significantly: 5 - Taller vegetation in the border 6 - Richness of trees species in the border 7 - Higher % of trees/shrubs in the border Menalled, Costamagna, Marino & Landis, Agric. Ecosyst. Env. (2003) Costamagna, Menalled & Landis, Basic Appl. Ecol. (2004)

5 Impacts on Parasitism Thies, and Tscharntke (1999) Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. Science 285: Thies, Steffan-Dewenter, and Tscharntke (2003) Effects of landscape context on herbivory and parasitism at different spatial scales. Oikos 101:

6 Impacts on Parasitism Oilseed rape Rape pollen beetle Ichneumonidae Thies, and Tscharntke (1999) Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. Science 285: Thies, Steffan-Dewenter, and Tscharntke (2003) Effects of landscape context on herbivory and parasitism at different spatial scales. Oikos 101:

7 Impacts on Parasitism Oilseed rape Rape pollen beetle Ichneumonidae Thies, and Tscharntke (1999) Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. Science 285: Thies, Steffan-Dewenter, and Tscharntke (2003) Effects of landscape context on herbivory and parasitism at different spatial scales. Oikos 101:

8 Impacts on Parasitism Oilseed rape Rape pollen beetle Ichneumonidae Thies, and Tscharntke (1999) Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. Science 285: Thies, Steffan-Dewenter, and Tscharntke (2003) Effects of landscape context on herbivory and parasitism at different spatial scales. Oikos 101:

9 General Patterns IshanSamaranayake Chaplin-Kramer, O'Rourke, Blitzer & Kremen (2011) A metaanalysis of crop pest and natural enemy response to landscape complexity. Ecology Letters, 14,

10 Natural Enemy Movement Use crop and non-crop habitats (Tscharntke et al. 2007; Duelli and Obrist 2003; Sutherland et al. 2001) NE movement between habitats quantified in few studies Predators: natural vegetation wheat (Macfadyen et al. 2014) Parasitoids: natural vegetation canola (Macfadyen and Muller 2013)

11 Aphis glycines in North America Invasive species detected in 2000 in Wisconsin 40 to 50% yield losses Economic control is inconsistent MB outbreaks in 2006 and 2008 (minor ) H. Russell C. DiFonzo

12 OBJECTIVES 1) Can natural enemies suppress soybean aphids in Manitoba? 2) Does landscape complexity affect soybean aphid suppression? 3) Do levels of natural enemy movement affect soybean aphid suppression?

13 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Objective 1 SBA suppression in different landscapes 12 landscapes in 2013 (120 aphid colonies) 15 landscapes in 2014 (150 aphid colonies) (July-Aug) Manitoba 20 m 1 m IshanSamaranayake 5 m Analysis: ANOVA: Split plot with nesting model landscape (field) - whole plot factor predator manipulation - subplot factor week - repeated measures factor Open to all predators Predator exclusion

14 RESULTS: Objective 1 Soybean aphids / pot (mean± SE) Soybean aphids in predator manipulation treatments in 2 years 1 2 Week Analysis: ANOVA-Split plot with nesting model Factor Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value P value field < predator manipulation < field: predator manipulation < week < field:week < predator manipulation: week < field: predator manipulation: week

15 Soybean aphids / pot (mean± SE) Soybean aphids in predator manipulation treatments in 2 years 1 2 Week SUMMARY: Objective 1 Natural enemies strongly suppressed soybean aphids in Manitoba SBA suppression levels varied across the province

16 OBJECTIVES 1) Can natural enemies suppress the soybean aphid population in Manitoba? 2) Does landscape complexity affect soybean aphid suppression? - Landscape models 3) Do levels of natural enemy movement affect soybean aphid suppression? - Natural enemy models - Landscape + Natural enemy models

17 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Objectives 2 and 3 Landscape characteristics Landscape composition different scales (up to 2 km radius) Digitally quantified: ArcGIS 10 Habitat diversity (Simpson s diversity Indices) 250 m 500 m 1000 m 1500 m 2000 m 2 km Natural enemy movements Arc Map 10: Carman 30 bi-directional Malaise traps Between soybean and adjacent habitats Lady beetles (Coccinellidae) Minute pirate bugs (Anthocoridae) Damsel bugs (Nabidae) Brown lacewings (Hemerobiidae) Green lacewings (Chrysopidae) Hover flies (Syrphidae) ishansamaranayake

18 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Objectives 2 and 3 Landscape models Multiple regression models Arc Map 10: Carman % cover types habitat diversity variables Log (SBA) in the open treatment [2 nd week] Log (SBA) in the exclusion treatment [2 nd week] = Model selection with corrected version of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC c )

19 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Objectives 2 and 3 Natural enemy models Multiple regression models natural enemy abundance (bi-directional malaise traps) Log (SBA) in the open treatment [2 nd week] Log (SBA) in the exclusion treatment [2 nd week] = Model selection with corrected version of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC c )

20 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Objectives 2 and 3 Landscape + Natural enemy models Multiple regression models Arc Map 10: Carman Significant landscape variables Significant natural enemy variables Log (SBA) in the open treatment [2 nd week] Log (SBA) in the exclusion treatment [2 nd week] = Model selection with corrected version of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC c )

21 Scale (m) Models log Lik AICc Δi Adj. r P value Partial correlation Null I + A < Landscape models RESULTS : Objectives 2 and I + A*** - CE* + CA < A (0.65), CE (-0.40), CA (0.05) 500 I + A*** + W* + CA** < A (0.56), NV (0.43), CA (0.48) 1500 I + A*** - CE* < A (0.67), CE (-0.38) Natural enemy models log Lik AICc Δi Adj. r 2 P value partial correlation I + A*** - gl** + bl < A (0.68), gl (-0.52), bl (0.26) I + A*** - gl** < A (0.74), gl(-0.51) I + A*** - co* < A(0.74), co (-0.37) Landscape + natural enemy models scale (m) landscape + total movement log Lik AICc Δi Adj. r 2 P value partial correlation models 500 I + A*** - gl** + CA+ BG** < A (0.77), gl (-0.52), CA (0.34), BG (0.18) 250 I + A*** - gl** + CA* + BG < A (0.76), gl (-0.54), CA (0.39), BG (0.10) 1500 I + A*** - gl*** - SH* < A(0.73), gl (-0.58), SH (-0.38) 1000 I + A*** - gl** + CA < A (0.73), gl(-0.50), CA (0.25) 2000 I + A*** - co- CE* + bl < A (0.73), co (-0.37), CE (-0.46), bl (0.17) I - Intercept A - Soybean aphids in the exclusion cage gl Aphidophagous Green Lacewings bl Brown Lacewings CE - Cereals W - Woodland CA - Canola BG Field border grass co - Coccinellids SB - Soybeans SH - Shrubland *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001

22 RESULTS : Objectives 2 and 3 Best landscape model at 2000 m Best natural enemy model Partial residuals (aphids/cage) I + A*** - CE* + CA ( * ) I + A*** - gl** + bl ( * ) Partial Corr. = 0.65 Partial residuals (aphids/cage) Partial Corr. = 0.68 Log (soybean aphids in the exclusion treatment) Log (soybean aphids in the exclusion treatment) Best landscape + natural enemy model at 500 m *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ( * ) P<0.10 Partial residuals (aphids/cage) I + A*** - gl** + CA ( * ) + BG** Partial Corr. = 0.77 Log (soybean aphids in the exclusion treatment) Potential SBA population growth was the main predictor in all significant models

23 RESULTS : Objectives 2 and 3 Best landscape model at 2000 m I + A*** - CE* + CA ( * ) AIC c :64.06, w i :0.3, Adj. r 2 :0.64, p < *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ( * ) P<0.10 Arc Map 10: Carman Partial residuals (aphids/cage) Partial Corr.= Total % of Cereals (wheat + oat + barley) Partial residuals (aphids/cage) Partial Corr.= 0.05 Total % of Canola

24 Best natural enemy model RESULTS : Objectives 2 and 3 I + A*** - gl** + bl ( * ) AIC c :62.8, w i :0.6, Adj. r 2 :0.66, p < *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ( * ) P<0.10 Partial residuals (aphids/cage) Partial Corr. = Partial Corr. = 0.26 Green lacewings movement Brown lacewings movement Lady beetles had a negative association with soybean aphid population in other models Natural enemy models log Lik AICc Δi Adj. r 2 P value partial correlation I + A*** - gl** + bl < A (0.68), gl (-0.52), bl (0.26) I + A*** - gl** < A (0.74), gl(-0.51) I + A*** - co* < A(0.74), co (-0.37)

25 RESULTS : Objectives 2 and 3 Best landscape + natural enemy model at 500 m I + A*** - gl** + CA ( * ) + BG** AIC c :63.3, w i :0.2, Adj. r 2 :0.68, p < *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ( * ) P<0.10 Partial residuals (aphids/cage) Partial Corr. = ) Green lacewing movements Partial residuals (aphids/cage) Partial Corr. = 0.34 Partial residuals (aphids/cage) Partial Corr. = 0.18 Total % of Canola Total % of Field border grass

26 SUMMARY & DISCUSSION Natural enemies provide significant soybean aphid suppression in Manitoba Combining landscape and natural enemy variables in the same model yielded > Better models than landscape variables alone > Comparable models with natural enemy variables alone Proportion of cereals had a negative association with aphid populations at the highest spatial scale

27 SUMMARY & DISCUSSION Proportion of canola and border grass had a positive effect on aphid abundance at lower spatial scales Green lacewings and lady beetles had a negative association with soybean aphid population Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between habitats and predators in agricultural landscapes to maximize sustainable pest suppression

28 Contribution of soybean aphid alates to colony fitness under predation Treatments 1 (10) (5) 4 (10) (5) (Marlin E. Rice) Aldo Rios Martinez (10) (5) 2 5 (15) 3 (15) 6 (15) Arena 1 Arena 2 (Aldo Rios Martinez)

29 Sampling Methods and Aphid Predator Population Dynamics 1) Quadrat 2) Transect Jordan Bannerman Exclusion Open 4) Sweep-net 3) Plant 5) Sticky card Bannerman et al., J. Economic Entomology (2015)

30 Arash Kheirodin Landscape Effects on Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema melanopus and its Natural Enemies (Gary Brown) (Gary Brown) Co-supervised by Hector Carcamo (AAFC Lethbridge) Tetrastichus julis S. Kher (Gary Brown)

31 Jennifer Otani (AAFC Beaverlodge) Management of Flea Beetles in the Canadian Prairies Tyler Wist (AAFC Saskatoon) Tharshi Nagalingam (U of MB) Thais Silva Guimaraes (U of MB) Rob Duncan (U of MB) Hector Carcamo (AAFC Lethbridge) John Gavloski (MAFRD Carman) Barb Sharanowski (Univ. of Central Florida)

32 New Mechanisms of Resistance to Orange Wheat Midge Collaboration with Curt MacCartney (AAFC Morden) and Curtis Pozniak ( U of SK) Technical expertise: Ahmed Abdelghany (Postdoc) Sheila Wolfe Ian Wise Roxanne Georgison (gov.mb.ca) (gov.mb.ca) (grainscanada.gc.c a)

33 Acknowledgments Funding agencies: Manitoba Pulse Growers ARDI, NSERC Discovery, University of Manitoba, UMGF. Field Access: Glenlea Research Station, Carman Research Station, several soybean farmers, Dennis Lange and Dr. John Gavloski (Manitoba Agriculture) Field and Lab Assistance: Cherilyn Babel, Melanie Scallion, Diana Dunlop, Jordan Bannerman, Dave Holder, Lisa Babey, Aldo Rios, Arash Kheiroodin, Dr. Tharshi Nagalingam, Alicia Leroux, Kaitlyn Patterson, Mikala Epp, Liane Carter, Zoe Rempel, Leonardo G. da Silva, Calvin Dick, Brian Miller, Crystal Almdal and Corey Blad