Symbiosis. Theft and Sharing in the Northwoods

Transcription

1 Symbiosis Theft and Sharing in the Northwoods

2 What is Symbiosis? living together A close living relationship between two different types of organisms At least one member of the pair benefits. The other member might be: Benefitted: mutualism Relatively unaffected: commensalism Injured: parasitism

3 Goldenrod Galls: A Parade of Parasites

4 Eurosta solidaginis (Gall Fly)

5 Eurytoma gigantea (Parasitic wasp #2)

6 Mordellistena unicolor (beetle predator)

7 Chickadees and Downies

8 Measuring with Calipers

9 Measuring with Calipers USE millimeters (mm) (NOT inches) the plant must expend energy in producing gall tissue, it would be to the plant's advantage to keep the galls small. Hence, plants genetically able to inhibit gall size would be more successful.

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12 Different gall sizes result from genotypic variation in the gall fly and/or the goldenrod plant.

13 What are genes? A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.

14 What factors could result in the formation of different size goldenrod galls? From the GOLDENROD s perspective: Plant genes might be able to keep the galls small. The plant must expend energy in producing gall tissue, it would be to the plant's advantage to keep the galls small. Hence, plants genetically able to inhibit gall size would be more successful.

15 What factors could result in the formation of different size goldenrod galls? From the FLY s perspective: Genes could encode for the ability to produce a more or less powerful growth-stimulating chemical which it secretes into the plant. Different flies could make different size galls. Later-starting flies make smaller galls.

16 Natural Selection The process in nature whereby organisms who are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their genes to succeeding generations. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

17 Natural Selection Genetic variation different size galls Overproduction of offspring Lots of babies, not all need to survive Struggle for existence competition for food and space, evading death Differential survival and reproduction Galls in a field may get bigger or smaller

18 Natural Selection If you look at the people around you, are they all the same? What would happen if we lived in a world where all the food was kept 6 feet off the ground and there was absolutely no way you could get it if you weren t tall enough? Living things that are best-suited, or adapted, to their environment survive and multiply. Those that are not don t survive.

19 Natural Selection in a Field of Goldenrod What would happen in an area with wasps? What would happen in an area with birds?

20 A Field of Galls

21 A Field of Galls and Wasps (1)

22 A Field of Galls and Wasps (2)

23 A Field of Galls and Birds (1)

24 A Field of Galls and Birds (2)

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26 Natural Selection Genetic variation Overproduction of offspring Struggle for existence Differential survival and reproduction

27 Our Gall Study

28 12 Total Galls per Gall Diameter 2017 Average: mm 10 8 Number of Galls Gall Diameter in mm

29 Total Galls per Gall Diameter Average: Number of Galls Gall Diameter in mm

30 Live Flies mm 2017 Beetles 23.1 mm Number of Galls Fly Larvae Number of Galls Beetles Gall Diameter Gall Diameter Wasp # mm Birds mm Number of Galls 3 2 Wasp #2 Number of Galls 3 2 Birds Gall Diameter Gall Diameter

31 25 20 Live Flies mm Beetles Average mm Number of Galls Fly Larvae Number of Galls 4 2 Beetles Gall Diameter Gall Diameter Wasp # mm Birds mm Number of Galls Wasp #2 Number of Galls Birds Gall Diameter Gall Diameter

32 Mean Diameter per Creature Diameter in mm Total Galls Live Flies Wasp #1 Wasp#2 Beetle Bird Total Galls Live Flies Wasp #1 Wasp#2 Beetle Bird

33 25.00 Mean Diameter per Creature Diameter in mm Total Galls Live Flies Wasp #1 Wasp#2 Beetle Bird Total Galls Live FliesWasp #1 Wasp#2 Beetle Bird

34 What could go wrong? What could affect the quality of our data? What could we change and do better for next time?