Our last week! Agenda. Ch 13: A brief history of evolution. A brief history of evolution, continued. Lamarck: Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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1 Agenda Overview of the next four days Chapter 13 Linking the Film: Apes to Man, to Chapter 13 Our last week! Monday: Chapter 13, Film notes Tuesday: Chapter 14 (macroevolution and taxonomy) and Chapter 15 (prokaryotes and protists) Wednesday: Quiz (Chp 9, 19, 13, 14,15) Chapter 16 (plants and fungi) Thursday: Chapter 17 (animals) Next Monday: Review Session! Ch 13: A brief history of evolution Ancient Greeks: Aristotle at it again, species are fixed and permanent This idea solidified by Judeo-Christian beliefs and the literal interpretation of Genesis, ie. Earth ~ 6000 years old s, Buffon studied fossils (remnants of extinct,ancient species) and saw similarities between extinct and living animals Oh, the horror! A brief history of evolution, continued 1700 s Buffon looking at fossils 1800: Jean Baptiste Lamarck, studying fossils suggested an explanation as to why fossils of ancient species resembled present day species Life evolves through a process of adaptation Lamarck hypothesized incorrectly about HOW this evolution occurs: Use and disuse-individuals lose characteristics they do not require (or use) and develop characteristics that are useful. And these are passed down to offspring Late 1800 s: Charles Darwin, the father of evolution Lamarck: Inheritance of acquired characteristics If an organism changes during its lifetime in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. The idea that an organism can acquire characteristics during its lifetime and pass them on to its offspring Lamarck said that change is made by what the organisms want or need A giraffe stretching its necks to reach leaves high in trees strengthen and gradually lengthens its neck. This giraffe will have offspring with slightly longer necks. Because this giraffe is stretching his neck, this will affect his neck length, and this NEW, longer neck length will be passed to offspring 1
2 Lamarck also said that body parts that are not being used, such as the human appendix and little toes are gradually disappearing. Eventually, people will be born without these parts.? Analysis of Lamarck s Hypothesis Do somatic (body) cells, like a stretched neck muscle, or a lazy little toe have any effect on what genes are passed down to offspring? What type of cells in the parent are important for passing down genetic info to offspring? What is the major flaw in Lamarck s idea? Charles Darwin While most of the crew studied uncharted shoreline, Darwin wandered ashore and collected 1000 s of specimens Where did he go? What did he see? QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Darwin Darwin Observed adaptations of organisms in diverse habitats (jungle, islands, mountains) Although he saw differences in the organisms he encountered, all of the organisms were quite different from those in Europe. They had a South American stamp. He wondered if current species owed their South American features to descent from a common (South American) ancestor As the voyage continued, Darwin apparently read a lot. He read and was influenced by the work of Charles Lyell, a geologist, who presented a case for an ancient Earth, one that was formed slowly by geological events (and is still forming) Darwin experiences his first earthquake 2
3 Darwin and the Galapagos Islands Young, volcanic islands, 540 miles from South America Most of the animals inhabitants are unique to the Galapagos These species, though, resembled South American mainland species Darwin wondered if these islands could have been colonized by plants and animals that strayed from the mainland.and then diversified as they adapted to their new environment. Did one ancestral, South American Finch population colonize these islands? A vivid example of resource partitioning and adaptive evolution Establishment of different ecological niches (a) Large ground finch (b) Small tree finch (c) Woodpecker finch Darwin Medium ground finch Cactus ground finch Small tree finch Medium Woodpecker tree finch finch Origin of Species Large Large Small cactus Vegetarian Large ground ground ground finch tree finch Mangrove finch finch finch finch Sharp-beaked ground finch Seed-eaters Cactus-flower Bud-eater Insect-eaters -eaters Green Gray warbler warbler finch finch What were the major points in Darwin s essay? What ideas were new? Why did Darwin wait over 15 years to publish his ideas? Ground finches Tree finches Warbler finches Common ancestor from South American mainland Origin of Species Descent with modification Point #1: Point #2: 3
4 Descent with modification =Evolution Natural Selection is the mechanism for evolution What is Natural Selection? The concept of Natural Selection relies on two key observations Observation #1: Overproduction All species tend to produce excessive numbers of offspring This leads to a struggle for existence Observation #2: Individual variation Variation exists among individuals of a population Much of this variation is heritable (can be inherited) What did Darwin infer, (conclude) from these two observations? Those individuals with traits best suited for the local environment are more likely than less fit individuals to survive and reproduce (leave behind more offspring). The environment screens a populations inherent variability. Differential reproductive success causes favored traits to accumulate in a population. This Natural Selection by the environment, on individuals, causes a population to evolve, undergo adaptive evolution. Evolution Biology s core theme explains both the unity and the diversity of life Natural Selection is always occuring Natural Selection is always occuring Notice that the ENVIRONMENT does the selecting!! Notice, that we are comparing the gene pool over time! It is sometimes tempting to say that, Trait X was beneficial so the population got trait X," than to say Trait X was beneficial, individuals without trait X were less likely to survive and reproduce, resulting in the population having mostly individuals with trait X." 4
5 Evidence for Evolution 1. Fossil record 2. Biogeography 3. Comparative anatomy 4. Comparative embryology 5. Molecular biology 1. Fossils Are preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past Are often found in sedimentary rocks 1 Rivers bring sediment to the ocean. Sedimentary rocks containing fossils form on the ocean floor. 2 Over time, additional strata are added, containing fossils from each time period. 3 As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion by rivers reveals strata; deeper strata contain older fossils. Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils The fossil record Is the chronology of fossil appearances in rock layers Testifies that organisms have appeared in a historical sequence The Fossil Record evidence of evolution: -oldest fossils are 3.5 billion years old -prokartyotes believed to be the ancestors to all life youngest oldest 2. Biogeography Is the study of the geographic distribution of species and the process that resulted in such patterns. First suggested to Darwin that today s organisms evolved from ancestral forms Why are volcanic islands worth studying? 2. Biogeography Australia might be the ultimate experiment in biogeography In the film, Apes to Man, what geological processes may have contributed to the distribution of ancestral primate species? Biogeography: the study of the geographic distribution of species and the process that resulted in such patterns. 5
6 From the film The film mentioned two major events that shaped the planet and contributed to primate evolution Giant meteor is thought to have hit the planet 65 million years ago (Chicxulub crater) contributed to extinction of dinosaurs which had dominated land for 150 million years, and cooling of planet Much more recently, major volcanic activity changed the landscape of the African continent The lee side of a mountain Western slopes of mountain ranges tend to receive more moisture than the corresponding eastern slope As western winds rise up the mountain side, the air cools and precipitation is often dropped When the air reaches the other side of the range (the eastern or lee side) the air contains less moisture Consequently, the eastern slope is drier Rain forest Western slope Savannah Eastern slope What phenotypes might be favored in each habitat? Why? Rain forest Savannah Bipedalism Walking on two feet Or, what new pressures existed in the savannah, compared to the rain forest? Is a rain forest a diverse ecosystem? Earliest fossil evidence of primates utilizing bipedalism date back to 4.5 million years ago When did large brain evolve? 3. Comparative anatomy Comparative Anatomy The forelimbs of mammals all consist of the same skeletal elements Is the comparison of body structures between different species When structures are similar due to common ancestry, the structures are called homologous structures Human Cat Whale Bat Figure
7 Ancestral structures that originally functioned in one capacity become modified as they take on new functions-descent with modification! What examples of comparative anatomy were explored in the film? Anatomical structures studied How change in structure complemented new function Analgous structures vs. Homologous structures Both birds and butterflies have wings used for flight, does this mean that they are closely related? Why or why not? How would you figure it out? 4. Comparative Embryology The comparison of structures that appear during the development of different organisms Analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution Mentioned on page 289, Ch 14 Comparative embryology of vertebrates supports evolutionary theory Vertebrates (animals with backbones) all have an embryonic stage in which gill pouches appear 5. Molecular Biology -Can be used to study the evolutionary relationships among species (a) Chick embryo Gill Pouches NOT FUNCTIONAL GILLS! Post-anal tail (b) Human embryo Leave signs in DNA, RNA, and proteins Can be determined by comparing sequence of DNA, RNA, and proteins of different organisms Depending on the technique used, human and chimp DNA is between 95-99% identical Shared embryology points to a common ancestor 7
8 Old World monkey Gibbon Human Orangutan Gorilla Chimpanzee Figure Final points from this chapter Darwin was not the first person to understand evolution, but he was the first person to suggest a mechanism for evolution (natural selection) and provide data to support his ideas The sources of genetic variation are totally random (mutations, crossing over, independent assortment and random fertilization). Environmental pressures selectively screen this variation in a population, with some individuals being more successful than others. Chapter 15: Prokaryotes and Protists The book lumps these VERY DIFFERENT organsims together, because they are small, or microscopic Major episodes in the history of life Do not memorize these dates, but understand that the timeline is based on fossil and molecular evidence What do you notice? Major episodes in the history of life When is there evidence of the first eukaryotic organisms? What is going on here? Are animals more closely related to plants or fungi? Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are diverse and are everywhere, in great numbers! No nucleus or membrane bound organelles 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea Factoid: The number of bacteria in one human s mouth is greather than the total number of people who ever lived. 8
9 Prokaryotes Bacteria: are classified by their shapes Cocci (spheres), Bacilli (rods) and Spirochetes (spirals). Important decomposers in an ecosystem, also have symbiotic relationships with other organisms, and can cause disease Archaea: similar in shape and size to bacteria, but inhabit extreme environments (heat, salt, methanogens) How has our 4 million years of evolution shaped us today? y/01/6/l_016_08.html 9
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