Cellular Morphology of Form 2 Mycobacteria in Slide Culture
|
|
- Junior Johns
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. gen. MicroMol. (1963), 30, With 1 plate Printed in Great Britain 21 Cellular Morphology of Form 2 Mycobacteria in Slide Culture BY ANNA CSILLAG The Medical Research Cozcmcil's Unit for Research on Drug Sensitivity ia Tuberculosis, Postgraduate Medical School of Londoa, Ducane Road, London, W. 12 (Received 4 April 1962) SURlMARY Form 2 of a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis was isolated. The cellular morphology of this organism when growing in glycerol agar slide culture is described. The form 2 strain grew by the initial production of septate filaments which soon ramified as a result of pseudobranching. The filaments fragmented early into bacillary elements and much later into coccoid elements. Endospores were formed within some of the bacillary elements. The young cells were Gram negative and the older cells Gram positive. The cells were never acid-fast. Growth occurred in aerobic and anaerobic culture, but the morphological changes progressed more rapidly under anaerobic conditions. The strain has many characteristics also found in some members of the Actinomycetaceae ; however there are also differences, the most important of which is endospore formation. Thus the strain cannot yet be classified. INTRODUCTION In a previous publication (Csillag, 1961), it was reported that rapidly growing organisms, which were not acid-fast, were obtained from cultures of mycobacteria (the majority of the strains were Mycobacterium tuberculosis) grown under special conditions, when these cultures were inoculated on plates of nutrient agar. The rapidly growing organisms, at the time of their isolation, were described as Gramnegative spore-bearing rods or as Gram-negative cocci often arranged in chains. It was therefore suggested that mycobacteria might be dimorphic in the same sense that some of the human pathogenic fungi are known to be dimorphic. The acid-fast mycobacteria, as usually described, were termed ' form 1 ' and the organisms obtained on nutrient agar were termed 'form 2'. Subsequently, form 2 organisms have been isolated from all of the 123 strains of M. tuberculosis examined. The form 2 organisms were similar in their main characteristics, though variations between strains occurred. The life cycle of one of the strains, selected at random, has now been studied in detail. Reported here is a description of the cell morphology of this strain when grown under undisturbed conditions in slide culture. This particular aspect of a complex life cycle was chosen, in part, because it may throw light on the taxonomic position of the strain, and in part because slide culture is an easy means of identifying form 2 organisms and of distinguishing them from contaminants.
2 22 ANNA CSILLAG METHODS Strain. The strain (I 1413) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis used was isolated from the sputum of a British patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. It was virulent in the guinea-pig, sensitive to isoniazid, streptomycin and p-aminosalicylic acid and produced nicotinic acid (Runyon, Selin & Harris, 1959). The strain was maintained on Lowenstein-Jensen medium at 37" for 5 months before the isolation of form 2 organisms was begun. (The strain is deposited in the National Collectionof Type Cultures, Colindale Avenue, London, N.W. 9 as NCTC ) Media, (1) The Lowenstein-Jensen medium used was without potato starch (Jensen, 1955) ; (2) nutrient broth was prepared from meat extract + peptone (Oxoid, No. 2,Oxo Ltd., London); (3) nutrient agar was made by adding 1.4 yo (wlv) agar to the nutrient broth; (4) glycerol agar was prepared by adding 7 yo analytical grade glycerol to nutrient agar; (5) 7H-10 oleic acid-albumin agar (Cohn, Middlebrook & Russell, 1959). All media were incubated at 37" for 2-3 days before use, as a test of their sterility. Isolation and maintenance of form 2 organisms. After preliminary purification of the form 1 strain on 7H-10 medium plates, form 2 organisms were obtained, as previously described (Csillag, 1961), by subcultivation from growth on aerated Lowenstein-Jensen medium slopes to nutrient agar plates. The form 2 strain was purified twice by single colony selection from nutrient agar plates which had been incubated for 3 days at 37". Nutrient agar slopes in screw-capped bottles were inoculated from colonies on the second plate. The slopes were incubated with loose caps at 37" for 3 days until sporulation had occurred; the caps were then closed and the cultures maintained at room temperature. The strain was re-purified and sporulation allowed to occur every two months. At the start of the experiments to be described, the strain had been maintained for 12 months and the last subculture was one week old (the initial culture). Preparation of slide cultures. A 1.2 x 4 in., flat-bottomed specimen bottle, plugged with cotton-wool and containing a 3 x 1 in. microscopic slide and 10 ml. glycerol agar, was autoclaved. The bottle was then allowed to cool in a sloped position, so that the slide was at right angles to the surface of the medium. All the slide cultures were prepared at the same time and from the same batch of medium. A standard inoculum, containing vegetative forms only was prepared for the slide cultures in the following manner. The initial culture was plated out on nutrient agar. After incubation at 37" for 24 hr., a suspension was prepared by adding a single colony to a oz. screw-capped bottle containing 0-4 ml. sterile distilled water and glass beads; the bottle was then shaken by hand for a few seconds. The suspension consisted of Gram-negative rods, some containing endospores (Pl. 1, fig. 1). A loopful of the suspension was inoculated into a Q 02. screw-capped bottle containing 8 ml. nutrient broth which was shaken mechanically at 87' for 6 hr. The culture was composed of Gram-variable, vegetative rods ; neither endospores nor free spores were present (Pl. 1, fig. 2). A loopful of this culture was then inoculated on to the slide cultures along the line where the slide entered the medium, thus allowing the organism to grow first on to a thin layer of medium on the slide and then on to the glass surface of the slide. The plugs of the slide cultures incubated under aerobic conditions were covered with aluminium foil. The purity of the inoculum was
3 Morphology of form 2 mycobacteria 23 checked by plating on nutrient agar, and uninoculated slide cultures were incubated as medium controls. Investigation of slide cultures. Several slide cultures were incubated at 37" either aerobically or anaerobically in a McIntosh & Fildes jar, controlled with a Lucas semi-solid indicator. At intervals one of each of the two types of culture was examined and then discarded. The slide was removed with forceps, allowed to dry under an ultraviolet lamp and fixed with methanol for 5 min. The growth on the slide close to the bottom of the specimen tubes, where condensation water was usually present during incubation, was examined. Preparations were stained by the Gram and Ziehl-Neelsen methods as described by Csillag (1961). Staining with malachite green (1 yo malachite green in 1 yo aqueous phenol, filtered before use) was done for 5 min. Cell walls were stained by the tannic acid-crystal violet method (Bisset, 1955). RESULTS Aerobic incubation Morphology under low-pmn. magnijcation. In slide cultures incubated under aerobic conditions, the following changes occurred in the cell morphology of the form 2 organisms, as observed under a magnification of x 120. At one day, long, narrow filaments were seen growing away from the junction of the slide and the medium. The filaments had short side branches (Pl. 1, fig. 3). At about 7 days, the primary filaments were considerably thicker, the side branches had elongated and further ramification had occurred (P1.1, fig. 4). For at least the next 5 weeks, the filaments continued to ramify over further areas of the slide, The younger filaments were narrow but increased in thickness with age. The filamentous arrangement was maintained until the completion of the experiment at 6 weeks. Morphology under high-power magni,fication. Examination of the slide cultures under high-power magnification ( x 960) yielded further information on the detail of cell morphology and on the mode of branching. The growing ends of the filaments were composed of multicellular strands, about 0.8,u diameter, in which the crosswalls were only visible when stained with tannic acid-crystal violet (Pl. 1, fig. 5) or when the preparation was examined unstained by phase contrast. In Gramstained preparations Gram-negative segments alternated with unstained zones, so that the continuity of the filaments was not evident (Pl. 1, fig. 7, left-hand portion). Older portions of the filaments were composed of separate rods lying end to end but without continuity from cell to cell when observed in preparations stained by all four methods. This arrangement suggested that the cells originated by fragmentation of the younger multicellular filaments. The youngest branches were composed of a single strand of cells, but gradually bundles containing parallel strands appeared (Pl. 1, figs. 6, 7). Some of the strands lay so close together that it was difficult to distinguish individual cells (PI. 1, fig. 6). The majority of the cells in younger branches were still Gram negative but occasionally contained Gram-positive granules (Pl. 1, fig. 6). In older strands an increasing proportion.of the cells were uniformly Gram positive (Pl. 1, fig. 7). Gram-positive material could not be distinguished by Ziehl-Neelsen or malachite green staining, the cells stained evenly with malachite green and none of them was acid-fast. At from 7 to 17 days endospores appeared in some cells and free-lying spores were also seen (PI. 1,
4 24 ANNA CSILLAC; fig. 8). In Gram stains the wall of the endospores was Gram-labile and the interior unstained; in Ziehl-Neelsen stains the wall was blue and the interior unstained, and the spores stained uniformly with malachite green. The branching observed under low-power magnification proved to be pseudobranching when examined under the higher power. A cell lying in the outer strand of a bundle changed its direction of growth and produced a filament at an angle to the main bundle (Pl. 1, fig, 7). Further strands then grew, probably from the main bundle, to lie parallel to this new filament. After about 6 weeks some of the cells lying in strands were seen to fragment into coccoid elements. This process occurred in only a few cells, particularly those in the lower part of the slide culture near the water of condensation. At first the cells containing the coccoid elements were faintly stained, but later they disappeared, leaving the coccoid bodies lying in chains, in pairs or singly (Pl. 1, fig. 9). While intracellular, the coccoid bodies varied in shape (spherical or oval), but they were always spherical when extracellular. In both situations they ranged from ,u in diameter. Both the coccoid bodies and the cells were Gram positive, not acid-fast and stained by malachite green, but the coccoid bodies were stained more intensely. Smear preparations. Smears taken from the junction of the slide and the agar surface invariably failed to show any filamentous arrangement, thus suggesting that the filaments were easily disintegrated. Predominantly Gram-negative rods were found in smears from young cultures and, with increasing age, there were also Gram-variable and Gram-positive rods present. Smears from the oldest cultures were composed of Gram-positive rods (some containing endospores), free lying spores and cocci, giving the impression of a mixture of different bacteria. Anaerobic incubation The sequence of changes described in slide cultures grown aerobically also occurred in slide cultures incubated anaerobically, though they took place more rapidly. In anaerobic culture the changes may be summarized as follows : (1) ramification occurred at about 1 day instead of at about 7 days (Pl. 1, fig. 10). (2) The change from Gram-negative to Gram-positive cells appeared earlier. (3) Fragmentation of the filaments into individual cells occurred earlier in younger cells. Furthermore, the majority of the cells then lost their filamentous arrangement and were arranged randomly on the slide. (4) Fragmentation into coccoid elements was seen within 14 days (Pl. 1, fig. 11); although occurring infrequently, it was found in a higher proportion of the cells than in aerobic culture. (5) The free coccoid elements continued to divide by binary fission to form diplococci, tetrads and sarcina-like configurations, in which the individual cocci varied considerably in size (Pl. 1, fig.12). This division of the liberated coccoid elements was never seen in aerobic cultures. (6) In making smears it was apparent that the majority of the growth occurred within and not on the surface of the glycerol-agar medium of the slide-cultures.
5 Morphology of form 2 rnycobacteria 25 DISCUSSION The main characteristics of the organism described are the formation of a pseudobranching filament which rapidly fragments into bacillary elements, followed much later by fragmentation into coccoid elements. Similar characteristics are known to be the main features of some organisms classified in the Order Actinomycetales. Waksman & Henrici (1943) included in this order three families: (1) Mycobacteriaceae ; (2) Actinomycetaceae ; (3) Streptomycetaceae. The family Actinomycetaceae is subdivided into two genera : (1) Actinomyces (anaerobic, microaerophilic) ; (2) Nocardia (aerobic). Members of the family Actinomycetaceae (Buchanan) are defined as organisms forming a vegetative branching mycelium which fragments into bacillary and coccoid elements (Henrici s Molds, 1947; Bergey s Manual, 1948; Waksman, 1959). The fragments have been termed oidiospores, arthrospores, segmentation spores or fragmentation spores by different authors ; their shape and size is similar to rod-shaped and spherical bacteria (Waksman, 1959). These fragments continue to divide by transverse fission and, when smears are made, the arrangement of the mycelial fragments is disturbed and the smears appear to consist of ordinary, mixed bacteria (Henrici s MoZds, 1947). When subcultured into a suitable fresh medium, the fragments germinate to form a new mycelium (Waksman, 1959). In some strains parallel bundles of filaments have been found (Baldacci, Gilardi & Amici, 1956); Gram-positive granules have been seen in the Gram-negative cytoplasm of the cells of some species (Henrici s Molds, 1947). Although there are many similarities between the characteristics of the strain described in the present paper and the characteristics of the Actinomycetaceae, certain differences are apparent. However, when account is taken of the more recent publications on the morphology of the Actinomycetaceae the differences are less substantial and can be summarized as follows. (1) True branching was not observed in the filaments of the strain. Bisset & Moore (1949) showed that true branching, which occurs in the Streptomycetaceae, is not seen in the Actinomycetaceae and Bisset (1955) suggested that members of the Actinomycetaceae should not be regarded as forming true mycelia, but as being composed of a mass of separate, filamentous bacteria. (2) The present strain had cross-walls even in the youngest filaments, whereas the young substrate mycelium of the Actinomycetaceae is generally considered to be non-septate initially (Orskov, 1923 ; Henrici s MoZds, 1947). However, Bisset & Moore (1949) showed, by using the tannic acid-crystal violet stain, that the filaments were really composed of numerous short cells. (3) The youngest cells of the present strain were Gram negative. Although the Actinomycetaceae are usually considered to be Gram positive, occasional Gramnegative strains have been reported (Waksman, 1959). (4) The method of formation of endospores by the present strain (Pl. 1, fig. 8) appears to differ from the description of spore formation in the Actinomycetaceae. (5) Fragmentation into coccoid elements occurred at about 42 days in aerobic culture and at about 14 days in anaerobic culture. The formation of coccoid fragmentation-spores in the Actinomycetaceae is usually complete in 1-3 days (Krassilnikov, 1959; Erikson, 1949). On the basis of the majority of the Characteristics the present strain should be classified in the family Actinomycetaceae. However, the production of structures which morphologically resemble endospores appears to exclude this possibility. Endo-
6 26 ANNA CSILLAG spore production suggests classification among the Bacillaceae, but the continued multiplication of the coccoid elements by binary fission renders this classification untenable. It will be shown in a later publication that all form 2 mycobacteria, as well as the present strain, produce coccal bodies under microaerophilic conditions and that these continue to multiply regularly, Only certain aspects of the morphology of a typical form 2 strain are described in the present publication. The final classification of the strain must depend on a fuller account of the life cycle. There have been several claims that rapidly growing, not acid-fast, saphrophytic and extremely pleomorphic organisms, resembling species of the Actinomycetaceae, have been obtained from various strains of mycobacteria (Coppen-Jones, 1895 ; Dostal, 1910; Karwacki, 1930; Mallgaard, 1931 ; Vaudremer, 1931). Weissfeiler (1933), from his own experience and by reviewing the literature, supported the theory of earlier workers that the genus Mycobacterium is a true member of the Actinomycetaceae; it is not acid-fast in its saprophytic form and appears only in the form of an acid-fast rod when adapted to parasitic life. Weissfeiler claimed that the parasitic form reverted to the saprophytic form under the influence of factors such as the old age of the cultures, frequent subcultivation, media poor in nutriments and the presence of toxic agents. According to these views, the acid-fast form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis might be only a single stage in a more complex life cycle, I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr D. A. Mitchison for advice and help in carrying out this work. I am grateful to Mr B. Uncles for his careful technical assistance. REFERENCES BALDACCI, E., GILARDI, E. & AMICI, A. M. (1956). I1 ciclo di vite degli Attinomiceti osservato al microscopio elettronico. Giorn. Microbiol. 6, 512. Bergey s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1948), 6th ed. p Ed. R. S. Breed, E. G. C. Murray & A. P. Hitchens. London: Ballikre, Tindall & Cox. BISSET, K. A. & MOORE, F. W. (1949). The relationship of certain branched Bacterial Genera. J. gen. Microbiol. 3, 387. BISSET, K. A. (1955). The Cytology and Life-history of Bacteria, 2nd ed., pp. 12, 95, 96. Edinburgh and London: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. COHN, M. L., MIDDLEBROOK, G. & RUSSELL, W. F. (1959). Combined drug treatment of tuberculosis, J. din. Invest. 38, COPPEN-JONES, A. (1895). uber die Morphologie und systematische Stellung des Tuberkelpilzes und uber die Kolbenbildung bei Actinomycose und Tuberkulose. Zbl. Balct. (1. Orig.) 17, 70. CSILLAG, A. (1961). Spore formation and Dimorphism in the Mycobacteria. J. gen. Microbiol. 26, 97. DOSTAL, H. (1910). Zur Stellung des Tuberkelbacillus im System der Micro-organismen. Wim. me&. Wschr. 60, ERIKSON, D. (1949). Differentiation of the vegetative and sporogenous Phases of the Actinomycetes. 4. Partially acid-fast Proactinomycetes. J. gen. Microbiol. 3, 361. Henrid s Mot?&, Yeasts and Actinomycetes (1947), 2nd ed. pp. 350, 355,356,3&4. Ed. by C. E. Skinner, C. W. Emmons & H. M. Tsuchiya. London: Chapman & Hall. JENSEN, K. A. (1955). Towards a standardisation of laboratory methods. 2nd report of the Subcommittee of laboratory methods of the International Union against Tuberculosis. Bull. int. Ura. Tuberc. 25, 89. KARWACKI, L. (1930). Bacilles tuberculeux come forme 6volutive d un Streptothrix. Zbl. Bakt. (1. Orig.) 119, 369.
7
8 Journal of General Jlicrobioloyy, Vol. 30, No. 1 Plate 1 A. CSILLAG (Facing p. 27)
9 Morphology of form 2 mycobacteria 27 KRASSILNIKOV, N. A. (1959). Diagnostik der Bakterien und Actinornyceten, pp. 119, 130, 138. Jena : Gustav Fischer Verlag. MQUGAARD, H. (1931). mer den fraglichen Entwicklungscyclus des Tuberkelbacillus. Beitr. Klin. Tuberk. 77, 83. ~RSKOV, J. (1923). Investigations into the morphology of the ray fungi. Kobenhavn: Levin & Munksgaard. RUNYON, E. H., SELIN, M. J. & HARRIS, H. W. M. (1959). Distinguishing Mycobacteria by the niacin test. Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 79, 663. VAUDREMER, A. (1931). gtudes biologique du Bade Tuberculeux. Les formes filtrantes. Beitr. Klin. Tuberk. 77, 16. WAKSMAN, S. A. & HENRICI, A. T. (1943). The nomenclature and classification of the actinomycetes. J. Bact. 46, 337. WAKSMAN, S. A. (1959). The Actinonzycetes, pp. 53, 65, 72, 79, 85, 89. London: BailliZtre, Tiridall& Cox. WEISSFEILER, J. (1933). Die Rage der nichtsaurefesten Formen des Tuberkulose Erregers. Zbl. Tbk. Forsch. 38, 449. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1 Figs Various stages in the development of a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, form 2. Fig. 1. Nutrient agar plate, 1 day, Gram stain, x800. Gram-negative rods, with and without endospores. Fig. 2. Shaken nutrient broth culture 6 hr., Gram stain, x 800. Gram-labile vegetative rods. Figs Glycerol agar slide cultures, grown under aerobic conditions. Fig day, unstained, x 100. Long filaments with short side branches. Fig days, Gram stain, x 100. Elongated side branches with further ramification; filaments thicker with increasing age. Fig days, cell-wall stain, x 800. Growing ends composed of a single multicellular filament. Fig days, Gram stain, x 800. Very tight parallel bundles of strands; many of the Gramnegative cells contain Gram-positive granules ; fragmentation into bacillary elements. Fig days, Gram stain, x 800. Increasing proportion of the cells stain uniformly Gram positive ; development of pseudobranching. Fig days, Gram stain, x BOO. Intracellular and free endospores. Fig days, Gram stain, x 800. Fragmentation into coccoid elements, lying in chains, in pairs or singly. Figs Glycerol agar slide cultures, grown under anaerobic conditions. Fig day, Gram stain, x 100. Extensive dfication. Fig days, Gram stain, x BOO. Fragmentation into coccoid elements. Fig days, Gram stain, x800. Free coccoid elements dividing by binary fission to form diplococci, tetrads and sarcina-like configurations ; sizes of coccoid elements very variable.
Microbiology. Definition of a Microorganism. Microorganisms in the Lab. The Study of Microorganisms
Microbiology The Study of Microorganisms Definition of a Microorganism Derived from the Greek: Mikros, «small» and Organismos, organism Microscopic organism which is single celled (unicellular) or a mass
More informationTheGytology of Smooth and Rough Variation in Bacteria
83 TheGytology of Smooth and Rough Variation in Bacteria BY K. A. BISSET Department of Bacteriology, University of Birmingham SUMMARY: In those members of the genera Bacterium and Bacillus studied, the
More informationBacteriology, University of Minnesota Received for publication April 10, 1943
THE NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE ACTINOMYCETES1 SELMAN A. WAKSMAN AND ARTHUR T. HENRICI' New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, and the Department of Bacteriology, University
More information616 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS OCT A NEW GENUS OF THE ACTINOMYCETALES: KITASATOA GEN. NOV.
616 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS OCT. 1968 A NEW GENUS OF THE ACTINOMYCETALES: KITASATOA GEN. NOV. Akihiro Matsumae, Mariko Ohtani, Hideo Takeshima and Toju Hata The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan (Received
More informationCYTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN AGING BACTERIAL CULTURES
CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN AGING BACTERIAL CULTURES B. R. CHATTERJEE AND ROBERT P. WILLIAMS Department of Microbiology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Received for publication March
More informationsurface of each plate and spread evenly with a sterile glass rod. Inoculated media were incubated The stock cultures of the C. perfringens strains
STUDIES OF THE L-FORMS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS I. RELATIONSHIP OF COLONY MORPHOLOGY AND REVERSIBILITY TOSHIO KAWATOMARI Department of Bacteriology, 406th Medical General Laboratory, APO 343, San Francisco,
More informationkingdom of lower forms of life has attracted considerable attention
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF ACTINOMYCETES' SELMAN A. WAKSMAN New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey Received for publication September 21, 1939 The exact position of the actinomycetes
More informationINTRODUCTION. Gram Stain
INTRODUCTION In microbiology, organisms are so small that additional techniques are often required for proper viewing under the microscope. Cytological stains, or dyes that stain cells or cellular features,
More informationExercise 6-B STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS GRAM STAIN
Exercise 6-B STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS GRAM STAIN Introduction The Gram stain, developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884, is a staining technique allowing different types of microorganisms (usually bacteria)
More informationA Selective Medium for Bacillus anthracis
56 R~ORRIS, E. J. (955). J. gen. Microbiol. 3, 566 A Selective Medium for Bacillus anthracis BY E. J. MORRIS Microbiological Research Department, Ministry of Supply, Porton, Wiltshire SUMMARY: A medium
More informationShape, Arrangement, and Size. Cocci (s., coccus) bacillus (pl., bacilli) 9/21/2013
Shape, Arrangement, and Size Cocci (s., coccus) are roughly spherical cells. The other common shape is that of a rod, sometimes called a bacillus (pl., bacilli). Spiral-shaped procaryotes can be either
More informationGrowth and Division of Some Unicellular Blue-green Algae
J. gen. Microbiol. (1968), 51, 199-202 With 3 plates Printed in Great Britain I99 Growth and Division of Some Unicellular Blue-green Algae By MARY MENNES ALLEN AND R. Y. STANIER Department of Bacteriology
More informationANNEXURE - I MEDIA AND REAGENTS
ANNEXURE - I MEDIA AND REAGENTS I. ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD Ziehl-Neelsen carbol fuchsin stain - Basic fuchsin 5 gm Phenol 25 gm Alcohol (95 % of absolute) 50 ml Distilled water 500 ml The fuchsin was dissolved
More informationThe Prokaryotes & Viruses
The Prokaryotes & Viruses Lab Exercise Contents Objectives 1 Introduction 1 Activity.1 Prokaryotic Cell Structure 2 Activity.2 Blue-Green Algae 2 Activity.3 Viruses 3 Activity.4 Gram Staining of Bacteria
More informationA New Genus of the Actinomycetales: Waksmania gen.nov.
104 LECHEVALIER, M. P. & LECHEVALIER, H. (1957). J. gen. Microbial. 104-111 A New Genus of the Actinomycetales: Waksmania gen.nov. BY MARY P. LECHEVALIER R.F.D. 1, Brookside Drive, Martinsville, N m Jersey,
More informationGUJARAT UNIVERSITY Syllabus for First Year Microbiology Semester I and II Effective from June 2017
GUJARAT UNIVERSITY Syllabus for First Year Microbiology Semester I and II Effective from June 2017 1. A student offering Microbiology programme will be offered two theory papers of core course MI 101 and
More informationLABORATORY 7 ENDOSPORE STAIN AND BACTERIAL MOTILITY
LABORATORY 7 ENDOSPORE STAIN AND BACTERIAL MOTILITY A. Endospore Stain B. Bacterial Motility A. ENDOSPORE STAIN DISCUSSION A few genera of bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium have the ability to
More informationInheritance of Capsule and the Manner of Cell-Wall Formation in Bacillus anthracis
J. gen. Microbiol. (1965), 39, 423427 With 2 plates Printed in Great Britain 423 Inheritance of Capsule and the Manner of Cell-Wall Formation in Bacillus anthracis BY G. G. MEYNELL AND A. M. LAWN Guinness-Lister
More informationstudy of these organisms have been applied in the present work to Streptobacillus
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE L1 OF KLIENEBERGER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO STREPTO- BACILLUS MONILIFORMIS' L. DIENES Department of Pathology and Bacteriology of the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Robert
More informationExercise VI. Differential Staining: The Gram Stain
Exercise VI Differential Staining: The Gram Stain The Gram stain, discovered by Dr. Hans Christian Gram in 1884, is the most useful differential stain used to aid in identifying bacteria. It divides bacterial
More informationعلم األحياء الدقيقة Microbiology Introduction to Bacteriology تركي محمد الداود مكتب 2 ب 45
علم األحياء الدقيقة Microbiology Introduction to Bacteriology د. تركي محمد الداود مكتب 2 ب 45 Occurrence & distribution of bacteria - They live everywhere. They occur in water (fresh and salty), in soil
More informationB. Correct! Bacillus anthraces produces spores that can cause anthrax. D. Incorrect! Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Microbiology - Problem Drill 09 - The Prokaryotes No. 1 of 10 1. Bacillus anthraces is most closely associated with which of the following? (A) Botulism poisoning (B) Anthrax (C) Gangrene (D) Diphtheria
More informationMICROBIOLOGY LAB #1 SAFETY RULES & GRAM STAIN METHOD
MICROBIOLOGY LAB #1 SAFETY RULES & GRAM STAIN METHOD Precaution processes are extremely important when working with cultures in the lab for the safety of the microbiologist from getting diseases from bacteria
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA DISCLOSURE Relevant relationships with commercial entities none Potential for conflicts of interest within this presentation none Steps taken to review and mitigate potential
More informationDEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY COURSE OUTLINE - FALL 2014 LAB PROCEDURES AND MICROBIOLOGY AH 174 E- MAIL:
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY COURSE OUTLINE - FALL 2014 LAB PROCEDURES AND MICROBIOLOGY AH 174 INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Chris Mizzi Kristy Mergeart, RAHT PHONE: 780-835-6617 780-835-6779 OFFICE: AS 133
More informationINTRODUCTION budding, binary fission hyphae mycelium Figure 1.
INTRODUCTION Although most of our work in this lab is done on bacteria, fungi are nonetheless an important aspect in microbiology. Besides being important food providers, fungi play central roles in recycling
More informationPharmaceutical Microbiology Forum Newsletter Vol. 12 (4) Page 3 of 14 (NCIMB 8545, CIP NBRC. Salmonella enterica ssp typhimurium
Page 3 of 14 Continued from page 2 Table 2. Absence of Specified Details Media Growth Promotion Organisms for Trypticase Soy Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella Staphylococcus
More informationIntroduction to Microbiology BIOL 220 Summer Session I, 1996 Exam # 1
Name I. Multiple Choice (1 point each) Introduction to Microbiology BIOL 220 Summer Session I, 1996 Exam # 1 B 1. Which is possessed by eukaryotes but not by prokaryotes? A. Cell wall B. Distinct nucleus
More informationIntroduction to Microbiology. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani
Introduction to Microbiology CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani Microbiology Micro- means very small (that needs a microscope to see). Microbiology is the study of very small living organisms.
More informationBacteria. Prepared by. Doua a Hamadi Gellan Ibrahim Rahma Younis Doua a Abdul-Hadi Doua a Amjad Hanin Laith Khamael Dawood
Bacteria Prepared by Doua a Hamadi Gellan Ibrahim Rahma Younis Doua a Abdul-Hadi Doua a Amjad Hanin Laith Khamael Dawood History of Bacteriology Doua a Hamadi Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van
More informationCell Structure in Relation to the Gram Reaction as Shown During Lysis of Bacillus subtilis
BARTHOLOMEW, J. W. & MITTWER, T. (1951). J. gen. Microbiol. 5, 3945. 39 Cell Structure in Relation to the Gram Reaction as Shown During Lysis of Bacillus subtilis BY J. W. BARTHOLOMEW AND T. MITTWER Department
More informationMicrostructure of Colonies of Rod-Shaped Bacteria
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Oct. 1971, p. 515-525 Copyright 0 1971 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 108, No. I Printed in U.S.A. Microstructure of Colonies of Rod-Shaped Bacteria D. B. DRUCKER AND D.
More information(inner dense substance) of the identical bacteria later photographed in the electron
ON THE MICROSCOPIC METHODS OF MEASURING THE DIMENSIONS OF THE BACTERIAL CELL GEORGES KNAYSI Laboratory of Bacteriology, College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Received for publication
More informationOverview of the major bacterial pathogens The major bacterial pathogens are presented in this table:
Practical Microbiology 30/11/2018 University of Sulaimani college of Pharmacy Year2 Lab. 5: Overview of the major bacterial pathogens The major bacterial pathogens are presented in this table: Major Bacterial
More informationElectron Microscopic Studies on Mode of Action of Polymyxin
JOURNAL OF BACrERIOLOGY, Jan. 1969, p. 448452 Vol. 97, No. I Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Printed In U.S.A. Electron Microscopic Studies on Mode of Action of Polymyxin M. KOIKE, K.
More informationNAME: Microbiology BI234 MUST be written and will not be accepted as a typed document. 1.
Chapter 3 Study Guide Explain the 3 main characteristics that help differentiate prokaryotes from eukaryotes. What are the 7 structures/substances found in all bacterial cells? What are 8 specific structures
More informationBacillus anthracis. Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens and other, but never Gram-negative microbes
SPORES (endospores) the spore is formed inside the parent vegetative cell hence the name endospores The spore is a dehydrated, multishelled structure that protects and allows the bacteria to exist in suspended
More informationBacterial Cell Walls as Revealed by the Specific Cellwall Reaction and by Direct Staining with Alcian Blue
105 TOMCSIK, J. & GRACE, J. B. (1955). J. gen. Microbial. 13, 105-110. Bacterial Cell Walls as Revealed by the Specific Cellwall Reaction and by Direct Staining with Alcian Blue BY J. TOMCSIK Institute
More informationHAEMOPHILUS MODULE 29.1 INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 29.2 MORPHOLOGY. Notes
29 HAEMOPHILUS 29.1 INTRODUCTION The genus Haemophilus contains small, nonmotile, nonsporing, oxidase positive, pleomorphic, gram negative bacilli that are parasitic on human beings or animals. Haemophilus
More informationING MOBILE COLONIES ON THE SURFACE
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS BACILLUS EXHIBIT- ING MOBILE COLONIES ON THE SURFACE OF NUTRIENT AGAR Department of Botany and Bacteriology, The Univer8ity of Texa8 Received for publication, July 23, 1934 During
More informationDIFFERENTIATING GRAM-NEGATIVE AND GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
Microlog Minutes Revised April 2003 Volume 1, Issue 1 DIFFERENTIATING GRAM-NEGATIVE AND GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA The Gram-Stain is the single most common and cost effective staining technique used in identifying
More informationThe Influence of Magnesium on Cell Division
480 WEBB, M. (1951). J. gen. Mimobiol. 5, 480-484. The Influence of Magnesium on Cell Division 4. The Specificity of Magnesium BY M. WEBB Chemistry Department, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham 15,
More informationRELATIONSHIP OF CELL WALL STAINING TO GRAM DIFFERENTIATION'
RELATONSHP OF CELL WALL STANNG TO GRAM DFFERENTATON' J. W. BARTHOLOMEW AND HAROLD FNKELSTEN Department of Bacteriology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Received for publication
More informationof the work reported here was to define the point in the developmental process at which the curing salts act to prevent outgrowth.
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1968, p. 406-411 Copyright 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Chloride, and Sodium Nitrate on Germination
More informationActa Medica Okayama. Selective staining of cytoplasmic membrane and nuclear apparatus of bacteria. Yasuhiro Kanemasa FEBRUARY 1962
Acta Medica Okayama Volume 16, Issue 1 1962 Article 5 FEBRUARY 1962 Selective staining of cytoplasmic membrane and nuclear apparatus of bacteria Yasuhiro Kanemasa Okayama University, Copyright c 1999 OKAYAMA
More informationCell Shape coccus bacillus spirillum vibrio
wrong 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 right 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 score 100 98.2 96.4 94.6 92.9 91.1 89.3 87.5 85.7 83.9 82.1 80.4 78.6 76.8 75 73.2 71.4
More informationMicroscopic and macroscopic observation of microorganisms & Gram stain. Mgr. Tomáš Kastl
Microscopic and macroscopic observation of microorganisms & Gram stain Mgr. Tomáš Kastl MARKS TO NOTICE Morphology of colonies and cells - strructure - size - surface - shape - profile - special organels
More informationMicrobial Taxonomy. Classification of living organisms into groups. A group or level of classification
Lec 2 Oral Microbiology Dr. Chatin Purpose Microbial Taxonomy Classification Systems provide an easy way grouping of diverse and huge numbers of microbes To provide an overview of how physicians think
More informationA Comparison of the Staining Reactions of the Cell Walls of Azotobacter chroococcum and those of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria
No. 2, Volume 15 o the Journal o General Microbiology W&S issued on 10 octobc7 1956 HALE, C. M. F. & BISSET, K. A. (1956). J. gen. Microbial. 15, 428427 A Comparison o the Staining Reactions o the Cell
More informationMultiple Septation in Variants of Bacillus cereus
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Nov., 1965 Copyright @ 1965 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 90, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. Multiple Septation in Variants of Bacillus cereus C. C. REMSEN AND D. G. LUNDGREN
More informationA Comparison of a Direct- and a Plate-counting Technique for the Quantitative Estimation of Soil Micro-organisms
26 SKINNER, F. A., JONES, P. C. T. & MOLLISON, J. E. (952). J. gen. MicroMoZ. 6,2627. A Comparison of a Direct and a Platecounting Technique for the Quantitative Estimation of Soil Microorganisms BY F.
More informationSubject: Staining-Bacterial Cell Structure Lecture Number: 3 Done by: Joud Baki Corrected by: Issa Deir
Subject: Staining-Bacterial Cell Structure Lecture Number: 3 Done by: Joud Baki Corrected by: Issa Deir 0 Principles of staining: - Revision: Stains can be either simple or differential Gram stains are
More informationMycobacteriology Research Centre, NRITLD 5. Contence
In The Name Of God Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical sciences and Health Services National Research Institute Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Collaborating Center for Tuberculosis East Mediterranean
More informationHaemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1975, p. 89-95 Copyright ( 1975 American Societv for Microbiology Vol. 1, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. New Satellitism Test for Isolation and Identification of Haemophilus
More informationRequired Materials: immersion oil microscopes Kim-wipes prepared microscope slides
Microbiology CA/IA Lab Microscopic Examination of Microbes September 10 Objectives: 1. learn how to use a microscope to examine microbes 2. learn to recognize the characteristics of different microbes
More informationFigure Page 117 Microbiology: An Introduction, 10e (Tortora/ Funke/ Case)
Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea Objective Questions 1) Which of the following are found primarily in the intestines of humans? A) Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci B) Aerobic,
More informationTHIN SECTIONS OF DIVIDING NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY Vol. 87, No. 6, pp. 1477-1482 June, 1964 Copyright 1964 by the American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. THIN SECTIONS OF DIVIDING NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE PHILIP FITZ-JAMES
More informationEffect of ph on sporicidal and microbicidal activity of buffered mixtures of alcohol and sodium hypochlorite
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1979, 32, 148-153 Effect of on sporicidal and microbicidal activity of buffered mixtures of alcohol and sodium hypochlorite JANET E. DEATH AND D. COATES From the Disinfection
More informationTHE GRAM STAIN OBJECTIVE/RATIONALE KEY POINTS
THE GRAM STAIN OBJECTIVE/RATIONALE One of the first procedures preformed by the medical microbiologist for the identification of bacteria is the Gram Stain. The student will learn the procedure for performing
More informationMicroscopy, Staining, and Classification
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification 4. Discuss how microscopy has revealed the structure
More informationPRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES BY ACTINOMYCETES*
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. ISSN 0077-9 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Issue: Antimicrobial Therapeutics Reviews PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES BY ACTINOMYCETES* BY SELMAN A. WAKSMAN, ALBERT
More informationLaboratory Training and Procedures Bacteriological Techniques Sputum smear Antoine Pierson (BiolTrop)
Laboratory Training and Procedures Bacteriological Techniques Sputum smear Antoine Pierson (BiolTrop) Cocci gram positif Bacterial species Macroscopique Culture media Microscopic appearance Reference characteristics
More informationAplanochytrium kerguelensis gem nov. spec. nov.,
Arch. Mikrobiol. 81, 45--49 (1972) 9 by Springer-Verlag 1972 Aplanochytrium kerguelensis gem nov. spec. nov., a New Phycomycete from Subantarctic Marine Waters G/)NTHER BAtINWEG and FREDERICK K. SPARROW,
More informationMICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROORGANISMS
MICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROORGANISMS 1:1 What is Microbiology? MICROBIOLOGY: the study of living organisms that are individually too small to be seen with the unaided eye e.g. bacteria,
More informationTentative Identification of Methanogenic Bacteria by Fluorescence Microscopy
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1977, p. 713-717 Copyright (C 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 33, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Tentative Identification of Methanogenic Bacteria by Fluorescence
More informationChapter 3. Observing Organisms Through a Microscope
Chapter 3 Observing Organisms Through a Microscope Units of Measurement Used n Microbiology Table 3.1 mm Figure 3.2 Figure 3.1 - Overview Compound Light microscopy Have ocular and objective lenses Calculate
More informationTHE REVERSE SELECTIVE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF ACID FUCHSIN.
THE REVERSE SELECTIVE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF ACID FUCHSIN. BY JOHN W. CHURCHMAN, M.D. (From the Department of ygiene of Cornell University Medical College, New York.) PLATES 1 TO 3. (Received for publication,
More informationRapid Aerobic Count. Interpretation Guide. 3M Food Safety 3M Petrifilm Rapid Aerobic Count Plate
3M Food Safety 3M Petrifilm Rapid Aerobic Count Plate Rapid Aerobic Count Interpretation Guide The 3M Petrifilm Rapid Aerobic Count Plate is a sample-ready culture medium system which contains nutrients,
More informationSPORE FORMATION BY THERMOPHILIC FLAT SOUR ORGANISMS
SPORE FORMATION BY THERMOPHILIC FLAT SOUR ORGANISMS I. THE EFFECT of NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND THE PRESENCE OF SALTS CLARENCE F. SCHMIDT Research Department, Continental Can Company, Chicago, Illinois
More informationWorksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology
Worksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology Ex. 13-1: INVESTIGATING CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA Lab Study A: Colony Morphology Table 13.1 Characteristics of Bacterial Colonies Name of Bacteria
More informationSTUDIES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BACTERIA ASSIGNED TO
STUDIES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BACTERIA ASSIGNED TO THE GENUS CHROMOBACTERIUM' JAMES P. GILMAN" Department of Biology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio Received for publication May 20,1952 Certain of the
More informationIsolation of Psychrophilic Species of Bacillus
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, May, 1966 Copyright 1966 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 91, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. Isolation of Psychrophilic Species of Bacillus J. M. LARKIN AND J. L. STOKES Department
More informationExperiences with the Coulter Counter in Bacteriology1
Experiences with the Coulter Counter in Bacteriology1 ELLEN M. SWANTON, WILLIAM A. CTJRBY, AND HOWARD E. LIND Sias Laboratories, Brooks Hospital, Brookline, Massachusetts Received for publication May 24,
More informationINTRODUCTION bioactive compounds Pigmentation chromobacteria water soluble water insoluble
INTRODUCTION So far we have witnessed several useful applications of microbes including applications in food and the bioremediation of the environment. Besides consuming the desired substrate (oil) and
More informationLaboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique
Laboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to acquaint the student with the procedures of aseptic transfer of microbiological cultures. ntroduction:
More informationconsiderable body of evidence to indicate the existence of a surface
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY AS SHOWN BY THE ELECTRON M\IICROSCOPE II. THE BACTERIAL CELL-WALL IN THE GENUS BACILLUS STUART MUDD, KATHERINE POLEVITZKY, THOMAS F. ANDERSON1 AND LESLIE A. CHAMBERS2 The School of
More informationDay 2 - Viewing a prepared slide of mixed bacteria on high power.
Purpose Bacteria Lab To compare the quantity and the different types of bacteria from four different locations within the school. To identify 3 different bacterial colonies on a prepared slide. Materials
More informationBacteria. The Three Types of Important Heterotrophic Bacteria
Bacteria Kingdom Monera Prokaryote (their genetic material is not bound with a membrane) Classified according to shape - Spherical (cocci) - Spiral - Rod Shaped -TWO TYPES: Heterotrophic (organism that
More informationGrowth and Colony Patterning of Filamentous Fungi
Letter Forma, 14, 315 320, 1999 Growth and Colony Patterning of Filamentous Fungi Shu MATSUURA School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0395, Japan E-mail: shum@wing.
More information(A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin (C) Cilia (D) Flagella (E) Capsule. A. Incorrect! Only gram-positive bacteria secrete exotoxin.
College Biology - Problem Drill 13: Prokaryots and Protists Question No. 1 of 10 1. Gram-negative bacteria can cause disease in humans by release of what substance? Question #01 (A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin
More informationGRADE 11F: Biology 5. UNIT 11FB.5 10 hours. Diversity of life. Resources. About this unit. Previous learning. Expectations
GRADE 11F: Biology 5 Diversity of life UNIT 11FB.5 10 hours About this unit This unit is the fifth of six units on biology for Grade 11 foundation. The unit is designed to guide your planning and teaching
More informationCh 3. Bacteria and Archaea
Ch 3 Bacteria and Archaea SLOs for Culturing of Microorganisms Compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. List structures all bacteria possess. Describe three basic
More informationEDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY GRAM STAIN
EDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY GRAM STAIN Educational commentary is provided through our affiliation with the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP). To obtain FREE CME/CMLE credits click on the Continuing
More informationMICROSCOPE. Lewis (1941). Examination of a variety of bacterial species with the aid of the
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY AS SHOWN BY THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE III. CELL-WALL AND PROTOPLASM IN A STRAIN OF FUSOBACTERIUM STUART MUDD, KATHERINE POLEVITZKY, THOMAS F. ANDERSON1 AND CLARA C. KAST Department of
More informationBacterial Gram Staining
PR021 G-Biosciences 1-800-628-7730 1-314-991-6034 technical@gbiosciences.com A Geno Technology, Inc. (USA) brand name Bacterial Gram Staining Teacher s Guidebook (Cat. # BE 202) think proteins! think G-Biosciences
More informationENTEROBACTER AEROGENES UNKNOWN BACTERIA FLOW CHART UNKNOWN LAB REPORT, MICROBIOLOGY ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES
ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES UNKNOWN BACTERIA PDF UNKNOWN LAB REPORT, MICROBIOLOGY ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN BACTERIAL SPECIES OF 1 / 5 2 / 5 3 / 5 enterobacter aerogenes unknown bacteria
More informationTSC AGAR (base) INTENDED USE / HISTORY
TSC AGAR (base) INTENDED USE / HISTORY Tryptone Sulfite Cycloserine Agar was described by Harmon for the selective isolation and enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in water and food samples. The medium
More informationLeeuwenhoek s Animacules
Leeuwenhoek s Animacules Early History of Microbiology: 1668 Francesco Redi disproves spontaneous generation 1676 Antony van Leeuwenhoek first observes microbes 1861 Louis Pasteur disproves spontaneous
More informationLeeuwenhoek s Animacules. Early History of Microbiology: Fig. 1.4
Leeuwenhoek s Animacules Early History of Microbiology: 1668 Francesco Redi disproves spontaneous generation 1676 Antony van Leeuwenhoek first observes microbes 1861 Louis Pasteur disproves spontaneous
More informationLab Exercise 5: Pure culture techniques
Lab Exercise 5: Pure culture techniques OBJECTIVES 1. Perform a streak-plate to separate the cells of a mixed culture so that discrete colonies can be isolated. 2. Perform a pour-plate (loop) dilution
More informationBacterial Morphology and Structure م.م رنا مشعل
Bacterial Morphology and Structure م.م رنا مشعل SIZE OF BACTERIA Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer, μm: 1μm=10-3 mm Size: Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external
More informationStudy of Bacillus subtilis Endospores in Soil by Use of a Modified Endospore Staint
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1985, p. 1356-1360 0099-2240/85/061356-05$02.00/0 Copyright 1985, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 49, No. 6 Study of Bacillus subtilis Endospores in
More informationwas prepared by the method of Beeby and Whitehouse and sodium hypochlorite were tested periodically; no changes were detected over the experimental
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1978, 31, 148-152 Sporicidal activity of mixtures of alcohol and hypochlorite D. COATES AND JANET E. DEATH From the Disinfection Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health
More informationMORPHOLOGY: the study of form and structure
MICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 3 Bacteria Morphology 3:1 Bacteria Structure and Function MORPHOLOGY: the study of form and structure Structure of Bacteria 1. PROKARYOTIC no membrane bound nucleus nor other organelles
More informationElectrical Sensing Zone Particle Analyzer for Measuring Germination of Fungal Spores in the Presence of Other Particles'
APPUED MicRoBImoLY, July 1967, p. 935-639 Vol. 15, No. 4 Copyright 1967 American Society for Microbiology Printed bi U.S.A. Electrical Sensing Zone Particle Analyzer for Measuring Germination of Fungal
More informationTHE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. XXXVIII SEPTEMBER, 1938 No. 5 STUDIES IN ANTIBIOSIS BETWEEN BACTERIA AND FUNGI 1 CONST. J. ALEXOPOULOS, R. ARNETT, and A. V. McINTOSH Department of Biology, Kent State
More informationTHE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE ROLE OF THE PRIMARY DYE
THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE ROLE OF THE PRIMARY DYE IN THE GRAM STAIN' CARL LAMANNA AND M. F. MALLETTE Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and
More informationBACILLUS MEGATERIUM. The lysozyme consisted of purified egg white
THE ACTION OF LYSOZYME ON THE CELL WALL AND CAPSULE OF BACILLUS MEGATERIUM H. J. WELSHIMER Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia Received for publication
More informationofl several bacterial species have been investigated, particularly Shigella
THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC SALTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SMALL COLONY VARIANTS BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Department of Bacteriology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois Received for publication
More informationInterpretation Guide. Aerobic Count Plate
Interpretation Guide The 3M Petrifilm is a ready-made culture medium system that contains modified Standard Methods nutrients, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent and an indicator that facilitates colony
More information