Unit 4 Cell Structure, Cell Processes, Cell Reproduction, and Homeostasis. Mrs. Stahl AP Biology

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1 Unit 4 Cell Structure, Cell Processes, Cell Reproduction, and Homeostasis Mrs. Stahl AP Biology

2 How cells first came about!

3 Robert Hooke 1665 First to identify cells by observing cork from the bark of an oak tree.

4 Anton Van Leewenhoek 1674 Described living things and observed them in greater detail Discovered bacteria (we didn t call them that yet) and called them animalcules because they resembles little animals moving about.

5 1838 Matthias Schleiden Found that plants are made of cells

6 Theodore Schwann 1839 All living things are made of cells

7 Rudolf Virchow 1855 Proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells

8 Three Major Principles of the Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells. 2.All existing cells come from preexisting cells 3. Cells are the basic unit of life

9 Cell Size Cells are small so that they can diffuse (go from areas high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is met) easily throughout the body = MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS Rate of diffusion is determined by: 1. Amount of surface area available 2. Temperature 3. Concentration Gradient 4. Distance

10 As the cell increases in size, the rate of diffusion will also increase. Therefore, smaller cells will move in and out of the cell quicker. The larger the cell the more it requires- takes longer for diffusion to occur due to it having to synthesize all of the macromolecules inside of it, transport energy, and regulate metabolic waste.

11 Why are they so small? Surface Area to Volume Ratio Small so that they can maximize surface area on the outside so that nutrients (oxygen) can enter and waste (carbon dioxide) can leave. If they are too small the organelles won t fit. For this reason they could never be infinitely small. Surface area-to volume ratio: As a cell s size increases, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area.

12 Further Explanation Draw into your notes! Substances going in Cell where chemical reactions take place (Volume) Waste products being released

13 When a cell increases in size the chemical reactions increase, which means more substances need to be taken in so that the reactions can be fueled and more waste products will be released. Each cell can only take in so much due to its surface area. When a cell increases in size the surface area doesn t increase the same as its volume. When a cell increases in size the ratio of the cells surface : volume ratio decrease.

14 Example Cube 1= 1 cm. Cube 2= 3 cm. What is the surface area to volume ratio of each? Formulas: SA= 6a 2 Volume= a 3 For cube 1: SA= 6 X 1 2 = 6 cm 2, V=1 3 = 1cm 2 Ratio= 6:1 Cube 2: SA= 6 X 3 2 = 54 cm 2, V= 3 3 = 27 cm 2 Ratio = 2:1

15 What happened in Cube 2 that the ratio decreased?

16 What happens when SA : V ratio gets too small? 1. Substances can t enter fast enough 2. Waste products leave slowly and can accumulate in the cell 3. Cell can t maintain homeostasis because it is not able to lose heat fast enough

17 Extra Resources KNxN8 environmental-matter-exchange/

18 How do we see cells? Assignment- You are to write a minimum of three, maximum of five, page paper (MLA format), with a minimum of three citations about microscopes and the different kinds. You should include: Why we can t see cells Light, Compound, and Electron: Scanning and Transmission The uses of stains and why they are beneficial Due December 8 th and 9 th

19 Four features that ALL cells have 1. A nucleus or nucleoid- where DNA is stored 2. Cytoplasm- jellylike substance that cushions and protects all of the organelles. Also aids in transporting nutrients such as amino acids, sugars, and proteins. Cytosol- solution in the cytoplasm that is full of organic compounds and ions 3. Ribosomes- synthesize (make) proteins 4. Plasma or Cell Membrane- selectively permeable membrane made up of a phospholipid bilayer which picks and chooses what is allowed into the cell.

20 Nerve Cells

22 815/images/nj a-i1.0.jpg White blood cell engulfing a bacteria cell and spewing out the remnants

23 Inside the chloroplast of a plant cell

24 Eyelashes!

25 / Bacteria on the tongue

26 / Artery and blood cells

27 / Clump of sperm tails in the testes

28 Staphylococcus bacteria in the trachea enlarge

29 /enlarge Liver cell

30 /SQ7335.html Lung Cells

31 Prokaryotic VS. Eukaryotic

32 Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus or membrane bound organelles DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and circular Single celled and chemical reactions aren t compartmentalized, instead they operate as a single unit Cell Wall and cell membrane MreB protein which is a homologue of actin= these fibers run perpendicular, giving the bacteria cell a rod shape. When MreB is removed, the cells are spherical Evolved 3.5 bya Two main domains: Bacteria or Archaea Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen: Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not oxygen is present.

33 Roles of Prokaryotic Cells Harvest light via photosynthesis Decomposers- break down dead organisms and recycle the nutrients back into the ecosystem Some do cause diseases

34 Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium Cell wall Capsule Flagella (b) 0.5 µm A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)

35 Cytoplasm Structure of a Prokaryote Draw in notes! Cell membrane Pili Cell Wall DNA Ribosomes Flagella

36 Functions Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement. Plasmid- small piece of DNA that replicates separately from the main chromosome. DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm- jellylike substance that surrounds molecules and organelles in a cell Cell wall- structural support, protection, prevent excessive uptake or loss of water Cell membrane- controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

37 Peptidoglycan Cell wall is composed of it Peptidoglycan is a carbohydrate matrix that is cross linked by short polypeptide units Antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin, interfere with the cross link and cause the entire structure to fall apart by allowing water to rush in resulting in cell rupture. Some disease causing bacteria secrete a jelly-like protective capsule around them which allows them to stick to surfaces (teeth, skin, nails, food) and invade.

38 Eukaryotic Cells

42 Websites Background from

Discovery of the Cell

Cell Structure Discovery of the Cell Who discovered cells? 1665 Robert Hooke used a compound microscope to examine a piece of cork (20X magnification) He saw little boxes in the cork and called them cells