What is measuring bacterial growth? Define all the techniques below, when you would use them, if they give an accurate count.

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1 NAS 161 Exam 3 Study Guide Define bacterial growth. What are the 2 methods of bacterial growth? What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth, what happens during each? Lag Log Stationary Decline Synchronous Asynchronous Be able to label the different phases on a standard bacterial growth curve. What kind of growth forms a colony? Where does a colony grow most rapidly? Where is the slowest growth in a colony? Is growth in a colony asynchronous or synchronous? What is measuring bacterial growth? Define all the techniques below, when you would use them, if they give an accurate count. Serial Dilutions/Plate Counts Spread Plate/Pour Plate What is a CFU? Direct Microscopic Count Most Probable Number Filtration Turbidity Metabolic Product Dry Weight What are the physical factors that can affect bacterial growth? ph (acidophile, neutrophile, alkaliphile) What happens outside optimum ph?

2 Temperature Over what temperature do most species grow best? Psychrophile (obligate, facultative) Mesophile Thermophile (obligate, facultative) What is minimum critical temperature, maximum critical temperature, optimum temperature? Oxygen (define each of the below) Obligate aerobe Obligate anaerobe Microaerophile Capnophile Facultative anaerobe Aerotolerant anaerobe Moisture What happens when cells dry out? Hydrostatic pressure Where is there more pressure top of the ocean or bottom of the ocean? Barophile? Osmotic Pressure (define) Halophile What are the nutritional factors that affect bacterial growth? Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Trace Elements Vitamins What are the adaptations to limited nutrients (there are 3)? What is sporulation? When in the bacterial growth curve does it occur?

3 Why does it occur? Are the cells metabolically active? Can they divide? Give me the 8 steps in sporulation. What is germination? Give me the steps. Activation Germination Proper Outgrowth What is a cyst? What is it resistant to? What can still kill it? What is a conidia? What is it resistant to? What is a synthetic media? Defined Chemically nondefined What is a selective media? Give an example. What is a differential media? Give an example. What is an enrichment media? Give an example. What is a virus? Does it have a nucleus, organelles or cytoplasm? Can it replicate outside a living cell? Does it grow? Parts/Components of a Virus Nucleic Acids Capsid Envelop Be able to label diagram on slide 4

4 Are they larger or smaller than a bacteria? What are the different shapes, and how are they determined? Helical Polyhedral Bullet Spherical Threadlike Complex What is host range? What is viral specificity? What does the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses use to classify viruses? What is the highest taxonomic category of viruses? Approximately how many viruses (including strains) exist today? What is the first step in classifying a virus? What is the second step in classifying a virus? What is positive (+) sense? What is negative (-) sense? What are RNA viruses? How are they classified? What are the important groups of RNA viruses? Give characteristics and examples of each. Picornaviridae Togaviridae Flaviviridae Retroviridae Paramyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae Filoviridae Bunyaviridae Arenaviridae

5 Reoviridae What are DNA viruses? How are they classified? What are the important groups of DNA viruses? Give characteristics and examples of each. Adenoviridae Herpesviridae Poxviridae Papovaviridae Hepadanaviridae Parvoviridae What are emerging viruses? Give a few examples. What are the general 5 steps of replication of a virus? Describe each. Adsorption Penetration Synthesis Maturation Release What is a bacteriophage? What are the parts of a bacteriophage? Be able to label diagram. Genome Tail Sheath Plate/tail fibers Be able to compare and contrast bacteriophage replication and animal cell replication. What is a latent infection? What is a teratogen? What is a satellite (no, not the one orbiting the earth!) What are some examples of diseases caused by a satellite? What is a viroid? What are some examples of diseases caused by a viroid? What is a prion? What are some examples of diseases caused by a prion?