Biosciences in the 21st century
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1 Biosciences in the 21st century Lecture 1: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Dr. Michael Burger
2 Outline: 1. Why neuroscience? 2. The neuron 3. Action potentials 4. Synapses 5. Organization of the nervous system 6. Clinical approaches of today and tomorrow
3 Figure-ground illusions are well known for visual stimuli
4
5 What did he say?
6 What did he say?
7 Now close your eyes!
8
9 But they occur in the auditory system too!
10 Alzheimer s Disease more than 5 million people in the United States living with Alzheimer s. The direct and indirect costs of Alzheimer s and other dementias amount to more than $148 billion annually. Parkinson s disease: 3% of population over 65: 1.5 million patients Hearing Impairment: Approximately 28 million Americans have a hearing impairment Approximately 314 in 1,000 people over age 65 have hearing loss and 40 to 50 percent of people 75 and older have a hearing loss. Paralysis: 2.4 million Americans are paralyzed Depression: over 20 million Americans suffer from depression
11 The BIG THREE topics for today:
12 The BIG THREE topics for today: 1. What is the basis of electrical signaling in neurons?
13 The BIG THREE topics for today: 1. What is the basis of electrical signaling in neurons? 1I. How do neurons talk to each other?
14 The BIG THREE topics for today: 1. What is the basis of electrical signaling in neurons? 1I. How do neurons talk to each other? I1I. How do neurons encode information?
15 The neuron is the unit of processing for the nervous system synapse (glia)
16 The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer nucleus plasma membrane
17 The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer nucleus plasma membrane
18 Cell membranes store Voltage Outside: Extracellular Positive Inside: Cytoplasmic Vmembrane= -60 mv Negative
19 Cell membranes store Voltage Outside: Extracellular Positive Inside: Cytoplasmic Vmembrane= -60 mv Negative **The inside of the cell is usually more negative than the outside by about -60 mv
20 This resting voltage depends on ion distribution, and ions in general cannot cross the membrane Extracellular Na+ K Cl- Ca++ Cytoplasmic Na+ K+ An - (organic anions; ie proteins)
21 The cell membrane contains proteins, some of which are channels for charged particles
22 Two (of many) membrane protein types: Ligand gated (chemically gated) + Voltage gated +
23 How does an electrical signal occur in a neuron? Na+ Extracellular Na+ channel Cytoplasmic K K+ channel
24 How does an electrical signal occur in a neuron? Na+ Extracellular Na+ channel Cytoplasmic K K+ channel FIRST, WE GIVE THE Na+ CHANNEL A STIMULUS
25 Na+ Extracellular Cytoplasmic K+
26 Na+ Extracellular Cytoplasmic K+ + +
27 Na+ Extracellular Cytoplasmic K+ + + Voltage +
28 Na+ Extracellular Voltage gated K+ channel Cytoplasmic K Voltage
29 Extracellular Na Cytoplasmic + K+ Voltage Voltage
30 One more detail... The voltage change travels...
31 Na+ The basis of propagation Voltage K+
32 Action Potential Summary: 2 direction of travel 1 3 Membrane Voltage 1. Na+ channels open/na flows into the cell 2. Na+ channels close while K+ channels are opening 3. K+ flow out of the cell dominates
33 NEXT:
34 NEXT: How do neurons talk to each other?
35 Synaptic Transmission 1 2 Ca++ axon terminal axon vesicle+ transmitter postsynaptic receptor dendrite Step 1: Depolarization of the axon terminal Step 2: Voltage dependent Ca++ entry
36 Synaptic Transmission Ca Step 3: Ca++ dependent vesicle fusion Step 4: transmitter release
37 Synaptic Transmission Ca++ Na Step 5: Activation of ligand gated channel Step 6: Na+ flux/dendrite depolarization
38 Synaptic Transmission Ca++ Na Step 5: Activation of ligand gated channel Step 6: Na+ flux/dendrite depolarization Step 7: Action Potential is regenerated postsynaptically
39 Very large auditory synapse
40 Stain in red marks postsynaptic receptors
41 Evaluating Neural responses Presynaptic neuron + Postsynaptic neuron
42 Evaluating Neural responses Electrode Presynaptic neuron + Postsynaptic neuron
43 Evaluating Neural responses Action Potential Electrode Amplifier Presynaptic neuron + Postsynaptic neuron
44 AND Finally,... How do neurons encode information? there are two simple ways...
45 with action potential TIMING... no sound evoked 100 ms tone
46 ...and Neurons signal by changing their firing rate Intensity (db SPL) 10 Louder ms tone 100 ms tone
47 Spike Rate increases with Intensity Spike Rate Stimulus Intensity
48 What we learned today: 1. Neurons and glia: characteristics and function 2. Ionic basis of electrical signaling 3. Basics of chemical synaptic signaling 4. How neural activity is recorded 5. How neural activity relates to information processing
49 Next time... Brain organization New technology for therapy
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