Mate choice: hatchery vs. wild, mechanisms, current research and what s next. OHRC September 19th, 2011 Amelia Whitcomb Oregon State University

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1 Mate choice: hatchery vs. wild, mechanisms, current research and what s next OHRC September 19th, 2011 Amelia Whitcomb Oregon State University

2 Why is mate choice interesting? Hatchery fish are less fit in the wild RRS: Relative Reproductive Success (H/W) Effect more severe with more generations Araki et al. 2007, Science Steelhead, Oregon For many species Well documented for steelhead and coho Source: Recovery Implementation Science Team, report 2009 Negative effect = dragging down the fitness of the wild population Thériault et al., 2011 Umpqua pedigree study

3 How do fish select mates? Genetic and Behavioral Components Genetics olfaction specific genotypes can be detected and screened. Behavioral dominance, size of males, female polyandry, visual cues. Is there an interaction between the two proposed mechanisms? Roberts et al. 2009

4 Genetics: The MHC as metric for mate choice Female mice prefer to mate with males that have dissimilar MHC genotypes. Roberts and Gosling, In three-spined sticklebacks suggested that there is an optimal level of MHC diversity preferred between mates. Kurtz et al., Chinook salmon that are heterozygous at MHC displayed higher pathogen resistance. Arkush et al., 2002.

5 Genetics: The MHC as metric for mate choice Mate selection based on increasing the heterozygosity of their offspring at the MHC. Landry et al Non-random mating and mate choice preferences based off of increasing MHC heterozygosity of offspring. Neff et al Mate selection based on MHC allelic profiles in Atlantic salmon, MHC and disease resistance. Consuegra and Leaniz Linear relationship between MHC allelic sharing and reproductive success, i.e., more diversity = higher fitness? Balancing selection in sticklebacks, with optimal MHC diversity rather than maximum MHC diversity driving fitness differences. Kalbe et al. 2009, Eizaguirre et al. 2009, Milinski et al. 2005, and Reusch et al Salmonids literature supports maximizing offspring MHC heterozygosity. Garner et al

6 Mate choice in wild coho on the Umpqua Determine whether wild coho discriminate immune-relevant genotypes when choosing their mates and whether that choice correlates to an increased RS. The inclusion of other immune-relevant loci in addition to the MHC will provide further insight on mate choice and differences in reproductive success within wild populations. Immune-related loci besides the MHC are also under different selective pressures and therefore likely affect offspring fitness. Sommer,

7 Mate choice in wild coho on the Umpqua Better our understanding as to what role mate choice mediated by immune-relevant loci may play in individual fitness. What is the Relevance: End up with candidate loci that increases fitness of offspring and allow prediction of desirable alleles in wild matings that should be present in hatchery fish; informed management.

8 Behavior: Aggression and Dominance Studies on reproductive behavior (Fleming & Gross 1993, Fleming et al. 1996, Berejikian et al. 2001) Hatchery fish competitively inferior to wild fish Less aggressive, more submissive Particularly males (intra-sexual selection more intense) Artificial breeding circumvents sexual selection Allow less competitive fish to reproduce Agonistic behaviors are heritable Offspring : inherited behavior less fit in nature

9 Behavior: Correlations to Reproductive Success Environmental uncertainty (reproductive potential), competition, body weight Garant et al Polyandry - females with more mates have a higher RS Garant et al Length correlation Eizaguirre et al Visual Cues female preference for behavioral vigor Ward and McLennan Size of adipose fin in courtship Buckland-Nicks et al

10 Genetics and Behavior Interactions Multiple authors have shown that other assortative mating or other natural evolutionary processes (e.g., sperm competition) may obscure, constrain, or supersede mate choice based on MHC. Casalini et al. 2009; Garner et al. 2010; McCairns et al. 2011; Miller et al. 2009; Yeates et al Male harassment in Chinook can reduce the effectiveness of female mate choice. Garner et al Do observed mating patterns reflect a trade-off between MHC dissimilarity and other desirable traits which serves to dilute an underlying dissimilarity preference? Roberts et al. 2009

11 Future Work what is next? Patterns of mating in wild salmonid populations are not simple and are therefore not easy to predict because of complex interactions (Roberts et al. 2006). Stream channel observations to incorporate behavioral aspects with genetic components interdisciplinary. Simulate various environmental conditions in stream channels and monitor mate choice of wild and hatchery fish.

12 Works Cited Araki, H., B. Cooper, and M. S. Blouin Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid, cumulative fitness decline in the wild. Science 318:100. Arkush, K. D., A. R. Giese, H. L. Mendonca, A. M. McBride, G. D. Marty, and P. W. Hedrick Resistance to three pathogens in the endangered winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): effects of inbreeding and major histocompatibility complex genotypes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59: doi: /f Berejikian, B. A., M. J. Ford, and N. F. S. C. (US) Review of relative fitness of hatchery and natural salmon. US Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. Consuegra, S., and C. Garcia de Leaniz MHC-mediated mate choice increases parasite resistance in salmon. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275: doi: /rspb Eizaguirre, C., S. E. Yeates, T. L. Lenz, M. Kalbe, and M. Milinski MHC-based mate choice combines good genes and maintenance of MHC polymorphism. Molecular Ecology 18: doi: /j X x. Fleming, I. A., and M. R. Gross Breeding Success of Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Competition. Ecological Applications 3: doi: / Garner, S. R., R. N. Bortoluzzi, D. D. Heath, and B. D. Neff Sexual conflict inhibits female mate choice for major histocompatibility complex dissimilarity in Chinook salmon. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: doi: /rspb Kalbe, M., C. Eizaguirre, I. Dankert, T. B. H. Reusch, R. D. Sommerfeld, K. M. Wegner, and M. Milinski Lifetime reproductive success is maximized with optimal major histocompatibility complex diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: doi: /rspb Kurtz, J., M. Kalbe, P. B. Aeschlimann, M. A. Häberli, K. M. Wegner, T. B. H. Reusch, and M. Milinski Major histocompatibility complex diversity influences parasite resistance and innate immunity in sticklebacks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271: doi: /rspb Landry, C., D. Garant, P. Duchesne, and L. Bernatchez Good genes as heterozygosity : the major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 268: doi: /rspb Mara Casalini, Muna Agbali, Martin Reichard, Markéta Konečné, Anna Bryjová, and Carl Smith. 2009, February 20. MALE DOMINANCE, FEMALE MATE CHOICE, AND INTERSEXUAL CONFLICT IN THE ROSE BITTERLING (RHODEUS OCELLATUS). research-article,. Retrieved August 11, 2011, from Mccairns, R. J. S., S. Bourget, and L. Bernatchez Putative causes and consequences of MHC variation within and between locally adapted stickleback demes. Molecular Ecology 20: doi: /j X x. Milinski, M., S. W. Griffiths, T. B. H. Reusch, and T. Boehm Costly major histocompatibility complex signals produced only by reproductively active males, but not females, must be validated by a maleness signal in three-spined sticklebacks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: doi: /rspb Milinski, M., S. Griffiths, K. M. Wegner, T. B. H. Reusch, A. Haas-Assenbaum, and T. Boehm Mate choice decisions of stickleback females predictably modified by MHC peptide ligands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:4414. Miller, H. C., J. A. Moore, N. J. Nelson, and C. H. Daugherty Influence of major histocompatibility complex genotype on mating success in a free-ranging reptile population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: doi: /rspb Neff, B. D., S. R. Garner, J. W. Heath, and D. D. Heath The MHC and non-random mating in a captive population of Chinook salmon. Heredity 101: Reusch, T. B. H., M. A. HaÈberli, P. B. Aeschlimann, and M. Milinski Female sticklebacks count alleles in a strategy of sexual selection explaining MHC polymorphism. Nature 414: Roberts, S. C Complexity and context of MHC-correlated mating preferences in wild populations. Molecular Ecology 18: Roberts, S. C., and L. M. Gosling Genetic similarity and quality interact in mate choice decisions by female mice. Nature Genetics 35: Sommer, S The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation. Frontiers in Zoology 2: THÉRIAULT, V., G. R. MOYER, L. S. JACKSON, M. S. BLOUIN, and M. A. BANKS Reduced reproductive success of hatchery coho salmon in the wild: insights into most likely mechanisms. Molecular Ecology 20: doi: /j X x. Yeates, S. E., S. Einum, I. A. Fleming, H.-J. Megens, R. J. M. Stet, K. Hindar, W. V. Holt, K. J. W. Van Look, and M. J. G. Gage Atlantic salmon eggs favour sperm in competition that have similar major histocompatibility alleles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: doi: /rspb

13 What about jacks? H Jacks are doing as well as wild fish Being less aggressive and less dominant might not be detrimental for jacks as they use a sneaker reproductive tactic. Less aggression in adults does not necessarily mean less aggression in jacks. Garant et al Aggression can vary with age and life-stage. Berejikian et al