Influence of Knife Bevel Angle, Rate of Loading and Stalk Section on Some Engineering Parameters of Lilium Stalk

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1 Irni Journl of Energy & Environment 3 (4): , 01 ISSN IJEE n Offiil Peer Reviewed Journl of Bol Noshirvni University of Tehnology DOI: /idosi.ijee BUT Influene of Knife Bevel Angle, Rte of Loding nd Stlk Setion on Some Engineering Prmeters of Lilium Stlk Adel Heidri, Gholmrez Chegini, Mohmmd Hossein Kinmehr, Seyed Rez Hssn-Beygi nd Jvd Khzei Deprtment of Agrotehnology, College of Auoreihn, University of Tehrn, Tehrn, Irn (Reeived: Jnury 18, 011; Aepted in Revised Form: August 14, 01) Astrt: Some physil nd mehnil property testing of min stlks of Lilium ws onduted to provide informtion for future utomti mhine design. Sher, ompression nd ending properties of Lilium stlks were determined with using universl testing mhine. The experiments were onduted t three rte of loding levels from 30 to 50 mm/min, three knife evel ngle levels from 30 to 60 degree nd t two levels the stlk; upper nd lower. The results showed tht ll the mentioned ove prmeters hd signifint effet on the mesured mehnil properties (P<0.01). In ll three loding rte, n inresing the sher strength nd speifi utting energy were oserved s the knife evel ngle inresed. The highest ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy were 6.86 MP nd 1.34 mj/mm t the lower level, while the lowest ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy were.90 MP nd mj/mm t the upper level. As the loding rte of the stlk inresed, the ending strength deresed, inditing redution in the rittleness of the stlk. The verge vlues for modulus of elstiity were found to e 3.48 nd MP for stlk regions of upper nd lower, respetively. Key words: Bending Compression Lilium Physil properties Sher strength Stlk INTRODUCTION density nd frition [4, 5]. Methods nd proedures for determining most of mehnil nd rheologil properties Flower is one of the griulturl rops onsidering its of griulturl produts hve een desried. exporting potentil, Studying on post hrvesting losses Prsd nd Gupt [6] studied the mehnil of this rop hs speil importne. Nowdys using properties of mize stlk in reltion to utting under mehnized nd uto mehnized equipments is qusi-stti deformtion. They oserved tht for mize neessry in post hrvest proessing of ut flower [1]. stlks t moisture ontent of 74% w.. studies showed For this purpose mhine ws designed whih piks tht with inresing utting rte from 00 to 1000 mm/min lefs of ut flowers (Lilium). Before designing of this the sher strength of mize stlk deresed from 3.63 to mhine some physil nd mehnil properties of ut.10 MP. Khzei et l. [7] reported tht with inresing flower were determined. utting rte from 0 to 00 mm/min the sher strength of Most of studies on the physil nd mehnil pyrethrum stlk deresed. The mximum vlues of sher properties of plnts hve een rried out during their fore nd energy for utting of hemp were 43 N nd.1 growth using filure riteri (fore, stress nd energy) J, respetively. Ine et l. [8] reported tht the mximum or their Young's modulus nd the modulus of rigidity. sher stress nd speifi utting energy of sunflower stlk Studies hve foused on plnt ntomy, lodging were 1.07 MP nd mj/mm, respetively. proesses, hrvest optimiztion, niml nutrition, Chttopdhy nd Pndeyreported [9] reported tht the industril pplitions nd the deomposition of whet sher strength of sorghum stlk deresed from 3.74 to strw in soil [, 3]. The physil properties of the ellulr 1.94 MP t the forge stge nd deresed from 4.68 to mteril re importnt for utting, tension, ending,.0 MP t the seed stge when the utting rte ws Corresponding Author: Adel Heidri, Deprtment of Agrotehnology, College of Auoreihn, University of Tehrn, Tehrn, Irn. P.O. Box: Tel: , Fx: , E-mil: delheidri310@ut..ir. 333

2 Irni J. Energy & Environ., 3 (4): , 01 inresed from 10 to 100 mm/min t 30 knife evel ngle. MRndl nd MNulty [10] hve reported tht the verge vlues of sher strength nd sher energy of grsses were 16MP nd 1 mj/mm, respetively. Considering the ove points, there is need for informtion on the vrition in the physi-mehnil properties of Lilium stlk to design nd frition of new piking lef mhine. This study ws foused on determining the shering, ending nd ompression strength nd the speifi shering energy, speifi ompressing energy, speifi ending energy of Lilium stlks s funtion of vrious stlk regions, different rte of loding nd different knife evel ngle. Also the effet of stlk dimeter on modulus of elstiity in ompression ws investigted. Fig. 1: Instron Universl Testing Mhine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Lilium flower were hrvested from Ashin-e-Sz greenhouse in Tehrn, Irn, from helthy mother stok plnts y shrp knife t height of 10 m ove the soil surfe in the morning of eh testing dte. Hrvested stlks were overed nd trnsported in n insulted ontiner to the iomehnil test devies, lortory in Tehrn University, Tehrn, Irn. Speimens were kept in the refrigertor t temperture 4 C. The dimeter of the Lilium stlk deresed towrds the top of the plnt. Therefore, it ws divided eqully into two levels s upper nd lower [] Test speimens were tken from two lotions: ner the growth tip (upper) nd ner the root internode (lower).testing ws ompleted s rpidly s possile in order to redue the effets of drying. An instron Universl Test Mhine (UTM) whih equipped with 50 N lod ell with n ury of ±0.001 N ws used to mesure the shering, ending nd ompression fore of Lilium stlk test (Figure 1). () () Mesurement of the Physil Properties of Lilium Stlk: A venire liper with m divisions nd 5 m mximum reding ws used in mesuring the stlk dimeter. The weights of the stlk speimens were reorded using weight lne with n ury of 0.01 g. The density of the stlk ws found y displement method using toluene insted of wter to void wter sorption y the speimen. The weight of the speimen in the ir nd the weight of the toluene displed were reorded nd density ws lulted y the following eqution (1) [11]. = W /W S (1) movle lmp k k () Fig. : Apprtus for the mesurement of Sher strength: - shemti of pprtus, - fixed lmp, - 334

3 The moisture ontent nd mss per unit length of the speimen were determined y the use of oven method. The oven temperture ws set t 105±3 C for 4 h. The moisture ontent nd mss per unit length n e expressed y the following eqution [11]: Irni J. Energy & Environ., 3 (4): , 01 W. ( i W MC d w = ) 100 Wi md M = 1 () (3) Mesurement of the Mehnil Properties of Lilium Stlk Sher: The frited fixture (fixed lmp) ws fixed Fig. 3: Shemti of ompression test of Lilium stlk rigidly on the se pltform of the test mhine under the rosshed (movle lmp) with the help of four olts. A flt knife of 3 mm thikness, 50 mm width, 70 mm length nd 0.05 mm edge rdius ws fitted on the rosshed of UTM perpendiulr to the length of stlk speimen (Figure ). The flt knives were frited out of high ron steel nd hd 30, 45 nd 60 degree evel ngle. The stlk speimen ws held on the fixture with the help of two stlk supports of fixed lmp t oth ends of the speimen. During the downwrd movement of the rosshed, the knife ut the speimen y sher nd pssed through the slots provided in the fixture elow the speimen. The fore required for shering the stlk t the Fig. 4: Shemti of ending test of Lilium stlk rosshed speeds of 30, 40 nd 50 mm/min ws reorded ginst time on the UTM hrt reorder. The fore - displement urve ws reorded on the The sher strength nd speifi utting energy were hrt reorder. The liner portion of the fore - determined from the fore-displement urve for different displement urve ws used to ompute the modulus of loding rte nd knife evel ngles using Eqs. (4) nd (5). elstiity in ompression using Eq. (6) [9]. The shering energy ws lulted y integrting the urves of sher fore nd displement [9]. Fd = A L (6) F s = (4) The ompressive energy is found y determining the A re under the liner portion of the ompressive fore vs. 1 f Ess = F. dx = n (5) displement urve. Here, the ompressive energy E ws A A found y Eq. (7) [9]. Compression: A prllel plte pprtus with oth plte 1. f E = F dx = n (7) A surfes lrger thn the mjor dimension of the stlk A speimen were used, Therefore stlk speimens were Bending: Speimens were pled in the three-point pled etween flt steel pltes in the following mnner, loding pprtus under the Instron proe nd the fore speimen support plte, 100 mm squre, upon whih the ws pplied to the enter of the stlk (Figure 4). The speimen is pled nd loding plte, 0 mm squre, for movle plte ws moved t the speeds of 30, 40 nd 50 pplying the fore. The speimen Lilium stlk of 60 mm mm/min nd the fore - displement urve reorded. length ws pled on the se pltform (Figure 3). The ending energy ws determined from the This rrngement llowed for more onentrted pplied fore - displement urve using Eq. (8) [9]. lod on the enter of the speimen. The ompressive fore on the stlk speimen ws pplied y fore plte (proe) 1. nf E = F dx = (8) A t the deformtion rtes of 30, 40 nd 50 mm/min. A 335

4 Irni J. Energy & Environ., 3 (4): , 01 Tle 1: Dependent nd independent vriles studied in the reserh Dependent vriles Independent vriles Vlues Shering strength nd Speifi utting energy Loding rte, mm/min 30,40 nd 50 Knife evel ngle, deg 30, 45 nd 60 Stlk region Upper nd Lower Compression strength nd Speifi ompressing energy Loding rte, mm/min 30,40 nd 50 Stlk region Upper nd Lower Bending strength nd Speifi ending energy Loding rte, mm/min 30,40 nd 50 Stlk region Upper nd Lower Modulus of elstiity Stlk region Upper nd Lower Experimentl Design nd Sttistil Anlysis: The ontent nd density Speimens thn from the upper of the reserh ws onduted in order to determine shering utting (Tle ). The results of nlysis of vrine strength nd the speifi shering energy, ompression (ANOVA) showed tht Speimens group hd signifint strength nd the speifi ompression energy, ending effet on the ll mesured physil properties (P < 0.01). strength nd the speifi ending energy s funtion of Oservtions indite differenes in the woody versus vrious stlk regions, different rte of loding nd suulent nture of tissue depending upon the different knife evel ngle. physiologil ge of the stlk setion [1]. A omplete rndomized lok design ws used in ftoril experiment with five replitions using the Mehnil Property sttistil pkges SAS10. Experimentl dt were Sher Strength: The sher strength nd speifi utting nlyzed using nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) nd the energy deresed with inreses in the loding rte for ll mens were seprted t the 1% level pplying Dunn s levels (Tle 3). This effet of loding rte ws lso multiple rnge tests in SAS softwre. The vlues of reported y Hssn-Beygi et l. [13] for sffron stlk. independent vriles disussed in the study re detiled The sher strength nd speifi utting energy lso in Tle 1. deresed towrds the upper level. The vlue of the sher strength nd speifi utting energy t low stlk regions RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ws pproximtely times higher thn t the upper stlk regions. Vlues vried from 0.58 to 1.5 MP nd.36 to The men vlues for the physil properties re 6.79 mj/mm for the upper level nd 0.73 to.4 MP nd presented in Tle. The effets of loding rte nd stlk 3.78 to mj/ mm for the lower level, respetively, t region on shering strength nd the speifi shering the different loding rte studied. The vlues of the sher energy, ompression strength nd the speifi strength nd speifi utting energy were signifintly ompression energy, ending strength nd the speifi ffeted y loding rte, knife evel ngle nd stlk ending energy were signifint t the 1% proility regions t the 1% proility level. Aording to levels. The effet of knife evel ngle on shering Dunn s multiple rnge test results, with inresing strength nd the speifi shering energy ws signifint loding rte from 30 to 50 mm/min the sher strength nd t the 1% proility levels. The intertion of loding speifi utting energy deresed signifintly (P < 0.01) rte nd knife evel ngle on sher strength nd speifi in the rnges of 1.15 to 0.83 MP nd 6.91 to 4.36 mj/mm shering energy ws signifint t 1% level while the respetively (Tle 3). Prsd nd Gupt [6] lso reported effet on ompression strength nd the speifi tht for mize, the mximum sher strength deresed with ompression energy, ending strength nd the speifi the rte of loding from 0 to 100 m/min. Similr results ending energy ws not signifint. Also, the intertion were reported y Heidri nd Chegini [14]. of loding rte nd stlk region, knife evel ngle nd With inresing of the knife evel ngle from 30 to stlk region on the ll mesured mehnil properties 60 degree the sher strength nd speifi utting energy were not signifint t 1% level. The results otined re of the stlk inresed in the rnges of 0.76 to 1.31 MP disussed in detil elow. nd 4.0 to 7.34 mj/mm, respetively (Tle 4). Similr inrese in sher strength with respet to knife evel Physil Property: For physil properties, Speimens ngle ws reported y Chnellor [15]. He found the were tken from the lower were greter in dimeter nd mximum sher strength t moisture ontent of 35% w.. mss per unit length lso, those were smller in moisture MRndl nd MNulty [10] suggested men speifi 336

5 Irni J. Energy & Environ., 3 (4): , 01 Tle : Physil properties of Lilium stlk Stlk region Upper Lower Men 1 Sd Men Sd Moisture ontent, % Dimeter, mm Mss per unit length, gr/m Density, kg/m signifint t 1% level Tle 3: Effet of loding rte on the sher strength nd speifi utting energy Loding rte (mm/min) Sher strength (MP) Speifi utting energy (mj/mm ) Common letter mens tht there ws non-signifint t 1% proility level y Dunn's test Tle 4: Effet of knife evel ngle on the sher strength nd speifi utting energy Knife evel ngle (deg) Sher strength (MP) Speifi utting energy (mj/mm ) Common letter mens tht there ws non-signifint t 1% proility level y Dunn's test sher strength of 1.5MP for field grsses nd 15.7MP for greenhouse grown grsses. Prsd nd Gupt [6] found men vlue of 8.0 MP for mize t moisture ontent of 73% w.. The results of nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) lso showed tht the intertive effet of loding rte nd knife evel ngle were signifint t 1% onfidene on the sher strength nd speifi utting energy nd, in ll three loding rte, n inresing the sher strength nd speifi utting energy were oserved s the knife evel ngle inresed (Figures 5 nd 6). The reson for deresing sher strength nd sher energy with n inrese in utting rte ould e ontriuted to this phenomenon tht t low utting rte the stlk ws ompressed ginst the lde. However, t higher loding rte elsti wll of ells ws not enough time to trnsmit the sher fores to visous fluid within the ells so the stlk ut with lower fore. Similr results were reported y previous reserhers like Prsd nd Gupt [6] hve reported tht the sher strength of mize stlk ws deresed with inresing rte of loding from 00 to 1000 mm/min. The investigtions of Chttopdhyy nd Pndey [9] showed tht with inresing utting rte from 10 to 100 mm/min the sher strength of sorghum stlk deresed from 3.74 to 1.94 MP. Hssn-Beygi et l. [13] reported with inresing rte of loding from 00 to 1000 mm/min Fig. 5: Effet of loding rte on Lilium stlk sher energy for different knife evel ngle Fig. 6: Effet of loding rte on Lilium stlk speifi utting energy for different knife evel ngle the sher strength nd speifi utting energy of sffron stlk ws deresed. Also, with inresing utting rte the sher strength nd speifi utting energy were deresed for ll of the evel ngle levels. 1 Stndrd devition 337

6 Irni J. Energy & Environ., 3 (4): , 01 Tle 5: Effet of loding rte on the Compression strength nd speifi Compressing energy Loding rte (mm/min) Compression strength (MP) Speifi Compressing energy (mj/mm ) Common letter mens tht there ws non-signifint t 1% proility level y Dunn's test Tle 6: Effet of loding rte on the ending strength nd speifi ending energy Loding rte (mm/min) Bending strength (MP) Speifi ending energy (mj/mm ) Common letter mens tht there ws non-signifint t 1% proility level y Dunn's test Compression Strength: The highest ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy were 6.86 MP nd 1.34 mj/mm t the lower level, while the lowest ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy were.90 MP nd mj/mm t the upper level. The ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy deresed towrds the upper levels of the stlk. The differenes in the vlues of the ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy in the stlk levels redued s the loding rte inresed. The nlysis of vrine showed tht loding rte nd stlk regions hd Fig. 7: Effet of stlk dimeter on the modulus of elstiity signifint effet on stlk shering stress t 1% proility level. In ddition, ording to Dunn s 4.43 To 6.8 mj/mm for ner the root internode multiple rnge tests, with inresing loding rte from speimens, respetively. Aording to the Dunn s 30 to 50 mm/min the ompression strength nd speifi multiple rnge test with inresing loding rte from 30 to ompressing energy deresed signifintly (P < 0.01) in 50 mm/min the required ending strength nd speifi the rnges of 5.49 to 4.33 MP nd to 7.07 mj/mm ending energy deresed signifintly (P < 0.01) in the respetively (Tle 5). Similr results were reported y rnges of 1.5 to 0.95 MP nd 4.84 to 3.09 mj/mm Simonton [16] for gernium. respetively (Tle 6). Results the ending strength nd The ompression strength nd speifi ompressing speifi ending energy vlues re sttistilly different energy lso vried towrds the stlk regions. With from eh other. inresing the stlk dimeter the ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy were inresed Modulus of Elstiity: Modulus of elstiity in signifintly (P < 0.01). The verge vlues of the ompression ws determined t vrious stlk regions ompression nd speifi ompression energy were 3.73 (stlk levels). O Dogherty et l. [18] showed tht modulus MP nd 8.14 mj/mm for upper speimen nd 6.7 MP of elstiity for whet strw ws etween 4.76 GP nd nd 9.90 mj/mm for lower speimen, respetively GP. The effet of stlk region on modulus of elstiity ws signifint t 1% proility level. The Bending: The ending strength ws evluted s verge vlue for modulus of elstiity were found to e funtion of loding rte nd stlk regions. As the loding 3.48 MP nd MP for stlk regions of upper nd rte of the stlk inresed, the ending strength lower, respetively. However, with inresing the stlk deresed, inditing redution in the rittleness of the dimeter (hnge in stlk levels) the modulus of elstiity stlk. A similr result ws lso reported y Annoussmy ws inresed (Figure 7). et l. [] nd Nzri Gledr et l. [17]. The ending strength lso deresed towrds the upper level. The CONCLUSIONS vrition rnge of ending strength nd speifi ending energy were 0.6 to 1.45 MP nd 0.76 To 3.7 mj/mm for For physil properties, Speimens were tken from ner the growth tip speimen nd 0.97 to 1.66 MP nd the lower were greter in dimeter nd mss per unit 338

7 3 length lso, those were smller in moisture ontent nd Density of stlk (kg/m ) density Speimens thn from the upper of the utting. Modulus of elstiity in ompression (MP) The verge vlues of the shering nd required speifi s Sher strength (MP) shering energy were 0.81 MP nd 4.37 mj/mm for upper speimen nd 1.13 MP nd 6.9 mj/mm for lower REFERENCES speimen, respetively. With inresing of the knife evel ngle from 30 to 60 degree the sher strength nd speifi utting energy of the stlk inresed in the rnges of 0.76 to 1.31 MP nd 4.0 to 7.34 mj/mm, respetively. The highest ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy were 6.86 MP nd 1.34 mj/mm t the lower level, while the lowest ompression strength nd speifi ompressing energy were.90 MP nd mj/mm t the upper level. The vrition rnge of ending strength nd speifi ending energy were 0.6 to 1.45 MP nd 0.76 To 3.7 mj/mm for ner the growth tip speimen nd 0.97 to 1.66 MP nd 4.43 To 6.8 mj/mm for ner the root internode speimens, respetively. The verge vlue for modulus of elstiity were found to e 3.48 MP nd MP for stlk regions of upper nd lower, respetively. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthors would like to thnk the University of Tehrn for full support of the projet. Arevitions: A Cross-setionl re of stlk (m ) d Dimeter of the stlk t the point of ompression (mm) Ess Speifi shering energy (mj/mm ) f Sle ftor of unit re F Bending fore t whih the stlk fils (N); F Compressive fore(n) Fs Shering fore (N) l Length of speimen(m) M.Cw Moisture ontent (%) M Mss per unit length(g/m) md Dried mss of speimen (g) n Numer of units under fore-displement urve on the universl testing mhine (UTM) hrt 3 Sk Mss density of kerosene (kg/m ) W Weight of stlk in ir (kg) Wd Dried weight of speimen (kg) Wi Initil weight of speimen (kg) Wk Weight of toluene displed y speimen (kg) x Knife displement (mm) L Trnsverse deformtion due to ompressive fore (mm) Irni J. Energy & Environ., 3 (4): , Ige, M.T. nd M.F. Finner, Effets nd intertion etween ftors ffeting the shering hrteristi of forge hrvesters. Trnstions of the ASABE., 18(6): Annoussmy, M., G. Rihrd, S. Reous nd J. Guerif, 000 Chnge in mehnil properties of whet strw due to deomposition nd moisture. Applied Engineering in Agriulture, 16(6): Skuisz, G., T.I. Krvtsov nd L.P. Veliknov, 007. Anlysis of the strength properties of pe stlks. Int. Agrophysis, 1: Yiljep, Y.D. nd U.S. Mohmmed, 005. Effet of Knife Veloity on Cutting Energy nd Effiieny during Impt Cutting of Sorghum Stlk. Agriulturl Engineering Interntionl, the CIGR Journl, Mnusript PM, , Vol. VII. eommons. ornell.edu... Journls CIGR E-Journl Volume Shw, M.D. nd L.G. Til, 007. Compression, Relxtion nd Adhesion Properties of Seleted Biomss Grinds. Agriulturl Engineering Interntionl, the CIGR Ejournl, Mnusript FP , Vol. IX. 6. Prsd, J. nd C.B. Gupt, Mehnil properties of mize stlks s relted to hrvesting. J. Agri. Eng. Res., 0(1): Khzei, J., H. Rni, A. Edi nd F. Golei, 00. Determining the sher strength nd piking fore of pyrethrum flower. Irnin J. Agri. Si., 33(3): Ine, A., S. Ugurluy, E. Guzel nd M.T. Ozn, 005. Bending nd shering hrteristis of sunflower stlk residue. Biosystlks Eng., 9(): Chttopdhyy, P.S. nd K.P. Pndey, Mehnil properties of sorghum stlk in reltion to qusi-stti deformtion. J. Agri. Eng. Res., 73: MNulty, P.B. nd N.N. Moshenin, Comption of ulk orn rnl to filure. Trnstion of the ASAE, (): Mohsenin, N.N., Physil Properties of Plnt nd Animl Mteril. Gordon nd Brnh. New York, USA. 1. Grossmn, H.H., 198 Antomy nd Morphology. In Gerniums Mstlerz nd Holom, pp:

8 Irni J. Energy & Environ., 3 (4): , Hssn-Beygi, S.R., H. Vle Ghozhdi nd J. Khzei, 16. Simonton, W., 199. Physil properties of zonl 010. Piking Fore of Sffron Flower nd Sher gernium uttings. Trns of the ASAE., Strength of Sffron Stlk. Eletroni Journl of 35(6): Polish Agriulturl Universities. Volume Nzri, Gledr, M., A. Jfri, S.S. Mohtsei, A. Tteefr, A. Shrifi, M.J. O Dogherty, 14. Heidri, A. nd G.H.R. Chegini, 008. Determining the S. Rfiee nd G. Rihrd, 008. Effets of moisture sher strength nd piking fore of rose flower. ontent nd level in the rop on the engineering Eletroni Journl of Polish Agriulturl Universities, properties of lflf stlks. Biosyst. Eng., pp: volume14/ issue/ 101: rt-13.html. 18. O Dogherty, M.J., J.A. Huert, J. Dyson nd 15. Chnellor, W.J., Energy requirements for C.J. Mrshll, A study of the physil nd utting forge. Agriulturl Engineering, mehnil properties of whet strw. J. Agri. Eng. 39(10): Res., 6: