Planting pattern and pre-sowing soil moisture effect on yield of soybean

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1 Legume Reserh, 38 (2) 21 : Print ISSN:2-371 / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Plnting pttern nd pre-sowing soil moisture effet on yield of soyen J.Q. Liu nd X.B. Zhou* Shndong Agriulturl University, Agriulturl College of Gungxi University, Nnning 34, Chin. Reeived: Aepted: DOI: 1.98/ ABSTRACT This study imed to investigte the effets of plnting ptterns nd pre-sowing soil moisture on the yield of summer soyen [Glyine mx (L.) Merr.] in northern Chin from 29 to 21. The experiment omprised three plnting ptterns, nmely, 3 m uniform row sping pttern (U), wide-nrrow row plnting pttern (WN), nd furrow plnting pttern (F). Three pre-sowing soil moisture tretments were performed t 9, 13, nd 18 mm nd involved irrigtion during the winter whet growth seson. The lef re index nd hlorophyll ontent index of F were higher thn those of U nd WN under the sme pre-sowing soil moisture tretment (P <.). The umultion of dry mtter nd the grin yield of F were signifintly higher thn those of U nd WN (P <.) irrespetive of wter ontent. The inrese in grin yields of summer soyen ws signifint in 29 (P <.) ut not in 21 (P >.) for 13 nd 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture under F. In onlusion, F nd 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretments were good gronomi mesures to inrese the yield of summer soyen in northern Chin. Key words: Chlorophyll ontent, Dry mtter, Glyine mx (L.) Merr., Lef re index, Yield. INTRODUCTION Reserhers hve improved some pprohes to enhning rop yield, inluding inresed plnting density, erly sowing, improved fertiliztion, nd strw mulhing (Eerh nd Pl 2). Approprite row sping hs een used to optimize rop popultion nd inrese yield (Hill et l. 26). Row width ffets popultion struture nd yield. Popultion distriution is n importnt spet of the group struture. Wiggms used squre ultivtion method nd estlished orresponding ultivtion tehniques in A suitle plnting density of summer soyen is determined y the genotype nd environmentl onditions. Plnting density is generlly stle for prtiulr region (Norsworthy nd Shipe 2). Suitle row nd plnt sping exhiit importnt funtions in the distriution of summer soyen (Dong 1999). Hung Hui Hi Plin is primry re for produing summer soyen [Glyine mx (L.) Merr.], whih enompsses 372 ounties in five provines nd two muniiplities in Chin. Culturl prties re generlly used for non-irrigted summer soyen from June to Septemer, nd ounts for 7% to 8% of nnul preipittion; these prties enle wter supply from rinfll to e mthed with rop ontogeny (Zhou et l. 21). Soyens re produed in doule-rop (following winter whet) prodution systems (Ren et l. 26). *Corresponding uthor s e-mil: whyzx@gmil.om. Summer soyens with reltively uniform distriution improve the popultion struture (Zhou et l. 211). The improvement of spe ftor mrkedly inreses the numer of soyen pods, grin hundredweight, lef re, nd dry mtter (DM) weight per plnt. Redued row sping nd inresed plnt sping inrese the lef re index (LAI) nd the intereption rte of photosynthesis tive rdition (PAR; Flenet et l. 1996). LAI is n importnt ftor in pturing light energy (Singer 21). Appropritely inresing LAI is enefiil to improve rop prodution (Hunt et l. 1994; Westgte 1999). Crop growth is diretly influened y wter ontent in rop leves nd indiretly ffeted y soil moisture (Kriedmnn nd Brrs 1983). Wter use effiieny n e found differene in different plnting ptterns (Wng et l. 214). The present study determined the effets of vrious plnting ptterns nd pre-sowing soil moisture on lef re, hlorophyll, DM umultion, grin yield, nd identifition of suitle plnting pttern for summer soyen in Hung-Hui-Hi Plin. MATERIALS AND METHODS The reserh ws onduted t the Agronomy Experimentl Sttion of Shndong Agriulturl University, Ti n, Chin (36º9 N, 117º9 E) in 29 nd 21. The totl solr rdition is 1414 W/m 2 ; verge nnul sunshine time nd temperture re 2627 h nd 12.9 C, respetively.

2 236 LEGUME RESEARCH The nnul verge rinfll ws 71.6 mm from 1971 to 26. The rinfll during the soyen growth seson in 29 nd 21 ws 44.7 nd 8. mm, respetively. The type of soil ws lom, whih ontined SOM (16.3 g/kg), N (92.98 mg/ kg), P (34.77 mg/kg), nd K (9.4 mg/kg); the ph nd field pity were 6.9 nd 38.6%, respetively. Tretments were implemented during the growth stge (GS) from June to Septemer in 29 nd 21. Winter whet ws hnd-hrvested nd their residues were removed s prt of the ontinuous winter whet summer soyen rottion experiment. The summer soyen (v. Ludou 4; plnt density, plnts/h) ws sowed y hnd on June 11, 29 nd June 14, 21. The experiment omprised three plnting ptterns t the sme plnt popultion density nd three pre-sowing soil moisture tretments. The plnting ptterns were the 3 m uniform row sping pttern (U), wide-nrrow row plnting pttern (WN), nd furrow plnting pttern (F). Three irrigtion tretments t 9, 13, nd 18 mm were pplied during the winter whet growth seson. Experiments on summer soyens were performed on rinfed onditions. Eh experiment plot possessed dimensions of 3 m 3 m; three replitions were otined in rndomized lok design. Soyen growth stge ws proposed y Rithie et l. (1994). V nd R re vegettive stge nd reprodutive stge respetively. These growth stges re V1 (first trifoliolte), V2 (seond trifoliolte), V3 (third trifoliolte), V(n) (nth trifoliolte), V6 (flowering will soon strt), R1 (eginning loom), R2 (full loom), R3 (eginning pod), R4 (full pod), R (eginning seed), R6 (full seed), R7 (eginning mturity), respetively. Five plnts per plot were smpled from V3 to R7 every 1 d to determine DM weight; t R nd R6, smples were tken from otyledon node upwrd per 1 m to mesure DM t different heights. Lef, petiole, min stem, rnh, min stem pod, nd rnh pod smples were seprted nd oven dried t 1 C for 1 min nd dried t 8 C for 72 h until onstnt weight ws rehed. LAI ws mesured one time per 1 d to 2 d fter V1 (Zhng 1992). Chlorophyll ontent ws mesured y CCM-2 (OPTI-sienes, U.S.) nd ten leves per plot were seleted. Ten plnts per plot were rndomly smpled t hrvest to mesure the pod numer, 1-kernel weight, nd grin yield t R7. Smple plnts were hrvested nd oven dried t 6 C. All dt were nlyzed using SPSS 16. sttistil softwre pkge (SPSS In., Chigo, IL, USA). Grphs were drwn using SigmPlot 1. (SPSS In., Chigo, IL, USA). Experimentl dt were evluted y ANOVA. The effets were onsidered signifint in ll sttistil lultions if P <. sed on lest signifint differene tests (LSDs). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lef re index: Fig. 1 shows tht the LAI for different tretments exhiit n -shped urve during GS. The A LAI LAI mm V3 V6 R3 R4 R R7 Growth stge 13 mm 8 V3 V6 R1 R3 R4 R R7 V3 V6 R1 R3 R4 R R7 V3 V6 R1 R3 R4 R R7 B 7 9 mm 13 mm 18 mm V3 V6 R3 R4 R R7 U Growth stge WN F 18 mm 18mm V3 V6 R3 R4 R R7 Growth stge FIG 1: Lef re index (LAI) of summer soyen t different growth stge in 29(A) nd 21(B). 9 mm, 13 mm, 18 mm re pre-sowing soil moisture respetively; the rs re stndrd error (SE). U, 3 m uniform row sping pttern; WN, widenrrow row plnting pttern; F, furrow plnting pttern.

3 Volume 38, Issue 2, mximum point of the urve ws oserved t R3 or R4. LAI of F ws 16.64% nd 24.7% (in 29), nd 6.99% nd 17.1% (in 21) higher thn those of U nd WN, respetively. LAI of F signifintly inresed thn U nd WN in 29 nd 21 under the sme pre-sowing soil moisture (P <.). At the sme plnting pttern, LAI of 18 mm presowing soil moisture tretment ws signifintly higher thn those of 13 nd 9 mm in 29 (P <.). However, no signifint differenes were oserved etween 13 nd 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretments in 21 (P >.). LAI of the omintion of F nd 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment ws signifintly higher thn the other tretments in 29 (P <.), espeilly t R3 nd R4. In 21, LAI of 18 mm soil moisture tretment omined with F nd U were signifintly higher thn the other omintion tretments (P <.). At 18 mm tretment, LAI of F ws 1.4% nd.77% higher thn those of U t R3 nd R4, respetively. Chlorophyll ontent index: The hnges of hlorophyll ontent index (CCI) in 2 yer study were shown in Fig. 2. CCI of F ws signifintly higher thn U nd WN efore R t the sme pre-sowing soil moisture (P <.). F ws higher thn U nd WN under the sme pre-sowing soil moisture y 17.97% nd 24.7% t R3, nd 1.6% nd 22.16% t R4, respetively. Highest CCI ws otined in 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment. Moreover, the index ws signifintly higher for 18 mm tretment ompred with the other tretments in 29 (P <.), ut ws insignifint in 21. F omined with 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment ws signifintly higher thn the other omintion tretments (P <.) sed on the intertion of the plnting ptterns nd the pre-sowing soil moisture. DM umultion: Fig. 3 revels tht umultion of DM for different tretments exhiited n -shped urve during GS. The differene etween tretments inresed with GS, espeilly t R3 R4, R R6, nd R7. Regrdless of the mount of pre-sowing soil moisture, DM of F ws signifintly higher thn those of U nd WN t R3 R4, R R6, nd R7 (P <.). DM umultion for 18 mm presowing soil moisture tretment ws signifintly higher thn those of 13 nd 9 mm tretments (P <.). F omined with 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment yielded signifintly higher DM umultion ompred with the other omintion tretments (P <.) t R3 R4, R R6, nd R7 in 29. Insignifint differenes in DM umultion etween 13 nd 18 mm tretments were oserved in 21. The DM vlues for 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment were 3.64%, 3.64%, nd 2.93% higher thn tht for 13 mm tretment t R3 R4, R R6, nd R7, respetively. Grin yield ws signifintly nd positive orrelted with DM for different GS. The oeffiients of R R6 nd V1 V6 were t he highest nd lowest, respetively. The oeffiient of R1 R2 ws higher thn tht of R7 nd R3 R4. F omined with 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment otined signifintly inresed DM umultion t R3 R4, R R6, nd R7; the A CCI B CCI mm 9 mm V3 V6 R3 R4 R Growth stge 13 mm 18 mm 13 mm V3 V6 R3 R4 R Growth stge 18 mm V3 V6 R3 R4 R Growth stge U WN F FIG 2: Chlorophyll ontent index (CCI) of summer soyen t different growth stge in 29 (A) nd 21 (B). 9 mm, 13 mm, 18 mm re pre-sowing soil moisture respetively; the rs re stndrd error (SE). U, 3 m uniform row sping pttern; WN, wide-nrrow row plnting pttern; F, furrow plnting pttern.

4 238 LEGUME RESEARCH 14 A 12 9 mm 13 mm 18 mm Dry mtter (kg/h) B 12 9 mm 13 mm 18 mm Dry mtter (kg/h) V1-V6 R1-R2 R3-R4 R-R6 Growth stge R7 V1-V6 R1-R2 R3-R4 R-R6 R7 Growth stge U WN F V1-V6 R1-R2 R3-R4 R-R6 R7 Growth stge FIG 3: Dry mtter umultion of summer soyen t different growth stge in 29 (A) nd 21 (B). 9 mm, 13 mm, 18 mm re pre-sowing soil moisture respetively; U, 3 m uniform row sping pttern; WN, wide-nrrow row plnting pttern; F, furrow plnting pttern TABLE 1: The oeffiients of orreltion etween yield nd dry mtter umultion of summer soyen t different growth stge. Yers V1-V6 R1-R2 R3-R4 R-R6 R **.99**.877**.99**.944** **.99**.828**.928**.8** orresponding oeffiients exhiited signifint nd positive orreltions (P <.; Tle 1). Grin yield nd yield omponents: The yield of F ws higher thn those of U nd WN (P <.) regrdless of the pre-sowing soil moisture. At the sme plnting pttern, the yield for 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment ws signifintly higher thn those of 9 nd 13 mm tretments (P <.). The yield of F omined with 13 nd 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretments were signifintly higher ompred with the other omintion tretments (P <.). Under the F tretment, the grin yield for the 18 mm tretment ws 3.47% higher thn tht of the 13 mm tretment in 29. Insignifint differenes were oserved etween 13 nd 18 mm tretments in 21 (Fig. 4). From the yield omponents, the pod numer, grin numer nd grin weight of F were higher thn those of U nd WN. Inresing pre-sowing soil moisture inresed the pod numer, grin numer, nd grin weight. The orreltion etween the yield nd yield omponents were signifintly nd positively orrelted (P <.). Tle 2 revels tht the oeffiient of SNB is the highest. LAI is primry physiologil determinnt of rop yield (Hmzei nd Soltni 212). The vrition of LAI exhiited proli trend for the entire rnge of GS. Resonle regultion of LAI improves soyen prodution (Zhou et l. 21). LAI of 3. to 4. ould yield 9% light intereption t the erly stge, whih ws importnt to hieve high soyen yield (Bord 24). Inresing the pre-sowing soil moisture inresed the LAI; LAI for F ws higher thn those for U nd WN. Photosynthesis is key physiologil proess tht ffets prodution qulity. CCI hs eome uiquitous in studying plnt eophysiology (Girm et l. 213). In this study, CCI of F ws signifintly higher thn tht of U nd WN prior to R in oth yers (P <.). Results reveled tht the 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment yielded the highest CCI mong ll tretments. The CCI of 18 mm tretment ws signifintly higher thn other tretments in 29 (P <.). The preipittion of 21 ws 3.8 mm higher thn 29, nd more wter deresed differene etween tretments; therefore, CCI ws no signifint differene etween pre-sowing soil moisture tretments in 21. The pek of the urve of DM umultion ws oserved t R R6 during GS. DM umultion of F ws signifintly higher thn those of U nd WN; DM umultion for 18 mm tretment ws signifintly higher thn those of 13 nd 9 mm tretments (P <.). Kumudini et l. (21) indited tht prolonging the durtion of LAI inresed the DM umultion, whih ws onsistent with the hnges in LAI.

5 Volume 38, Issue 2, Yield (kg/h) Pre-sowing soil moisture (mm) U WN F Pre-sowing soil moisture (mm) FIG 4: Effets of plnting ptterns nd pre-sowing soil moisture on yield of summer soyen in 29 nd mm, 13 mm, 18 mm re pre-sowing soil moisture respetively; the rs re stndrd error (SE). U, 3 m uniform row sping pttern; WN, wide-nrrow row plnting pttern; F, furrow plnting pttern. TABLE 2: The orreltion oeffiient etween yield ftors of summer soyen. PNMS SNMS PNB SNB 1 seed weight Yield PNMS **.9 **.771 **.79 **.682 **.84 **.7 **.762 **.749 **.894 ** SNMS **.819 **.926 **.822 **.73 **.786 **.882 **.83 ** PNB **.933 **.736 **.938 **.882 **.868 ** SNB **.941 **.922 **.886 ** 1 seed weight **.8 ** Yield *,** Correltion is signifint t the. nd.1 level, respetively. PNMS, pod numer of min stem; SNMS, seed numer of min stem; PNB, pod numer of rnh; SNB, seed numer of rnh. The soyen yield of F ws signifintly higher thn those of U nd WN in 29 nd 21 (P <.). The yield of the 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture tretment ws signifintly higher thn the 9 nd 13 mm tretments (P <.). The seed numer, iomss of single plnt, nd 1-seed weight minly inresed the soyen yield (Zhou et l. 211). Our results reveled tht the pod numer, grin numer, nd grin weight of F were higher thn those of U nd WN. Wng et l. (211) indited tht F plnting n inrese mize yield, whih ws onsistent with ours. CONCLUSIONS Three plnting ptterns, U is trditionl model, WN is new kind of high yield model, nd F plnting n improve wter use effiieny nd soil wter supply. In our experiments, LAI, CCI, DM nd yield of F ws higher thn those of U nd WN under the sme pre-sowing soil moisture. The LAI, DM nd yield of 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture ws signifintly higher thn those of 9 mm nd 13 mm in oth yers. These results indited tht F in omintion with 18 mm pre-sowing soil moisture ws resonle ultivtion mode, whih inresed the yield of summer soyens in northern Chin. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sinere knowledgments re due to Yn Liu for field ssistne. Supported y the Ntionl High Tehnology Reserh nd Development Progrmme of Chin Projets (213AA1293). REFERENCES Bord, J.E. (24). Soyen ultivr differenes on light intereption nd lef re index during seed filling. Agron. J. 96: Dong, Z. (1999). Soyen yield physiology. Agriulturl Press, Beijing, Chin, pp (In Chinese). Eerh, P. nd Pl, M. (2). Crop row sping nd its influene on the prtitioning of evpotrnspirtion y wintergrown whet in Northern Syri. Plnt Soil 268: Flenet, F., Kiniry, J.R., Bord, J.E., Westgte, M.E. nd Reiosky, D.C. (1996). Row sping effets on light extintion oeffiients of orn, sorghum, soyen nd sunflower. Agron. J. 88:

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