Chapter 3 The Development of Behavior How can we explain the acquisition of behaviors? Hard-wiring or Education

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 3 The Development of Behavior How can we explain the acquisition of behaviors? Hard-wiring or Education"

Arthur Kennedy
5 years ago
Views:

1 Chapter 3 Opener: Sanderling growth & behavioral development depend on genes & environment Chapter 3 The Development of Behavior How can we explain the acquisition of behaviors? Hard-wiring or Education

2 Chapter 3 Opener: Sanderling growth & behavioral development depend on genes & environment Which one is more important? Nature or Nurture? Genetic vs. Environmental The recipe vs. Ingredients

3 Chapter 3 Opener: Sanderling growth & behavioral development depend on genes & environment Which one is more important? Tabla rasa (Blank Slate) Watson

4 Chapter 3 Opener: Sanderling growth & behavioral development depend on genes & environment Which one is more important? Tabla rasa (Blank Slate) Watson

5 Chapter 3 Opener: Sanderling growth & behavioral development depend on genes & environment Which one is more important? Tabla rasa (Blank Slate) Harlow

6 Chapter 3 Opener: Sanderling growth & behavioral development depend on genes & environment Which one is more important? Tabla rasa (Blank Slate) Harlow

7 The interactive Theory of Development: Behavior requires Both Genes and Environment

8 3.1 Development of worker behavior in honey bees Chemical communication and Behavioral development in Honey Bees Three basic morphs in the hive: Queen: reproductive element Drone (males): serve only reproductive role Worker (females): typically non reproductive and serve various roles associated with colony growth and maintenance -cell cleaning (~1-3 days old) -nursing (~4-10 days) -internal food distribution (feeding others; ~4-15days) -pollen packing (~11-18 days) -guarding (~15-17 days) -scouting & foraging (~15+)

9 3.1 Development of worker behavior in honey bees Two kinds of worker bees Nurses Young Juvenile hormones from Corpora allata Foragers Old (3 weeks old) Ethyl oelate from corpora allanta

10 3.1 Development of worker behavior in honey bees

11 3.3 Social environment and task specialization by worker honey bees Ethyl Oleate inhibits Job changing Juvenile hormones Foragers Nectar Nurse bee Baby

12 3.2 Gene activity varies in the brains of nurse bees and foragers Young Nurse (YN) vs. Old Foragers (OF) (Science, 2004) Comparison of 5500 genes among genes are different

13 3.4 Levels of the messenger RNA produced when the for gene is expressed PKG signaling may be increased in Foragers

14 3.5 Imprinting in greylag geese Konrad

15 3.6 Cross-fostering has different imprinting effects in two related songbirds Balda

16 3.8 A Clark s nutcracker holding a seed in its bill that the bird is about to cache underground During fall, seeds in upto 2500 cashes Find those cashes 80% again During winter Visual cue? Olfactory cue? Spatial cue? X

17 3.7 Spatial learning by chickadees Balda et al.

18 3.9 Differences within a species in learned behavior What causes individuals to developed differently? More efficient finding of caches Having more larger hippocampus Nicky Clayton and John Krebs s experiments With hand reared Marsh tits Powdered seeds Seeds Never stored Stored Genetic? Environmental?

19 Environmental differences and Behavioral differences Behavioral plasticity in response to environmental signals

20 3.10 Nests of Polistes paper wasps contain odors that adhere to the bodies of the wasps Aggressiveness of wasps Siblings reared apart Siblings reared together No-siblings reared apart Non-siblings reared together Mechanism: odor of nest

21 3.11 Kin discrimination in Belding s ground squirrels Kin selection by odor Sniffing odor

22 3.11 Kin discrimination in Belding s ground squirrels Mechanism: Odor from dorsal glands

23 3.12 Evidence for the ability of Belding s ground squirrels to learn their own odor

24 Genetic differences and Behavioral differences Segregation of behaviors to the same environmental stimulus

25 3.13 Different wintering sites of blackcap warblers Berthold Subpopulation in the southern UK Usually spend winter in Africa They lost migratory ability to Africa?

26 3.14 Funnel cage for recording the migratory orientation of captive birds Open sky West Foot marks Ink

27 3.15 Differences in the migratory behavior of two closely related birds Medelian inheritance: Co-dominance phenotype of migratory gene alleles The onset of Migratory Restlessness behavior

28 3.16 Why do people differ in their test scores? (Part 1)

29 3.16 Why do people differ in their test scores? (Part 2)

30 3.17 A single gene affects maternal behavior in laboratory mice

31 3.18 Social amnesia is related to the loss of a single gene

32 3.18 Social amnesia is related to the loss of a single gene Change of playfulness by single gene deletion in mice +/+ -/-

33 3.18 Social amnesia is related to the loss of a single gene Change of Innate fear by single gene deletion in mice

34 3.19 Genetic differences cause behavioral differences in fruit fly larvae (Part 1)

35 3.19 Genetic differences cause behavioral differences in fruit fly larvae (Part 2)

36 3.20 A coastal Californian garter snake about to consume a banana slug Inland vs. Coastal snakes A Banana slug

37 3.21 Response of newborn, naive garter snakes to slug cubes

38 3.22 A tongue-flicking newborn garter snake senses odors from a cotton swab A Tong-flicking behavior to slug odor # flicking : Coastal > Inland

39 The norm of reaction Is the phenotypic range of a particular genotype that is influenced by the environment

40 Multifactorial inheritance Genetic + Environmental factors Environmental Stress Genetic changes

41 Penetrance Inheritability is a term used in genetics that describes the extent to which the properties controlled by a gene, its phenotype, will be expressed. high penetrance: gene will express itself almost regardless of the effects of environment, low penetrance: will only sometimes produce the symptom or trait with which it has been associated. In the case of low penetrance it is difficult to distinguish environmental from genetic factors.

42 Expressivity Expression of phenotype is modulated by environment Degree of the phenotype expression 0~100%

43 The development of behavior Artificial selection Adaptive features of behavioral development

44 3.23 Density effects on the foraging behavior of fruit fly larvae

45 3.24 Response to artificial selection on nest-building behavior by mice

46 3.25 Response to artificial selection on the fall migration departure date of blackcap warblers

47 3.26 Dogs are especially sensitive to signals from human beings

48 The development of behavior Artificial selection Adaptive features of behavioral development 1) Developmental Homeostasis 2) Developmental switch mechanism 3) Learning

49 3.27 Surrogate mothers used in social deprivation experiments Example of KO mice Important gene but no phenotype when it is deleted Genetic redundancy Stability of behavioral development in suboptimal environment

3.27 Surrogate mothers used in social deprivation experiments Artificial surrogate mother Enough for physical development But not enough for Sexual and social behaviors Real mother

50 3.27 Surrogate mothers used in social deprivation experiments Artificial surrogate mother Enough for physical development But not enough for Sexual and social behaviors Real mother without friends cause the same problem This problem can be recovered by 15 min exposure to friend every day Role of Mother and Friends for the development of behavior seems to be different

51 3.28 Socially isolated rhesus infants Rhesus Mokey Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Cercopithecidae Species Macaca mulatta Isolated rhesus infants Cling to each other Play, Fight, etc Normal adults with social and sexual ability

52 3.29 Developmental homeostasis in humans (Part 1)

53 3.29 Developmental homeostasis in humans (Part 2)

54 3.29 Developmental homeostasis in humans (Part 2) Environmental quality The developmental tolerance may result from the past history of natural selection Time

55 3.30 Facial symmetry and attractiveness Which one look attractive?

56 3.30 Facial symmetry and attractiveness Which one look attractive?

57 3.30 Facial symmetry and attractiveness Barn Swallow Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Hirundinidae Species Hirundo rustica Females prefer males with symmetric shape

58 3.31 Testing mate choice in a female wolf spider Wolf spider Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida Order Araneae Family Lycosidae Female spiders prefer a symmetric male

59 3.31 Testing mate choice in a female wolf spider Why females usually prefer males with symmetrical shape? Symmetric shape = Normal development under robust environments

60 The development of behavior Artificial selection Adaptive features of behavioral development 1) Developmental Homeostasis 2) Developmental switch mechanism 3) Learning

61 3.32 Developmental switch mechanisms can produce polyphenisms within the same species

62 3.32 Developmental switch mechanisms can produce polyphenisms within the same species Polyphenism: Expression of two phenotypes depending on environments Sex determination Sex-determining polyphenisms allow a species to benefit from sexual reproduction while permitting gender ratios other than unity. This is beneficial to the species because a large female-to-male ratio maximizes reproductive capacity. However, temperature-dependent sex determination (as seen in crocodiles) limits the range in which a species can exist, and makes the species susceptible to endangerment by changes in weather pattern. [4] Temperature-dependent sex determination has been proposed as an explanation for the extinction of the dinosaurs. [5] Population-dependent and reversible sex determination, found in animals such as the blue wrasse fish, have less potential for failure. In the blue wrasse, only one male is found in a given territory: larvae within the territory develop into females, and adult males will not enter the same territory. If a male dies, one of the females in his territory becomes male, replacing him. [6] While this system ensures that there will always be a mating couple when two animals of the same species are present, it could potentially decrease genetic variance in a population, for example if the females remain in a single male's territory. Furthermore, this system is inherently unstable on a small scale because a single mutation causing a fish to remain permanently male would spread quickly through the population (due to high female availability) and might eventually cause loss of females in the species, and therefore extinction. The caste system in insects The caste system of insects enables eusociality, the division of labor between non-breeding and breeding individuals. A series of polyphenisms determines whether larvae develop into queens, workers, and in some cases soldiers. In the case of the ant, P. morrisi, an embryo must develop under certain temperature and photoperiod conditions in order to become a reproductively-active queen. [7] This allows for control of the mating season, but like sex determination, limits the spread of the species into certain climates. In bees, royal jelly provided by worker bees causes a developing larva to become a queen. Royal jelly is only produced when the queen is aging or has died. This system is less subject to influence by environmental conditions, yet prevents unnecessary production of queens. Seasonal pigmentation changes Polyphenic pigmentation is adaptive for insect species that undergo multiple mating seasons each year. Different pigmentation patterns provide appropriate camouflage throughout the seasons, as well as alter heat retention as temperatures change. [8] Because insects cease growth and development after eclosion, their pigment pattern is invariable in adulthood: thus, a polyphenic pigment adaptation would be less valuable for species whose adult form survives longer than one year. Birds and mammals, however, are capable of continued physiological changes in adulthood, and some display reversible seasonal polyphenisms, such as coat color in the Arctic fox. [9] Predator-Induced Polyphenisms Predator-induced polyphenisms are advantageous because they allow the species to develop in a more reproductively-successful way in a predator s absence, but to otherwise assume a more defensible morphology. However, this advantageous polyphenism can quickly become neutral or a disadvantage if the predator evolves to stop producing the kairomone to which the prey responds. For example, the fly larvae that feed on Daphnia cucullata (a water flea) release a kairomone that Daphnia can detect. When the fly larvae are present, Daphnia grow large helmets that protect them from being eaten. However when the predator is absent, Daphnia have smaller heads and are therefore more agile swimmers. [10] Cannibalistic Polyphenism The spadefoot toad s polyphenism maximizes its reproductive capacity in temporary desert ponds. While the water is at a safe level, the tadpoles develop slowly on a diet of other opportunistic pond inhabitants. However, when the water level is low and desiccation is imminent, the tadpoles develop a morphology (wide mouth, strong jaw) that permits them to cannibalize. Cannibalistic tadpoles receive better nutrition and thus metamorphose more quickly, avoiding death as the pond dries up. [11]

3.32 Developmental switch mechanisms can produce polyphenisms within the same species In low quality dung In high quality dung The polyphenism of horn size in the

63 3.32 Developmental switch mechanisms can produce polyphenisms within the same species In low quality dung In high quality dung The polyphenism of horn size in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. The size of the horn depends upon the amount and quality of dung provided by the mother of the larval beetles. (From Nijhout, 2003.)

64 3.32 Developmental switch mechanisms can produce polyphenisms within the same species winter Spring Arctic Fox Fall

Caudata Family Ambystomatidae Species Ambystoma

65 3.33 Tiger salamanders occur in two forms Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Ambystomatidae Species Ambystoma tigrinum In high density conditions Carnival type arises

66 3.34 Activity of the gene that codes for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in Haplochromis burtoni Hormonal regulation of polyphenism

67 The development of behavior Artificial selection Adaptive features of behavioral development 1) Developmental Homeostasis 2) Developmental switch mechanism 3) Learning

68 3.35 Male thynnine wasps can be deceived into mating with a flower Learning reduces the wrong mating with pants Female-decoy petals

69 3.35 Male thynnine wasps can be deceived into mating with a flower

70 3.36 Male thynnine wasps can learn to avoid being deceived by an orchid Learning reduces the wrong mating with pants

71 3.37 Spatial learning abilities differ among members of the crow family (Part 1)

72 3.37 Spatial learning abilities differ among members of the crow family (Part 2)

73 3.38 Sex differences in spatial learning ability are linked to home range size Why the spatial learning capacity is male > female in meadow vole?

74 3.39 A virtual maze used for computer-based studies of navigational skills Why the spatial learning capacity is male > female in human? Is human male monogamous or polygamous?

Molothrus ater Female hippocampus is larger Females need a more higher

75 3.40 Sex differences in the hippocampus Brown headed cowbird Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Icteridae Species Molothrus ater Female hippocampus is larger Females need a more higher spatial learning capacity than male: They should remember the location of other bird s nest

76 3.41 Operant conditioning exhibited by a rat in a Skinner box Operant conditioning to induce a new behavior Any behaviors can be induced?

77 3.41 Operant conditioning exhibited by a rat in a Skinner box

78 3.42 Biased learning

79 3.43 Biases in taste aversion learning Blue: possible Red: impossible

80 3.43 Biases in taste aversion learning Taste Aversion Toxin Nausea vomiting Food A + toxin (immediate) Food A + toxin (delayed) Food A + X-ray (delayed) A rat learn to avoid the food A

81 3.44 Vampire bats cannot form learned taste aversions Dietary Generalist vs. Specialist No capacity for taste aversion

82 3.43 Biases in taste aversion learning Learning Not all behaviors can be implemented by conditioning seems to has a rationale based on the history of evolution Against the Tabla rasa theory of behavioralists

83 Summary Behaviors Need considerable time for proper development To make more adaptive to environments Normal development can be a cue for female s choice More efficient strategy For Increasing reproductive success

Chapter 44. Table of Contents. Section 1 Development of Behavior. Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior. Animal Behavior

Chapter 44. Table of Contents. Section 1 Development of Behavior. Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior. Animal Behavior Animal Behavior Table of Contents Section 1 Development of Behavior Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior Section 1 Development of Behavior Objectives Identify four questions asked by biologists who study