Studying the morphological traits of winter barley varieties and lines in Ardabil using multivariate statistical methods

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1 J. Bio. & Env. Si Journl of Biodiversity nd Environmentl Sienes (JBES) ISSN: (Print) (Online) Vol. 4, No. 3, p , RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Studying the morphologil trits of winter rley vrieties nd lines in using multivrite sttistil methods Ali Ksrei 1*, Ali Akr Imni 1, Mreft Ghsemi 2 1 Deprtment of Agronomy nd Plnt Breeding, rnh, Islmi Azd University, Ardeil, Irn 2 Agriulturl Reserh Center of Provine, Irn Artile pulished on Mrh 22, 2014 Key words: Brley, morphologil trits, regression nlysis. Astrt We onduted n experiment t Agriulturl Reserh nd Nturl Resoures sttion loted in est 10 km from (Arlloo region) in to study the morphologil trits of few winter rley vrieties nd lines. In this reserh 8 promising vrieties nd lines of rley were ulture in omplete rndom lok design with three replitions, nd the following trits were mesured; numer of whole tiller, numer of fertile, plnt height, wn, pedunle, spike, spikelet numer spike, grin numer per spike, 1000 grin, grin per spike, grin per whole plnt, strw, grin t experimentl plot (6 squre meters to grm), hrvest index, dy numer to 50% heding nd Dte of mturity, the result from vrine nlysis of mesured trits showed tht there ws signifint differene in 5% nd 1% prole level etween studied lines exept for whole tiller numer, fertile tiller numer, grin per spike, grin per whole plnt, strw, whole plnt nd yield in other trits. This omes from high geneti diversity etween studied lines. The modified oeffiient of determintion ws 0.86 in fitted model showing 86% justifition of hnges within seed. Yield y indited vriles. The first inluded vrile in to the model ws hrvest index, the seond vrile dy to physiologil mturity nd finlly determintion oeffiient of model ws 0.86 with inlusion of spike. The mximum regression oeffiient ws relted to hrvest index nd regression oeffiient of hrvest index ws positive nd regression oeffiient dy to physiologil mturity nd spike ws negtive. So hrvest index n e onsidered s effetive trit on grin yield. The results from ustion nlysis showed tht hrvest index hs higher nd diret effet (0.613) on grin yield nd the positive orreltion oeffiient 0.54 etween hrvest index nd grin yield ws minly reltion to the diret effet of hrvest index nd the indiret effets hve less importnt role on yield. Also dy to physiologil mturity nd spike hve negtive nd diret effet. * Corresponding Author: Ali ksrei li_ksrei@ymil.om 309 Ksrei et l

2 J. Bio. & Env. Si Introdution Due to inresing popultion growth in the world sientists nd sholrs hve predited tht world popultion will e 10 millird people y 2030, now the question rises tht wht should do to supply food for suh s popultion nd wht kind of solutions should e onsidered (Ademishni nd Nejt Booshhri,1996). Aording to the most reent sttistis from Groery nd Agriulturl United Ntions, world popultion will e more thn7 millird people y Regrding present world popultion oming 40 yers, food prodution should e 3 times to supply food for 9 millird people (FAO, 2013). The popultion is inresingly grown in developing ountries however frmlnds extension is deresing nd events suh s drught, disese nd soil fertility redution is deresing produtions. Considering the importne of the issue, it is relly importnt to get wys to inrese rops yield. Evidene shows tht during 30 to 40 lst yers, t lest 50% of produt inresing of some of min rop produtions hve een gotten y reeding methods. (Frsi nd Bqeri, 1997). Among rops, rley seed is the rihest soure for effiient food supplies on humn helthy. Irnin food ontins high strh nd plnt fiers due to undne nd reltive hepness of vegetles whih n explode nd promote popultion helthy improvement if protein nd strh dereses. This is possile if the relted orgniztions produt more nd heper met nd rley seed n ritilly underlie nutrition in industril stok rising (Anonymous. 2005). The most silly wy to inrese eonomil yield of rley ultivtion is using of omptile, resistnt nd high yield vrieties proportionl to the region. In this ourse it is worthy to note tht study nd mesure of omptiility of vrieties in different onditions nd environments is importnt in plnts reding (Rhimin et l, 1993). provine hs loted in oth old ( plin in south of provine nd Cspin eh limte (Moghn plin in north of provine) onsidering rops nd Mkooee lue rley nd Bhmn re ultured in the ity. A few of rley lines nd vrieties re new in reserh nd no study nd experiment hs onduted on them in suh onditions in. In order to inrese yield in reding methods we n use topis on quntittive genetis nd understnd yield omponents tht re importnt in its improvement (Ehdei, 1996 nd Frshdfr, 1998). Before tht we should ompute yield reltion with its omponents, in the other hnds, the orreltion etween yield trit nd its relted trits nd omponents nd due to effetive ftors in vrition tht is genotype nd environment yield omponents effet should e determined (Floer, 1999 nd Fshdfr, 1999). Understnding the geneti hrteristis of trin, their reltion nd how trits ffet eh other to gin desired gols in reeding re importnt. We n determine the est reeding method nd the most effetive trits through understnding these reltions (Allh Gholipour nd Slehi, 2004). In this wy, the orreltion oeffiients etween trits re seprted into omponents tht mesure their diret nd indiret effets. I studies out yield-relted trits we use uslity method to study trits effets on yield nd the reltionship etween trits. By using this method we n nlyze the orreltion etween yield nd its omponents nd determine its diret nd indiret effets (Frshdfr, 1998 nd 1999). Leilh nd AL-khtees (2005) use 7 different sttistil methods in their reserh suh s uslity nlyze method to study the reltionship etween yield nd its omponents in drught stress. Hosseinzdeh et l (2009) in study sed on stepwise regression seed yield, s dependent vrile nd iologi yield Shoot, lef re in the nopy losure, plnt height nd dys numer to 50% flowering were inluded into the model s independent vriles. Determintion oeffiient model ws R2 = 1. Biologil yield hd diret onsiderle effet on the inresing of grin yield. The negtive diret effet of stem nd plnt height on grin yield ws offset y the positive 310 Ksrei et l

3 J. Bio. & Env. Si indiret effet vi iologil yield nd mde n inrese in orreltion of these trits with grin yield. On the ontrry, the positive diret effet of dy numer to 50% flowering on grin yield offset y negtive indiret effets vi iologil yield nd mde derese in the orreltion of this with grin yield, so the most importnt trits s seletion to improve yield inluded iologil yield. Jri et l (2012) results from stepwise multiple regression showed tht trits suh s seed numer per spike, spike, pedunle nd wn plyed the most signifint role in justifying yield hnges in oth queous onditions nd stress. The results from pth nlysis emphsized on the min roles of diret effets on grin yield nd the importne of seed numer per spike. Plnt height, durtion of reprodutive growth nd flg lef sheth plyed onsiderle role in seed yield vriility y ffeting mentioned omponents. These trits long with other determined trits n e introdued s the est seletion riterion of genotypes with high yield. This reserh ims t introduing high yield rley lines in environmentl onditions of nd determining min morphologil trits in grin yield espeilly in oldness of. Mterils nd Methods Experiment lotion This experiment ws onduted t Agriulturl reserh nd Nturl Resoures sttion in (with 1350 meters height, ltitude 38 degrees nd 15 minutes north nd longitudinl 48 degrees nd 15 minutes est nd nnully men rin mm) 10 km est from (Arlloo region) in rop yer. The physiohemil results from tested from soil smple re given in Tle 1. And the regionl limte speifitions of the experiment re given in Tle 2. Tle 1. The physiohemil results from tested frm soil smple. Tissue Perent Snd Perent Silt perent Cly Perent Lime Perent sturtion ph Slinity (ds/m) Cly lom Perent orgni ron N Resorle phosphorus Potssium Resorle Zn Fe Cu M Tle 2. Atmosphere speifitions of Experiment lotion in in rop yer. Prmeter Lol Mehr An Azr Dei Bhmn Esfnd Rinfll Averge minimum tempertures Averge mximum temperture Averge dily temperture Averge minimum humidity Averge mximum moisture Averge humidity Totl sunshine hours Soure: Meteorologil Provine 311 Ksrei et l

4 J. Bio. & Env. Si Continued Tle 2 Prmeter Lol Frvrdin Ordiehesht Khordd Tir Mordd Shhrivr Rinfll Averge minimum tempertures Averge mximum temperture Averge dily temperture Averge minimum humidity Averge mximum moisture Averge humidity Totl sunshine hours Soure: Meteorologil Provine Experiment plot In this reserh 8 promising vrieties nd lines of rley (tle 3) were ultured in omplete lok design with three replitions. The irrigtion ws trditionlly done 4 times until physiologil mturity. Eh line nd vriety were onsidered in 6 rows plots nd eh plot ws 7 meters nd the spe etween lines ws 20 m. Grin density ws 350 seeds per squre wter. Two- four-d ws used to ontrol grss nd rod lef weeds during ultivtion. Fertilizing of ultured lnd ws done sed on fertilizer dvie on soil test tillge nd disk. The following trits were mesured in this reserh; totl numer of tiller, fertile tiller numer, plnt height, wn, Pedunle, spike, spikelet numer per spike, grin numer per spike, 1000 grin, grin per spike, grin per whole plnt, strw, grin yield per experimentl plot (6 meter squre to grm) hrvest index, dy to 50% heding nd dy to physiologil mturity. Tle 3. Nmes the studied genotypes. Numer Genotype nd Line Numer Genotype nd Line 1 Bhmn 5 Bereke-54/Alnd 2 ALGER/(CI10117/CHOYO.. //1-BC Deut/5/B/A/4/A/3/Jotun/5*Hudson //Ri/VA /6/K-273/Ste 3 ALGER/(CI10117/CHOYO..//Zrjow/U.N.K 7 L.1242/ZARJOW//LB.Irn/Un8271 /Glori"S"/Com"S" 4 Ste/L.640//Hml-02/Ari Aid*2/ 3/1- BC Legi/3/Torsh/9Cr //Bgs Sttistil nlysis Vrine nlysis ws used in ompleted rndom lok design to study the differene mong vrieties. Dunn tril ws used in 5% prole level to ompre the men of intertions nd simple effets. Computer soft wres suh s SPSS 18 nd MSTATIC 312 Ksrei et l

5 J. Bio. & Env. Si were used to sttistilly lultions nd Exel softwre ws used to drw tled nd grphs. yield in other trits. This omes from high geneti diversity mong studied lines. Results nd Disussion The results from vrine nlysis of mesured trits re given in Tle 4. As it n e oserved there is signifint differene in 1% And 5% prole level etween studied lines exept for totl numer of tiller, fertile tiller numer, given per spike, grin per totl plnt, strw, totl nd Dy to 50% heding The rnge of dy numer to 50% heding vried from 117 dys (line 3) to dy (ontrol vriety Bhmn) mong studied vrieties. Line 3 ws the erliest mturity nd ontrol vriety (Bhmn) with lines 2, 5, 6 nd ws the longest dy numer to 50% heding mong genotypes (tle 5). Tle 4. Vrine nlysis of studied trits in omplete rndom lok design. Men of Squres Soure df Dys to 50% heding The totl Dte of numer mturity of tillers Numer of fertile tillers Awn Pedunle Spike Plnt height The numer of spikelet s per spike Replition ** ** Genotypes ** ** ** * 1.051** ** 7.696* Error C. V % * nd ** Signifintly t p < 0.05 nd < 0.01, respetively. Men of Squres Soure df Numer of grins per spike 1000 grin The min spike grin Seed per plnt Strw Totl plnt Hrvest Index Yield Replition Genotypes ** ** ** Error C. V % * nd ** Signifintly t p < 0.05 nd < 0.01, respetively. 313 Ksrei et l

6 J. Bio. & Env. Si Tle 5. Compring studied verge lines of rley in mesured trits y Dunn test. Trits No. Genotypes Dte of mturity Dys to 50% heding Pedunle Awn Spike Bhmn d 8.6 d d de d 178 e mens vlues with ommon letters in eh olumn hve no signifint differene sed on Dunn Test, t 5% proility level Trits No. Genotypes Plnt height The numer of spikelet s per spike Numer of grins per spike 1000 grin Hrvest Index Bhmn d d d d d d d d d 50 mens vlues with ommon letters in eh olumn hve no signifint differene sed on Dunn Test, t 5% proility level Dte of mturity the rnge of Dte of mturity vried from 178 dys (line 3) to dys (line 8) mong studied vrieties nd lines nd this shows tht line 3 ws the most erly mturing line 8 with line 6 were the ltest mturity mong mesured lines. (Tle 5) Awn Line 5 hd the longest wn with 12.4 m verge nd ws tegorized in superior sttistil group nd ontrol vriety (Bhmn) hd the shortest wn with 8.6 m verge mong studied vrieties nd lines nd were tegorized in lss d(tle 5). Pedunle Line 3 hd the longest pedunle with m verge with lines 2, 5, 6, nd 7 were pled in superior sttistil group nd line 4 nd ontrol vriety (Bhmn) hd the shortest pedunle with nd m verge, respetively mong studied lines nd vrieties nd were tegorized in lss (Tle 5). 314 Ksrei et l

7 J. Bio. & Env. Si Spike Spike is one of the min yield omponents in grnule rops nd it is etter to selet genotypes with mximum spike to inrese grin yield per unit re. Line 3 hd the highest spike with 5.06 m verge nd ws tegorized in superior sttistil group nd lines 6 nd 7 devoted the lest spike with 3.29 nd 3.31 respetively to themselves mong studied lines nd vrieties nd were tegorized in lss with lines 5 nd 8 nd ontrol vriety (Bhmn) (Tle 5). Plnt height The signifine differene of studied lines in plnt height showed tht there is geneti diversity etween lines nd n e used in next studies orresponding to the findings of Khjvi (2011), Mirzei (2012) nd Azizi (2013). In onditions of quulture of rley usully lines nd vrieties of round m height re seleted euse suh vrieties ren t involved in plnt lodging in quulture. The rnge of plnt height mong studied vrieties nd lines vried from m (ontrol vriety) to m (line 3). Line 3 devoted the highest plnt height to itself with m verge nd ws tegorized in lss A nd ontrol vriety (Bhmn) devoted the lest plnt height with m verge. To itself mong studied lines nd ws tegorized in lss with lines2, 4 nd 8 (Tle 5). Spikelet numer per spike The rnge of spikelet numer per spike vried from 9.38 (line 5) to (ontrol) mong studied vrieties nd lines. Control vriety (Bhmn) devoted the highest spikelet numer per spike to itself with verge numer nd ws tegorized in the sme lss of lines 2, 3, 6, 7 nd line 5 devoted the lest spikelet numer per spike to itself with 9.38 verge numer mong studied lines nd vrieties nd ws tegorized in lss with lines 4, 6, 7 nd 8 (Tle 5). Seed numer per spike Seed numer per spike in drught stress nd in verge ses of seed numer hs ontriution of totl numer of spike in yield, tht s why seed numer per spike is suggested s the seletion riterion of dry lnd vrieties (Asn, 1962). Rnge of seed numer per spike vried from (line 5) to (ontrol vriety) mong studied vrieties nd lines. Control vriety (Bhmn) devoted the highest seed numer per spike with verge numer nd ws tegorized in the sme lss with lines 3, 6, 7 nd 8, nd line 5 devoted the lest seed numer per spike with verge numer mong studied lines nd vrieties nd were pled in lss d with lines 2 nd 4 (Tle 5) seeds 1000 seeds is one of min riteri of qulity of grin yield. High 1000 grins inreses germintion nd growing perent nd more plnts re kept with spike until hrvesting whih is effetive on yield. Rnge of 1000 seeds vried from gr (ontrol vriety) to gr (line 5) mong studied lines. Lines 5, 4 nd 2 devoted the highest 1000 seeds with 47.17, nd verges respetively. And were pled in the sme lss with line 6 nd ontrol vriety (Bhmn) nd line 8 devoted the lest 1000 seeds to itself with nd 37.7 grm verge respetively mong studied lines nd were pled in lss d (Tle 5). Hrvest Index Hrvest index is one of min prmeters to predit grin yield (Ar Ameri et l, 2011). Line 2 nd ontrol vriety (Bhmn) devoted the lest hrvest index to themselves with d 56% verges respetively nd were tegorized in the sme lss with lines 3, 7 nd 8 nd lines 4 nd 5 devoted the highest hrvest index to themselves with 41 nd 40.33% verges respetively mong studied lines nd were tegorized in lss (Tle 5). Regression nlysis In order to determine the ontriution effets of trits in determining yield desending regression method ws used. First independene of experimentl errors ws tested using telesope- Wtson tril nd showed tht errors re independent. Also sttistil of vrine infltion ftor less thn 10 showed tht 315 Ksrei et l

8 J. Bio. & Env. Si there is no multiline. Multiple regression nlysis ws performed for grin yield s dependnt vrile for ll trits in desending method. In this nlysis the vriles of signifint effets remined in eqution were: hrvest index, Dte of mturity nd spike (Tle 6). Grin yield = (hrvest index) ** (Dte of mturity)* (Spike )** Tle 6. Regression Anlysis Method Desending. S.O.V Regression Residul Totl df SS MS R2=0.86 * nd Signifintly t p < 0.05 Independent vrile: hrvest index, dys to mturity, spike dependent vrile: Grin yield F * Regression line eqution Grin yield = (hrvest index) ** (Dte of mturity)* (Spike )** Tle 6 Regression nlysis in desending method the modified determintion oeffiient in fitted model ws 0.86 showing 86% justifition of hnge in grin yield y indited vriles. In Tle 7 the vlues relted to regression oeffiients nd inlusion order of vrile into mode re given. The first inluded vrile into the model ws hrvest index; the seond vrile ws Dte of mturity nd t lst the model determintion oeffiient ws 0.86 y inluding spike. The higher regression oeffiient ws relted to hrvest index nd relted to hrvest index relted regression oeffiient positive nd spike ws negtive. So hrvest index n e introdued s n effetive trit on grin yield. Tle 7. Summry of desending regression nlysis. Vrile Stndrdized regression oeffiient Pro. VIF α Hrvest index Dys to mturity Spike Pth Anlysis Anlysis of uslity is very importnt in determining the reltionship etween the min hrters nd eonomi yield. Clultion of orreltion oeffiients don t determine the nture of the reltionship etween trits ut it is possile to identify diret nd indiret effets of effetive trits yield using uslity nlysis (pth nlysis), tht s why reeding speilists use pth nlysis s n effetive mens of determining the importne of trits effets on yield. In order to find usl reltionships etween dependnt vriles of grin yield in one hnd nd vriles of signifint effet on eonomi yield we used pth nlysis. The results from pth nlysis (Tle 8) showed tht hrvest index hs highly nd diret effet on grin yield nd the positive orreltion oeffiient 0.54 etween hrvest index nd grin yield ws minly relted to the diret effet of hrvest index nd the indiret effet hve less importnt effet on yield. Also dys to mturity nd spike hd diret nd negtive effet. The diret effet of spike on yield ws high nd negtive (-0.87). The remined effet (0.28) indites tht in ddition to ove vriles, there re other ftors justify hnges of grin yield. Nemtullhi (2012) studying the omprison of promising rley lines in yield nd gronomil trits in reported tht totl plnt hd diret nd high (0.598) effet on grin per spike nd the positive orreltion oeffiient (0.779**) etween totl plnt nd grin per spike ws minly relted to the diret effet of 316 Ksrei et l

9 J. Bio. & Env. Si totl plnt per stem. The diret effet of fertile tiller on grin per spike ws negtive nd high (-0.394) lso the indiret effet of grin numer per spike through totl plnt ws higher thn indiret effet of fertile tiller through totl plnt. Mirzei (2012) reported tht fertile tiller numer hd the highest diret effet (0.592) on grin yield. The positive orreltion oeffiient (0.73**) etween fertile tiller numer nd grin yield ws minly relted to diret effet of fertile tiller numer per min stem nd the indiret effets through this trit re effetive on grin yield s well. Strw hd the highest indiret effet through fertile tiller numer (0.246) on grin yield. In 2013 Azizi y studying 20 rley lines reported tht the highest regression oeffiient ws reltion to 1000 grin nd regression oeffiient ws relted to 1000 grin nd spike ws positive nd the regression oeffiient of plnt height ws negtive. So 1000 grin nd spike n e offered s the effetive trits on grin yield. Pth nlysis of remined trits in regression model showed tht sed on this nlysis 1000 grin hd the diret nd the highest (0.624) effet on the grin yield nd fter tht spike verge hd diret nd positive effet on grin yield (0.385) nd plnt height hd diret nd negtive effet on grin yield. Tle 8. The orreltion oeffiients nlysis on diret nd indiret effets for grin yield. Trits Diret effet Indiret effet through hrvest index dys to mturity spike Simple orreltion with grin yield hrvest index dys to mturity spike Residul = 0.28 Referene Ademishni S nd Nejt Booshhri A Breeding ompletion. The first volume. Conventionl plnt reeding. Tehrn University Press Azizi A.A Evlution of yield nd yield omponents in rley vrieties nd promising lines in the lue region of. Breeding Mster's thesis. Islmi Azd University of Astr. 77 pges. Allh Gholipour H nd Slehi M Ftor nlysis nd ustion in different rie genotypes. Seed nd Plnt Journl 19 (1), Ehdie B nd Wines JG Growth nd trnspirtion effiieny of ner isogeni lines for height in spring whet. Crop Siene 34, Anonymous Brley ultivtion in Irn. Ministry of Jihe-e-griulture Pulitions. Tehrn, Irn. Ar Ameri R, Soltni A, Kmkr B, Zeinli A nd Khvri F Performne modeling prmeters sed on hrvest index in whet plnt. Journl of Plnt Prodution 17(2) Ehdie B Crop improvement. Brsv Press, 454. Floer S Introdution to quntittive genetis, Trnsltor: CE, ut M. nd M. Moghddm. Pulishing Center of Tehrn University, 548. FAO Ksrei et l

10 J. Bio. & Env. Si Frshdfr A Breeding methodology. Rzi University Press, 616. Frshdfr A The pplition of quntittive genetis Drslh plnt, Rzi University Press, 528. Frsi M, Bgheri RA Priniples of Plnt Breeding. Mshhd University of jihd pulitions. Khjvi AR Compre promising rley lines in terms of yield nd gronomi trits in region. Breeding Mster's thesis. Islmi Azd University of. 65. Leilh A nd AL-khtees A Sttisti nlysis of whet yield under drought ondition. Journl Arid Environmentl 61, Hosseinzdeh K, Irnnezhd H, Hejzi A, Alikri GH nd Znd, A Correltion nd pth nlysis for yield trits 8 rpeseed ultivrs (Brssi npus L.). Journl of iotehnology in griulture, Yer VIII, 1. Jri M, Brt A, Sihsr M, Rmrodi SH, Kohkn A nd Zolfghri F Correltion nd pth oeffiient nlysis of morphologil trits ssoited with yield under drought stress nd norml rley douled hploid lines. Qurterly Journl of Agriulture (reserh nd development), 93. Mirzei, SH Geneti diversity of winter rley lines. In Breeding Mster's thesis. Islmi Azd University of. 74. Nemtullhi S Compre promising rley lines in terms of yield nd gronomi trits in region. Breeding Mster's thesis. Islmi Azd University of. 80. Rhimin H, Kohki A nd Znd A Evolution, dpttion nd yield of rop plnts. Printing. Pulishing griulturl edution. 318 Ksrei et l