Towards a general model of superorganism life history

Transcription

1 Figure S1 Results from the scaling of phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC). For each analysis, we provide the tree used to calculate contrasts as well as the OLS regression used to calculate scaling parameters. Results are provided as follows: a-b) worker and queen mass, c-e) worker, queen and colony metabolic rate, f-g) queen and colony lifespan, h-i) queen and colony biomass production. We constructed phylogenetic trees using the APE package [1] in R (R Development Core Team 2010) and calculated PIC using the pic function. We generated pruned chronograms with associated branch lengths, based largely on a previously published chronogram from Moreau et al. (2006). Tip data are genus means. For those genera not included in the Moreau et al. (2006) phylogeny [2], we reviewed the literature to estimate the closest sister genus available in the Moreau et al. phylogeny (Table 1), and used the branch position of the available genus to place our data. For instance, we used the phylogeny of Schultz and Brady (2008) [3] to place the genus Mycocepurus within the attines. Intercepts are not included in scaling relationships shown here because regressions were forced through the origin [4]. We also examined each data set for phylogenetic signal using Blomberg s K [5]. We calculated K using the 'Kcalc' function in the 'picante' package in R. We tested for significance by comparing observed data to 1000 simulations of randomly assigning observed data to terminal nodes of trees. Results from this analysis are presented below (Table 2). For two nodes, uncertainty regarding branch lengths, caused PIC data points to resolve as extreme outliers. As this was due to incomplete phylogenetic information, we removed the Harpogoxenus-Leptothorax node from the PIC regressions of colony lifespan, colony production, and queen production. We also removed the Acanthomyrmex-Myrmica node from the colony production PIC regression. In most cases, exponents from PIC regressions were within the 95% CI of regressions based on species means (see Table 1 in the main manuscript for details). Table 1. Sister taxa for genera in our study not included in Moreau et al. (2006) Genera in our study Sister taxon Reference Basiceros Dacetonini [6] Mycetarotes Cyphomyrmex [7] Myrmecina Myrmica [8] Nylanderia Prenolepis [9] Paratrechina Prenolepis [9] Ponera Hypoponera [10] Proceratium Ectatomma [11] Smithistruma Pyramica [12]

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6 Table 2. We estimated phylogenetic signal using Blomberg s K; we calculated K using the 'Kcalc' function in the 'picante' package in R. We tested for significance by comparing observed data to 1000 simulations of randomly assigning observed data to terminal nodes of trees. Trait Variable K p-value Colony production subcolonymass productionrate Worker MR log10wetmass log10mr Worker mass colonymass workermass Queen production queenmass productionrate Queen MR log10queenwetmass log10queenmr Queen mass colonymass queenmass Queen lifespan log10queenmass log10lifespan Colony MR log10wetmass log10colonymr Colony lifespan colonymass lifespan

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Paradis, E., Claude, J., Strimmer K APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformat. 20, Moreau, C. S., Bell, C. D., Vila, R., Archibald, B. & Pierce, N. E Phylogeny of the ants: diversification in the age of Angiosperms. Science 312, Schultz, T. R. & Brady, S. G. (2008) Major evolutionary transitions in ant agriculture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105, Warton, D. I., Wright, I. J., Falster, D. S. & Westoby, M Bivariate line-fitting methods for allometry. Biol. Rev. 81, Blomberg, S. P., Garland, Jr., T. & Ives, A. R Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution. 57, Bolton, B Monophyly of the dacetonine tribe-group and its component tribes. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Lond. (Entomol.) 67, Mayhe-Nunes, A. J. & Brandao, C. R. F Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ant genus Mycetarotes Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 50, Swee-Peck, Q., Davies, S. J., Itino, T. & Pierce, N. E Codiversification in an ant-plant mutualism: stem texture and the evolution of host use in Crematogaster (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Evol. 58, Brady, S. G., Schultz, T. R., Fisher, B. L., & Ward, P. S Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 103,

8 10. Yoshimura, M. & Fisher, B. L A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootax. 1654, Baroni Urbani, C. & De Andrade, M. L The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Monogr. (Turin) 36, Bolton, B Ant genera of the tribe Dacetonini. J. Nat. Hist. 33,

9 Figure S2 Tree topologies in Newick format (a-i) and R script used to generate PIC with APE software (j). A. Worker mass (tree a) (((((((Myrmica:1,Myrmecina:1):292,(((Tetramorium:228,Crematogaster:140):87,((Leptothorax:2 00,Solenopsis:227):39,Monomorium:220):73):27,((Aphaenogaster:133,Stenamma:167):61,Hylo myrma:340):35):72):108,((((((pyramica:1,smithistruma:1):98,strumigenys:133):1,basiceros:115 ):105,Apterostigma:183):97,(Trachymyrmex:238,(Cyphomyrmex:1,Mycetarotes:1):127):95):45, Pheidole:234):139):38,(((Formica:208,Camponotus:342):49,((Prenolepis:1,Paratrechina:1):151,( Myrmecocystus:60,Lasius:98):56):40):40,Brachymyrmex:213):133):49,((Proceratium:1,Ectatom ma:1):162,gnamptogenys:165):161):55,(dolichoderus:233,tapinoma:247):199):289,((((ponera: 147,Pachycondyla:238):61,(Anochetus:96,Odontomachus:84):145):192,Paraponera:281):55,Ony chomyrmex:410):431):0;end; B. Queen mass (tree b) ((((((((Myrmica:1,Myrmecina:1):292,(((Tetramorium:228,Crematogaster:140):87,((Leptothorax: 200,Solenopsis:227):39,Monomorium:220):73):27,((Aphaenogaster:133,Stenamma:167):61,Hyl omyrma:340):35):72):108,((((((pyramica:1,smithistruma:1):98,strumigenys:133):1,basiceros:11 5):105,Apterostigma:183):97,((Trachymyrmex:113,(Atta:1,Acromyrmex:1):157):125,(Cyphomy rmex:1,mycetarotes:1):127):95):45,pheidole:234):139):38,(((formica:208,camponotus:342):49, ((Prenolepis:1,Paratrechina:1):151,(Myrmecocystus:60,Lasius:98):56):40):40,Brachymyrmex:21 3):133):49,((Proceratium:1,Ectatomma:1):162,Gnamptogenys:165):161):55,(Tapinoma:233,Doli choderus:247):199):141,eciton:572):148,((((ponera:147,pachycondyla:238):61,(anochetus:96,o dontomachus:84):145):192,paraponera:281):55,onychomyrmex:410):431):0;end; C. Worker metabolic rate (tree c) ((((((Myrmica:292,(((Tetramorium:228,Crematogaster:140):87,((Leptothorax:200,Solenopsis:22 7):39,Monomorium:220):104):27,((Aphaenogaster:133,Messor:188):61,Pogonomyrmex:340):35 ):72):108,((((Atta:1,Acromyrmex:1):79,Trachymyrmex:113):125,Cyphomyrmex:128):140,Myco cepurus:268):139):38,(((cataglyphis:132,formica:110):98,(camponotus:299,anoplolepis:199):4 3):49,Lasius:194):173):49,(Forelius:323,Tapinoma:247):199):141,Eciton:572):148,(Leptogenys: 376,Paraponera:281):316):0;end; D. Queen metabolic rate (tree d) ((((Myrmica:292,(((Tetramorium:228,Crematogaster:140):87,(Solenopsis:266,Monomorium:220 ):104):27,((Aphaenogaster:133,Messor:188):61,Pogonomyrmex:340):35):72):108,(((((Atta:1,Acr omyrmex:1):79,trachymyrmex:113):125,cyphomyrmex:128):70,mycocepurus:268):70,pheidole :234):139):38,((Formica:208,Camponotus:342):49,Lasius:194):173):49,(Linepithema:263,Tapin oma:247):199):0;end;

10 E. Colony MR (tree e) (((((((Crematogaster:227,((Solenopsis:227,Leptothorax:200):39,Monomorium:220):104):27,(Ap haenogaster:194,pogonomyrmex:340):35):72,wasmannia:273):108,(pyramica:347,(pheidole:23 4,Zacryptocerus:173):48):139):38,((Camponotus:410,Nylanderia:192):27,Brachymyrmex:213):1 33):49,(Ectatomma:163,Gnamptogenys:165):161):344,((Odontomachus:229,(Pachycondyla:238, Hypoponera:147):61):188,Probolomyrmex:367):212):0;end; F. Queen life span (tree f) (((Myrmica:292,((Harpagoxenus:200,Solenopsis:227):160,Aphaenogaster:229):72):146,(Formic a:257,lasius:194):173):49,ectatomma:234):0;end; G. Colony life span (tree g) (((((((Wasmannia:148,Myrmica:167):125,((Crematogaster:227,(((Leptothorax:1,Harpagoxenus:1 ):199,Solenopsis:227):39,Monomorium:220):104):27,(Aphaenogaster:194,Pogonomyrmex:340): 107):108):35,((Formica:257,Camponotus:342):49,Lasius:194):89):49,Ectatomma:324):55,Linepi thema:369):60,myrmecia:366):229,(odontomachus:229,diacamma:301):466):0;end; H. Queen production rate (tree h) ((((Wasmannia:148,Myrmica:167):125,((Crematogaster:227,(((Leptothorax:1,Harpagoxenus:1):1 99,Solenopsis:227):39,Monomorium:220):104):27,Aphaenogaster:229):72):146,Formica:430):16 4,Myrmecia:287):0;end; I. Colony production (tree i) ((((((Wasmannia:148,(Myrmica:1,Acanthomyrmex:1):166):125,((Crematogaster:227,(((Leptotho rax:1,harpagoxenus:1):199,solenopsis:227):39,monomorium:220):104):27,aphaenogaster:229): 72):146,(Formica:257,((Plagiolepis:161,Paratrechina:75):77,Lasius:154):40):173):104,Linepithe ma:369):60,myrmecia:287):81,(dorylus:361,eciton:315):257):0;end; J. R scripts: > library(ape) > ShikMRtree<-read.nexus("c:\\Shiketal_worker_MR_tree.nex") > workermr<-read.table("c:\\shiketal_worker_mr_data.txt",header=t) > attach(workermr)

11 > names(workermr) [1] "wetmass" "MR" "log10wetmass" "log10mr" > logwetmass<-workermr$log10wetmass > logmr<-workermr$log10mr > names(logwetmass)<-row.names(workermr) > names(logmr)<-row.names(workermr) > Contrastlogwetmass<-pic(logwetmass,ShikMRtree) > ContrastlogMR<-pic(logMR,ShikMRtree)