Insects and Green Walls

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1 Insects and Green Walls Caroline Chiquet, John Dover, Paul Mitchell, Dave Skingsley, Roger Dennis The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK.

2 Types of Green Wall

3 CONTEXT Very little had been published on insects on Green walls especially in English None on living walls But insects are important ecosystem services In urban areas may be the only habitat available or exploited

4 Mean abundance of pollinating insects visiting ivy flowers (on hedges) in 18 x 0.5 m 2 quadrats A problem? (Jacobs et al. 2010).

5 River Walls and Embankments John Dover River walls along the Thames estuary foreshore (Attrill et al. 1999) Hoggart et al. (2012) 15 vertical wall sites along Thames in London.

6 Not all insects on green walls have the same lifestyle Hagedoorn & Zucchi (1989)

7 Phytophages (Herbivores) John Dover

8 Saprophages Jokey images of bottom feeders removed (Detritus feeders)

9 Saproxylic Image of Beaver eating tree removed to protect the innocent (Dead wood eaters)

10 Predators Picture of scary Dinosaur removed for public safety (Predators)

11 Parasites Horrible pictures of parasites removed for reasons of good taste (Parasites)

12 This study Insects surveyed on: Green Façades Living Walls Green Screens

13 Green Façades 29 Green Façades compared with Bare Walls

14 Green Façades - Ivy Species used: John Dover H. helix H. colchica H. iberica

15 Green Façades Boston Ivy John Dover Parthenocissus tricuspidata

16 Green Façades Virginia Creeper John Dover Parthenocissus quinquefolia

17 Green Façades Pyracanthus John Dover John Dover

18 Green Façades Wisteria John Dover

19 Green Façades Jasmine m 2 John Dover John Dover

20 Sampled 29 Façades and bare walls Summer and autumn 3 times/season 2-6 sites a day Deciduous and evergreen Single or multiple species John Dover Vortis

21 Locations: Newcastle-under-Lyme and Stoke-on-Trent

22 Compared Total insect abundance and richness (all insects) Abundance and richness of the Orders: Coleoptera (beetles) Diptera (flies) Hemiptera (bugs) Hymenoptera (bees and wasps)

23 Total Abundance Bare walls: 124 Green Facades: 6404 Mostly: Hymenoptera 1599 Diptera 1558 Hemiptera 1324

24 Total abundance 1200 Green Façades most abundant families Booklice Parasitic wasps Leaf hopper Aphids Gall midges Parasitic wasps Most numerous Family members

25 Mean number of species ± SE Total Richness Green façades Façades: 208 species Bare walls: 2 species Overall Beetles Flies Bugs Bees. Etc

26 Mean insect abundance mean insect abundance Summer Autumn 6 0 Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Beetles Flies Bugs Bees & Wasps

27 Mean insect richness mean insect richness Summer Autumn Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Beetles Flies Bugs Bees & Wasps

28 Deciduous & Evergreen foliage (overall) Evergreen Deciduous 0 Evergreen Deciduous Abundance Richness

29 Mean abundance mean insect abundance Deciduous & Evergreen abundance Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Beetles Flies Bugs Bees & wasps Deciduous Evergreen

30 Mean richness mean insect richness Deciduous & Evergreen richness Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Beetles Flies Bugs Bees & wasps Deciduous Evergreen

31 Mean abundance mean insect abundance Polyculture/Monoculture diverse species (other than Hedera spp.) diverse species (Hedera spp.) single species (not Hedera sp.) single species (Hedera sp.) summer Summer autumn Autumn

32 Mean mean richness insect Polyculture/ Monoculture diverse species (other than Hedera spp.) diverse species (Hedera spp.) single species (not Hedera sp.) single species (Hedera sp.) 10 0 Summer Autumn

33 Living Walls 22 Living Walls from 6 manufacturers Located: Greater London (13) and Birmingham (9) + 4 Green Screens : Stoke-on-Trent (2), London (2) John Dover

34 ANS John Dover Plastic modules, open vertically and slightly angled to hold growing media

35 Treebox For pictures of this system see: Easiwall system: Plastic modules, horizontally open at the top, angled front

36 Biotecture John Dover Grodan rockwool units with polypropylene surround and front

37 Mobilane John Dover Hydrophobic rockwool units with embedded growing medium John Dover

38 Wallflore system* Rockwool units with geo-textile in front For pictures of this system see: * Supplied by Grange Construction & Roofing Company Ltd.

39 Treebox For pictures of this system see: Bin Fen system: plastic pots attached to a mesh

40 Mobilane Green Screens John Dover John Dover

41 Birmingham

42 Greater London

43 Sampling 22 living walls, 4 green screens Sampled 4 times each July to September days/session in London, 1 day in Birmingham John Dover

44 Compared (i) Birmingham and London (ii) green wall systems (6 different living wall systems and green screens) (iii) plant density and the plant richness (iv) vegetation surface area (v) aspect (vi) LW age (vii) pedestrian and vehicle traffic volumes

45 Results 1399 insects Diptera (533) Hemiptera (451) Hymenoptera (217) 9 Orders 61 families 137 species

46 Mean richness ± SE Total Richness Living Walls species Overall Beetles Flies Bugs Bees & wasps

47 Mean abundance ± SE Total abundance Living Walls insects Aphids Moth flies Fungus gnats non-biting midges Most numerous Family members

48 Green screens 360 individuals 6 orders 37 families 59 species

49 Mean abundance ± SE Green screens Total abundance individuals Overall Beetles Flies Bugs Bees & wasps

50 Birmingham vs London 13 angled plastic units: 8 B ham, 5 London No differences Different LW systems No differences in overall richness or abundance

51 Mean abundance mean insect abundance ± SE Living Wall system comparisons - abundance No significant differences green screen plant pot horizontal plant box rockwool unit with plastic fascia rockwool unit with felt fascia rockwool unit angled plastic module Green screen Plant pot Horizontal planters Rockwool + plastic front Rockwool + felt front Rockwool + bare front Angled plastic unit

52 Mean richness ± SE mean insect species richness 14 Living Wall system comparisons - Richness 14 No significant differences green screen plant pot horizontal plant box rockwool unit with plastic fascia rockwool unit with felt fascia rockwool unit angled plastic module Green screen Plant pot Horizontal planters Rockwool + plastic front Rockwool + felt front Rockwool + bare front Angled plastic unit BUT:

53 Diptera (Flies) Dipteran abundance was significantly greater in horizontal plant boxes than on all the other systems (with the exception of plant pot systems) AND significantly greater in abundance in plant pot systems than in angled plastic modules Dipteran richness was significantly greater in horizontal plant boxes, plant pots and green screens than in angled plastic modules

54 Hemiptera (Bugs) Hemipteran abundance was significantly greater in rockwool units than in all the other systems (with the exception of green screens) AND was significantly greater in angled plastic modules than in plant pots and horizontal plant boxes Hemipteran richness was greater in rockwool units than in all the other systems) and was significantly greater in angled plastic modules than in plant pots.

55 Ordination using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA)

56 Take-home messages Green façades and living walls, have an abundant and diverse insect fauna Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera were the most abundant and rich insect groups found Some pests were present Nearly all Hymenoptera were wasps or parasitoids (either primary or hyperparasitoid) Psocoptera (book lice) consuming decaying material

57 Take-home cont d Evergreen superior to deciduous Accessibility of media surface and decaying material may be reason for high numbers of Diptera Hemiptera may be positively affected by high foliage density Not possible to say whether GF, LW are better than the other they are diffierent

58 John Dover Thank you for your attention!

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