SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES OF BASKET WILLOW (SALIX VIMINALIS L.) FROM PERENNIAL PLANTATIONS

At Agroph., 2017, 24(1), 173-184 SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES OF BASKET WILLOW (SALIX VIMINALIS L.) FROM PERENNIAL PLANTATIONS Jek Wróel 1, Mriol Wróel 2 1 Deprtment of Plnt Physiology nd Biohemistry 2 Deprtment of Botny nd Nture Protetion West Pomernin University of Tehnology in Szzein ul. Słowkiego 17, 71-434 Szzein, Polnd e-mil: jek.wroel@zut.edu.pl A s t r t. The im of the reserh onduted in 2010-2012 on one-yer, two-yer nd three-yer shoots of three verities of Slix viminlis: Bjor, Jorr nd Tor, grown from 14, 15 nd 16 yer old stumps, ws to ompre the shoots of different ge in terms of seleted physiologil hrteristis, tht is the onentrtion of hloroplst pigments, wter lne of leves nd wter ontent nd dry mtter of shoots. The ontent of hloroplst pigments (hlorophyll, hlorophyll nd rotenoids) nd the wter lne were determined on the sis of RWC-reltive wter ontent nd WSD-wter sturtion defiit inditors. Moreover, the wter nd dry mtter ontent of one-yer, two-yer nd three-yer old willow shoots were determined. It ws found tht the ge of the shoots differentited the physiologil prmeters of willow vrieties. The highest onentrtion of hlorophylls ws reported in the leves of three-yer old shoots of the Bjor vriety, in turn the highest onentrtion of rotenoids ws found in the leves of one-yer old shoots of Jorr. Regrdless of the ge of the shoots, the highest rte of hydrtion of leves nd stems ws hrteristi trit of the Tor vriety, nd the lowest ws found in Jorr. High levels of the mesured physiologil prmeters, suh s hlorophyll nd, rotenoids nd reltive wter ontent in leves otined in the 5 th rottion, tht is 14 th, 15 th nd 16 th yer of running the plnttion, indite high physiologil tivity nd hene high produtivity of the studied willow vrieties. Keywords: Slix viminlis L., reltive wter ontent (RWC), photosyntheti pigments INTRODUCTION In reent yers, there hve een ongoing disussions on energy seurity, redution of greenhouse gs emissions nd the strong inrese in the shre of renewle energy in the glol prodution of het nd eletriity. It is expeted tht iomss will e very importnt omponent of renewle energy soures, nd energy rops

174 J. WRÓBEL, M. WRÓBEL prodution, espeilly trees nd shrus, will e one of the most importnt soures of iomss (Kisiel et l. 2001, Berndes et l. 2005, Szzukowski et l. 2012). A priority in the ntionl energy tion pln is to meet the high requirements of the Europen Union regrding the inrese of the onsumption of renewle energy to 15-20% y 2020 (GUS 2009). In Polnd, iomss omes minly from forest residues, wood industry, griulture nd muniipl wste. However, its shre is too smll to fulfil the oligtions relting to iomss usge, whih fores the need to quire it from the plnttion of perennil plnts whih hve higher energy vlue thn nnul plnts (Szzukowski et l. 2012, Kuś nd Fer 2009). Currently in Polnd perennil energy rops oupy smll re over 10 thousnd hetres, however, ording to speilists, up to 4 million hetres n e used for this purpose. An dvntge should e tken of this opportunity nd inrese grdully the re of perennil energy rops. Yet, the seletion of plnts is importnt, depending on the region nd its limte nd soil onditions. This should wrrnt mny yers of high yield. For this purpose, long-lived energy plnts plnttions with high produtivity of iomss re the est. Certinly, sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) is speies tht meets these riteri. Rrely re they grown s speies of pure vrieties. Reserh on new willow growing forms hs een onduted for mny yers, improving their immune, physiologil nd morphologil fetures, nd thus their prodution pity. On the sket willow plnttion the iomss prodution my proeed without ny interferene for 20-25 yers. Its hrvest usully tkes ple in yles of one, two, three or four yers, depending on the plnt density (Dus et l. 2004, Szzukowski et l. 2004, Wróel 2006). The physiologil hrteristis of the plnts, mong other things, re used to evlute their prodution pity. Therefore, study ws undertken in order to ompre shoots of different ge of three vrieties of sket willow, derived from perennil plnttion grown in the rottion yles, regrding the seleted physiologil hrteristis, suh s the onentrtion of ssimiltion pigments nd wter lne of leves nd wter, nd dry mtter ontent in shoots. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study ws onduted in the period of 2010-2012 on 450 m 2 perennil plnttion of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) whih ws estlished in 1997, grown in 3-yer rottion yle, followed y olletion of iomss shoots. This is prt of the reserh onduted y Wróel nd Wróel (2015). Plnt rrngement ws pprox. 20 thousnd ps/h. Cyles were ounted sine 1998 euse fter the first yer the nnul shoots were ut off for etter pullultion of plnts in the seond yer. The iologil mteril for the experiment onsisted of three vrieties of Slix viminlis: Bjor, Jorr nd Tor, the seedlings (stem uttings) of whih me from

SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES... 175 the prent ertified plnttions Hvidsten Energy Forest in Denmrk. The three-yer study ws rried out in the fifth rottion, on one-yer (14 th rop yer 2010), twoyer (15 th rop yer 2011), nd three-yer (16 th rop yer 2012) old shoots. The plnttion of Slix viminlis ws estlished on n urnised nthropogeni soil of the light soils tegory (lomy snd nd strongly dusty- pgmp), neutrl (ph = 6.7), with n verge ontent of phosphorus nd orgni ron nd high totl ontent of nitrogen, potssium, lium nd mgnesium. The sket willow vegettion re hs high verge nnul rinfll of 600 mm (Wróel nd Wróel 2015). During the vegettion of the three vrieties of sket willow: Bjor, Jorr nd Tor in the first dedes of: June, July nd August in the period 2010-2012, determintion of ssimiltion pigments in the leves (hlorophyll, hlorophyll nd rotenoids) ws done with the Lihtenthler nd Welurn method (1983), nd the lne of wter in the leves ws determined on the sis of RWC-reltive wter ontent nd WSDwter sturtion defiit inditors (Ymski nd Dillenurg 1999). Mesurements were tken on the 8th lef from the tip of the shoot. Results from ten rndomly seleted plnts with speifi terms were verged for eh yer of the study. Wht ws lso determined ws the wter nd dry mtter ontent in the shoots of nnul, iennil nd triennil studied vrieties of sket willow. They were rried out in the third dede of Jnury of 2011, 2012 nd 2013 on representtive smple of 10 plnts. To this purpose, the oven-dry method ws implemented. The results were onverted into perentge vlues. The test results were nlysed sttistilly. Two ftoril nlysis of vrine ws performed. The first experimentl ftor ws the three vrieties of sket willow, nd the seond the ge of the shoot. In order to determine the signifine of the min effets nd intertions, the Dunn test sttistil nlysis ws performed t the signifine level α = 5. The homogeneous groups were determined. The results were proessed using Sttisti 1 softwre. The Person orreltion oeffiients (r) etween the wter ontent in the shoots (WS) nd the reltive wter ontent in leves (RWC) were lso lulted. When the orreltion oeffiients (r) etween these prmeters were signifint (α = 5) or highly signifint (α = 1), they were lelled y one or two sterisks (*, **). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plnt produtivity depends on numer of ftors suh s the qulity of plnt geneti mteril or hitt, gronomi nd limti onditions. Aording to mny reserhers (Strk 1999, Kozłowski et l. 2001, Wróel et l. 2006), ssimiltion pigments nd hydrtion of leves tissue re mong the most importnt ftors diretly ffeting the intensity of photosynthesis nd iomss prodution.

Vriety -1 176 J. WRÓBEL, M. WRÓBEL The ontent of hlorophyll nd nd rotenoids in the leves from the nnul, iennil nd triennil shoots of sket willow vrieties Bjor, Jorr nd Tor grown on 14-, 15- nd 16-yer old stumps re shown in Figs 1-9. There were signifint differenes determined in the mount of pigments depending on the vriety nd ge of the shoots. The highest mounts of hlorophyll nd were noted in the leves of the Bjor vriety grown on three-yer old shoots (respetively pprox. 2.1 nd 0.96 mg g f.w.), nd the lowest in those of Tor regrdless of shoots ge (respetively pprox. 1 nd mg g f.w.) nd in the se of hlorophyll in the leves of the Jorr vriety grown on three-yer old shoots (1 mg g f.w.). In the Bjor plnts the ontent of oth forms of hlorophyll in the leves inresed signifintly with the ge of shoots, while in Jorr the ontent of these pigments signifintly deresed. In Tor there ws no signifint differene in the mount of hlorophyll nd etween the shoots of different ge (Figs 1 nd 4). Chlorophyll (mg g f.m.) 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 d d 1-yer shoots 2-yer shoots 3-yer shoots d d Chlorophyll (mg g f.m.) 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 Bjor Jorr Tor Vriety Bjor Jorr Tor Vriety Fig. 1. The ontent of hlorophyll in the leves of 1-, 2- nd 3-yer old shoots depending on the vriety of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.); vlues denoted with the sme letters do not differ sttistilly Fig. 2. The ontent of hlorophyll in the leves of three vrieties of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) Reserh on the intensity of ssimiltion onduted on the sme vrieties of willow (Wróel nd Wróel 2015) showed tht the highest verge net ssimiltion tivity ws hrteristi trit of the Jorr vriety. The intensity of ssimiltion for this vriety deresed signifintly with the ge of shoots, while for Bjor it inresed signifintly. A similr reltionship ws found in the se of the onentrtion of hlorophyll nd. Aording to Stolrski et l. 2002, Stolrski et l. 2008, Stolrski et l. 2011, Szzukowski nd Budny 2003, Szzukowski et l. 2005, the most fvourle, due to the inrese in shoots iomss, ws hrvesting every three yers, for in the third yer the iggest inrese in wood pulp n e oserved, whih onstituted over 40% of the entire three-yer growth. The results of reserh onduted y Wróel nd Wróel (2015) onfirmed this, s in the se of the Bjor vriety suh growth mounted to pprox. 58%, for Jorr 50%, nd for Tor pprox.

SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES... 177 47%. Proly the muh greter inrese in the yield of pulp of three-yer old shoots of the Bjor vriety ompred with Jorr nd Tor ws influened y its higher photosyntheti tivity nd greter onentrtion of ssimiltion pigments found in our study. Aording to Hll nd Ro (1999), the onentrtion of hlorophyll in leves hs mjor influene on the tivity of the ssimiltion proess in plnts. A low hlorophyll onentrtion my led to derese of photosynthesis tivity of plnts nd therefore redue their produtivity. Alterntively, when the level of hlorophyll is high, n inrese in oth photosynthesis tivity nd produtivity is oserved. 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.0 0.9 1-yer shoots 2-yer shoots Chlorophyll (mg g f.m.) 1.2 1.0 Chlorophyll (mg g f.m.) 0.7 0.5 0.3 3-yer shoots d d d 0.1 Chlorophyll (mg g f.m.) 1-yer old 2-yer old 3-yer old Shoots Fig. 3. The ontent of hlorophyll in the leves of 1-, 2- nd 3-yer old shoots of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 Bjor Jorr Tor Vriety Fig. 4. The ontent of hlorophyll in the leves of 1-, 2- nd 3-yer old shoots depending on the vriety of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) Chlorophyll (mg g f.m.) 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 Bjor Jorr Tor Vriety Fig. 5. The ontent of hlorophyll in the leves of three vrieties of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) 1-yer old 2-yer old 3-yer old Shoots Fig. 6. The ontent of hlorophyll in the leves of 1-, 2- nd 3-yer old shoots of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) Sttistil nlysis performed for the min effets (vrieties nd the ge of shoots) showed signifint differenes in the ontent of pigments etween the vrieties Fig. 2 nd 5. Bjor ws hrterised y the highest ontent of oth forms of hlorophyll (respetively pprox. 1.7 mg hl. g f.w. nd pprox. 6 mg hl. g f.w.), nd Tor y the lowest (respetively pprox. 1 nd 2 mg g f.w.). For the

178 J. WRÓBEL, M. WRÓBEL seond min effet, tht is the ge of shoots, no signifint differenes were shown (Fig. 3 nd 6). The ontent of hloroplst pigments ws hrteristi for speies nd vrieties, modified y the influene of environmentl nd nthropogeni ftors (Strk 1999, Kozłowski 2001, Krzesłowsk 2004, Mlinowsk nd Wróel 2015). The higest onentrtion of rotenoids ws hrteristi trit of leves of the Jorr vriety grown on one-yer old shoots (pprox. 1.3 mg g f.w.). They ontined signifintly more of these pigments thn other omintions. Definitely the lest mount of rotenoids ws oserved in leves of Tor vriety, regrdless of shoots ge, nd in Bjor grown on one-yer old shoots (pprox. mg g f.w.) Fig. 7. In Bjor vriety the ontent of these pigments inresed with ge of shoots, nd in the Jorr vriety it deresed. On the other hnd, in the Tor vriety it did not differ, s in the se of hlorophyll nd. 1.6 1.1 1.4 1-yer shoots 2-yer shoots 1.0 0.9 Crotenoids (mg g f.m.) 1.2 1.0 3-yer shoots Crotenoids (mg g f.m.) 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 Bjor Jorr Tor Vriety Bjor Jorr Tor Vriety Fig. 7. The ontent of rotenoids in the leves of 1-, 2- nd 3-yer old shoots depending on the vriety 0.9 Fig. 8. The ontent of rotenoids in the leves of three vrieties of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) 0.7 Crotenoids (mg g f.m.) 0.5 0.3 0.1 1-yer old 2-yer old 3-yer old Shoots Fig. 9. The ontent of rotenoids in the leves of 1-, 2- nd 3-yer old shoots of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) Jorr vriety ontined the lrgest verge mount of rotenoids, Bjor pprox. 30% less, nd Tor pprox. 40% Fig. 8. However, there were no signifint differenes in the ontent of rotenoids etween shoots of different ge. The results

SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES... 179 of Stolrsk et l. (2008) regrding the ontent of ssimiltion pigments of the Bjor, Jorr nd Tor vrieties growing in slinity onditions differed from these results; Tor vriety ontined more hlorophyll nd nd rotenoids thn Bjor nd Jorr. The highest rte of RWC ws reorded in leves of one-yer old shoots of Tor nd Bjor vrieties (94 nd 93%) nd signifintly lower in Jorr (86%). The leves from the 3-yer old shoots of Jorr were hrterised y the lowest reltive wter ontent (75%), 9% less thn the Bjor nd 14% less thn Tor (Fig. 10). Wróel nd Gregorzyk (2004) nd Wróel nd Mikiiuk (2010), when exmining the effet of slinity on the wter lne of one-yer old leves of shoots of the sme sket willow vriety, showed differenes in wter lne. In ontrolled onditions, the highest reltive wter ontent (RWC) ws reported in the Tor vriety (pprox. 93-94%), whih is similr to the result otined in the present study. Lower RWC ws reported for the Jorr nd Bjor vrieties (89 nd 82%). In turn, the Bjor vriety, ompred with Jorr nd Tor, ws hrterised y fr more fvourle wter lne in onditions of high slinity, whih my indite greter resistne of this vriety to slt stress. Reserh onduted in entrl Sweden y Weih nd Nordh (2002) on 14 lones of sket willow, inluding Bjor, Torr nd Tor, showed tht of these three lones the Jorr verity hd the highest rte of reltive wter ontent (RWC) pprox. 80%. A lone of Tor hd lower RWC y out 4%, nd Bjor y 8%. These uthors suggest tht the wter lne is not onstnt for eh plnt genotype, it is vrile nd determined y numerous environmentl ftors. The ssessment of the sket willow shoots iomss yield nd its energy vlue tkes into ount the wter nd dry mtter ontent (Szzukowski nd Tworkowski 2001; 2004, Szzukowski et l. 2004, Stolrski et l. 2011). Differenes in the wter nd dry mss ontent of shoots of different ge in the three vrieties of Slix viminlis re shown in Fig. 11. It my e lerly noted tht one-yer old shoots ontined the highest levels wter (Tor 56, Bjor 54.8, Jorr 50.7%) nd the lest of dry mtter. The onentrtion of wter in shoots deresed with their ge. In the Jorr nd Bjor vrieties the drop of wter ontent in the three-yer old shoots ws 3.1 nd in Tor 2%. Similr levels of wter ontent in the wood of sket willow olleted in the 3-yer yle were shown y Stolrski et l. 2002 nd Szzukowski nd Budny (2003). Moisture of one-yer old shoots stood t 53%, in two-yer old shoots it deresed to 50% nd in three-yer old ones to 46%. Szzukowski nd Tworkowski (2001) reported tht the wter ontent in Slix sp. wood vried, nd t the time of hrvesting one-yer old shoots it ws 52%, two-yer old shoots 50%, three-yer old shoots 46%. In turn, Ager et l. (1986), when studying numerous lones of sket willow, showed tht the moisture ontent of one-yer old shoots rnged from 50 to 61.5%. Moisture of the iomss of different lones of Slix viminlis olleted in the 4-yer rottion ws t the level of 46.1-47.1% (Szzukowski et l. 2014).

180 J. WRÓBEL, M. WRÓBEL Fig. 10. Leve hydrtion inditors (RWC reltive wter ontent nd WSD wter sturtion defiit) of one-, two- nd three-yer old shoots depending on the vrieties of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) Of the three studied vrieties of sket willow, regrdless of the ge of shoots, the Tor vriety ws hrterised y the lrgest wter ontent y fr (54.9%) nd the lowest dry mtter ontent (45.1%). On the other hnd, Jorr ws hrterised y the lowest hydrtion of the shoots (49.2%) nd sustntilly the highest ontent of dry mtter (5%). Three-yer old shoots of this vriety ontined 52.4% of dry mtter whih ws 4.1% more thn Bjor nd 6.4% more thn Tor Fig. 11.

SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES... 181 Fig. 11. Content of dry mtter nd wter (%) in the willow shoots depending on their ge nd vriety Aording to Szzukowski et l. (2004) nd Szzukowski nd Budny (2003), when determining the yield of dry mtter of timer, the wter ontent of sket willow shoots, whih t the time of olletion is n verge of out 50%, must e tken into ount. On the sis of vlues of liner orreltion oeffiients in ll tested vrieties of sket willow, regrdless of the ge of shoots, we found highly signifint nd sustntil positive orreltions etween the reltive wter ontent in leves (RWC) mesured during the growing seson nd the wter ontent in shoots (WS) t the time of hrvesting (t. 1). Tle 1. Vlues of oeffiients of liner orreltion etween reltive wter ontent in the leves (RWC) nd wter ontent in the shoots (WS) Vrieties Shoots Prmeters Correltion oeffiient (r) 1-yer old RWC WS 87** Tor 2-yer old RWC WS 92** 3-yer old RWC WS 0.511* 1-yer old RWC WS 0.758** Jorr 2-yer old RWC WS 0.587* 3-yer old RWC WS 35* 1-yer old RWC WS 38* Bjor 2-yer old RWC WS 0.593* 3-yer old RWC WS 31* Letter designtion of the prmeters: RWC reltive wter ontent; WS wter ontent in the shoots; (r) * signifint t α = 5,** highly signifint t α = 1

182 J. WRÓBEL, M. WRÓBEL The highest vlues of orreltion oeffiients were reorded for the Tor vriety (0.511-87), nd the lowest for Bjor (31-38). The wter ontent in the shoots ws determined y the wter ontent in the leves. Bsed on the otined results it my e onluded tht the high rte of hydrtion of leves in the Tor nd Bjor vrieties, regrdless of the ge of shoots, trnslted into eqully high wter ontent in the hrvested shoots of these vrieties. In turn, the lower wter ontent of the leves of the Jorr vriety trnslted into lower wter ontent in the shoots (Figs 10-11). CONCLUSIONS 1. The ge of shoots differentited the physiologil prmeters of willow vrieties. 2. The ontent of hlorophyll nd nd rotenoids in the Bjor vriety inresed with the ge of shoots, unlike in Jorr, where it deresed. Tor leves showed no differene in the mount of pigments depending on the ge of shoots. The highest onentrtion of hlorophylls ws reported in the leves of three-yer old shoots of the Bjor vriety, ut the highest onentrtion of rotenoids ws found in the leves of one-yer old shoots of the Jorr vriety. 3. The highest lef nd stem hydrtion rte ws oserved in Tor, nd the lowest in Jorr. The onentrtion of wter in shoots deresed with ge, regrdless of the vriety. 4. High level of the mesured physiologil inditors suh s hlorophyll nd, rotenoids, reltive wter ontent in leves whih were otined in the 5 th rottion (in 14 th, 15 th nd 16 th yer of the plnttion) indite high physiologil tivity of the studied vrieties of willow. At the sme time, the Bjor nd Jorr vrieties were hrterised y more fvourle vlues of individul physiologil inditors ffeting produtivity thn the Tor vriety. REFERENCES Ager A., Rönnerg-Westljung A.C., Thorsen J., Siren G., 1986. Geneti improvement of willow for energy forestry in Sweden. Sveriges Lntuks-Universitet, AVD. For eneriskog, Rpport, 43-50. Berndes G., Hoogwijk M., vn der Broek R., 2005. The ontriution of iomss in the Future glol Energy system: A review of 17 studies. Biomss Bioenerg., 25, 1-28. Dus J.W., Grzyek A., Kotowski W., Tomzk A., 2004. Energy Willow ultivtion nd proessing tehnologies (in Polish), WSEiA. GUS, 2009. Energy from Renewle Soures in 2008. Informtion nd Sttistis. GUS, Wrsw. Hll R.L., Ro K.K., 1999. Photosynthesis (in Polish). WNT, Wrszw. Kisiel R., Szzukowski S., Stolrski M., Lenie K., 2001. The use of iomss willow to generte het Energy (in Polish). Prolemy Inżynierii Rolnizej, 2, 65-72. Kozłowski S., Goliński P., Golińsk B., 2001. Chlorophyll pigments s inditors of vlue in use of grss speies nd vrieties (in Polish). Zesz. Prol. Post. Nuk Rol., 474, 215-223.

SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES... 183 Krzesłowsk M., 2004. The tre metls: plnt ells under stress onditions (in Polish), vol. I, prt II (Eds Woźny A., Przyył K.) Wyd. Nuk. UAM, Poznń, 103-164. Kuś J., Fer A., 2009. Crop prodution for energy purposes nd rtionl use of griulturl prodution re in Polnd (in Polish). In: I Kongres Nuk Rolnizyh, Przyszłość sektor rolno-spożywzego i oszrów wiejskih (Ed. A. Hrsim). Nuk-Prktye, IUNG-PIB, Pułwy, 63-76. Lihtenthler H.K., Wellurn A.R., 1983. Determintions of totl rotenoids nd hlorophyll nd of lef extrts in different solvents. Biohem. So. Trns., 11, 591-592. Mlinowsk K., Wróel J., 2015. Physiologil tivity of ommon osier (Slix viminlis L.) under opper-indued stress onditions. At Agroph., 22(2), 173-182 Strk Z., 1999. Some spets of the diversity of plnt responses to dverse environmentl onditionsold prolems, new interprettion (in Polish). Zesz. Prol. Post. Nuk Roln., 469, 145-159. Stolrsk A., Wróel J., Mikiiuk M., 2008. Effet of soil slt stress onditions on ssimiltion pigment in the three lones of sket willow (Slix viminlis). Eol Chem. Eng., 15(9), 991-996. Stolrski M.J., Szzukowski S., Tworkowski J., 2002. Produtivity of shruy willow lones grown on rle lnd depending on the frequeny of hrvesting nd plnting density (in Polish). Frgm. Agron., 2, 39-51. Stolrski M.J., Szzukowski S., Tworkowski J., Kls A., 2008. Produtivity of seven lones of willow oppie in nnul nd qudrennil utting yles. Biomss Bioenerg., 32, 1227-1234. Stolrski M.J, Szzukowski S., Tworkowski J., Wrólewsk H., Krzyżnik M., 2011. Short rottion willow oppie iomss s n industril nd energy feedstok. Ind. Crop. Prod., 33, 217-223. Stolrski M.J., Wrólewsk H., Cihy W., Szzukowski S., Tworkowski J., 2005. The hemil omposition nd lorifi vlue of wood of willow hrvested from the lnd (in Polish). Drewno, 48(174), 5-16. Szzukowski S., Budny J., 2003. Shru willow energy plnt (in Polish). Wojewódzki Fundusz Ohrony Środowisk i Gospodrki Wodnej, Olsztyn, 56. Szzukowski S., Tworkowski J., 2001. Produtivity nd energy vlue of iomss of willow shru Slix sp. on different types of soils in proglil Vistul River (in Polish). Postępy Nuk Rolnizyh, 2, 31-37. Szzukowski S., Stolrski M., Tworkowski J., Przyorowski J., Kls A., 2005. Produtivity of willow oppie plnts grown in short rottions. Plnt Soil Environ., 51(9), 423-430. Szzukowski S., Stolrski M., Tworkowski J., Rutkowski P., Goliński P., Mlezek M., Szentner K., 2014. Yield nd qulity of iomss of seleted speies of willow in qudrennil rop hrvest yle (in Polish). Frgm. Agron., 31(2), 107-114. Szzukowski S., Tworkowski J., Stolrski M., 2004. Energy willow (in Polish). Plntpress, Krków, 46. Szzukowski S., Tworkowski J., Stolrski M., Kwitkowski J., Krzyżnik M., Ljszner W., Grn Ł., 2012. Perennil energy plnts. Renewle energy tehnologies (in Polish). Monogrfi, 1-156. Weih M., Nordh N.E., 2002. Chrterising willows for iomss nd phytoremedition: growth, nitrogen nd wter use of 14 willow lones under different irrigtion nd fertiliztion regimes. Biomss nd Bioenergy, 23, 397-413. Wróel J., 2006. Kinetis of growth nd seleted physiologil indies Slix viminlis grown on sndy sit fertilized with sewge sludge (in Polish). Akdemi Rolniz w Szzeinie. Rozprwy, 239, 1-133. Wróel J., Gregorzyk A., 2004. Preliminry studies on tolerility of three forms of Slix viminlis L. to vrition in the onentrtion of sodium hloride introdued to the sustrte (in Polish). Zesz. Prol. Post. Nuk Rol., 496, 403-413. Wróel J., Mikiiuk M., 2010. Wter nd ioni lne in the leves of sket willow (Slix viminlis L.) ultivted in hydroponis with different slinity levels. Eologil Chemistry nd Engineering A, 17(10), 1315-1321.

184 J. WRÓBEL, M. WRÓBEL Wróel J., Mikiiuk M., Stolrsk A., 2006. Influene of soil slinity on the tivity of gs exhnge in three vrieties of ommon osier (Slix viminlis L.) (in Polish). Zesz. Prol. Post. Nuk Rol., 509, 269-281. Wróel J., Wróel M., 2015. Comprison of prmeters of gs exhnge tivity nd yields of three vrieties of ommon osier (Slix viminlis L.) from multi-yer plnttion (in Polish). At Agroph., 22(2), 219-231. Ymski S., Dillenurg L.R., 1999. Mesurements of lef reltive wter ontent in Aruri ngustifoli. Rev. Brs. Fisiol. Vegetl., 11(2), 69-75. WYBRANE WSKAŹNIKI FIZJOLOGICZNE TRZECH ODMIAN WIERZBY WICIOWEJ (SALIX VIMINALIS L.) POCHODZĄCYCH Z WIELOLETNIEJ PLANTACJI Jek Wróel 1, Mriol Wróel 2 1 Ktedr Fizjologii Roślin i Biohemii 2 Zkłd Botniki i Ohrony Przyrody Zhodniopomorski Uniwersytet Tehnologizny w Szzeinie ul. Słowkiego 17, 70-434 Szzein e-mil: jek.wroel@zut.edu.pl S t r e s z z e n i e. Celem dń przeprowdzonyh w lth 2010-2012 n jednoroznyh, dwui trzyletnih pędh trzeh odmin Slix viminlis: Bjor, Jorr i Tor, wyrosłyh z 14-15- i 16-letnih krp, yło porównnie różnyh wiekowo pędów pod względem wyrnyh eh fizjologiznyh, tj. konentrji rwników symilyjnyh i ilnsu wodnego liśi orz zwrtośi wody i suhej msy w pędh. Wykonno oznzeni zwrtośi rwników symilyjnyh w liśih (hlorofil, hlorofil i krotenoidy) orz określono ilns wody w liśih n podstwie wskźników RWCwzględn zwrtość wody i WSD-defiyt wysyeni wodą. Wykonno tkże oznzenie zwrtośi wody i suhej msy w pędh jednoroznyh, dwuletnih i trzyletnih dnyh odmin wierzy. N podstwie uzysknyh wyników stwierdzono, że wiek pędów różniowł dne wskźniki fizjologizne u odmin wierzy wiiowej. Njwiększą konentrję rwników hlorofilowyh odnotowno w liśih pędów trzyletnih u odminy Bjor, z kolei krotenoidów w liśih pędów jednoroznyh u odminy Jorr. Spośród dnyh odmin, niezleżnie od wieku pędów, njwyższym wskźnikiem uwodnieni liśi i pędów hrkteryzowł się odmin Tor, njmniejszym odmin Jorr. Wysokie wrtośi mierzonyh wskźników fizjologiznyh tj. hlorofilu i, krotenoidów, względnej zwrtośi wody w liśih uzyskne w 5. rotji, zyli w 14., 15. i 16. roku prowdzeni plntji wskzują n wysoką ktywność fizjologizną, tym smym n znząą produktywność dnyh odmin wierzy. Słow kluzowe: Slix viminlis L., względn zwrtość wody (RWC), rwniki symilyjne