Effects of Sowing Dates and CCC Application on Morphological Traits, Agronomical Indices and Grain Yield in Barley Cultivars

Transcription

1 World Applied Sienes Journl 4 (): 77-73, 0 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 0 Effets of Sowing Dtes nd CCC Applition on Morphologil Trits, Agronomil Indies nd Grin Yield in Brley Cultivrs 3 S. Dstn, H.R. Mosser, A. Ghnri-Mlidrreh, 4 R. Ar, E. Ghornni nd R. Rhimi Deprtment of Agronomy, Siene nd Reserh Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Tehrn, Irn Deprtment of Agronomy, Qemshhr Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Qemshhr, Irn 3 Deprtment of Agronomy nd Plnt Nutrition, Jouyr Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Jouyr, Irn 4 Deprtment of Agronomy, Vrmin Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Vrmin, Irn Astrt: In order to evlute effet of CCC pplition on growth, yield nd gronomil indies t sowing dtes on rely ultivrs, the experiment ws onduted s split ftoril rrngement sed on rndomized omplete lok design with three replitions on in Irn. The tretments omprised three sowing dtes inluding; Nov 7., Nov 6. nd De. As min plots, three ultivrs inluding; Shr, Produtive nd Line M nd two CCC pplition; 0 nd.8 Li/h, s suplots. Results indited the CCC pplition hd deresed plnt height nd stem length, ut hd inresed er length nd totl tiller per pln with 0.67 m nd 0.6 tillers reltion to ontrol, respetively. The highest nd lowest of grin yield nd hrvest index were otined y Shr nd Line M with g.m, % nd g.m nd %, respetively. The intertion A B nd N 3 B 3hd the highest nd the lowest grin yield nd hrvest index with g.m nd g.m, respetively. There ws high orreltion etween grin yield with plnt height (0.74) nd hrvest index (0.8). Key words: Agronomil indies Brley CCC Sowing dtes Grin yield INTRODUCTION timely pplition of CCC t presried stge of pil development hs een shown to inrese the grin yield Although the reeding nd prodution of dwrf lines y 0-0% through inresing grin numer without ny ultivrs nd resistnt lodging the plnt hs een high ompenstory derese in grin size [6, 7]. It hs een effort, ut despite the wind nd rin in northern Irn in the suggested tht CCC treted rops my hve higher grin filling period nd nitrogen fertilizer pplition tht optimum density [8]. Growth retrdnts suh s CCC hve lwys remins essentil for the prodution of erels, the reverse tion i.e. they derese the elongtion lso lodging re oserved in rley plnt. Lodging ws growth [9], slow the rte of pil development [6, 0] nd the most ritil prolem in the whet nd espeilly re expeted to t y reduing the mount of tive rely rops, ut pplition hlormequt hloride (- gierellin ville []. Applition of CCC in nerhloroethyl-trimelhyl mmonium hloride, CCC) in optimum density hs een shown to inrese the numer reduing erel rops height ws suesses, therey of fertile shoots per plnt [6,0]. Applition of CCC t reduing or preventing lodging ensured in the lte 960s, third lef stge {Zdoks growth stge (ZGS) [] retrded i.e. in period when lodging ws perhps the most ritil the pil development of the min shoot in rley [0]. prolem in the whet rop [, ]. Brley hs shown good So, mny reserh showed tht in rley CCC inresed potentil for dry mtter yield of good qulity during the grin numer nd iomss. Furthermore, in studies of [0], winter in the Gezir Reserh Frm [3]. For grin oth CCC nd ethephon tretment, redued ortion of prodution [4], showed tht sowing of rley t mid Nov. spikelet primordi in rley. The effet of PGRs on yield hd resulted in the highest yield in Sudn. Applition of formtion my rnge from yield enhnement to yield CCC n inrese yield of oth whet nd rley, redution depending on growing onditions [3-5]. independently of ny ontrol on lodging [5]. In rley, Genotypi differenes in response to PGRs hve lso Corresponding Author: S. Dstn, Deprtment of Agronomy, Siene nd Reserh Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Tehrn, Irn. Tel:

2 World Appl. Si. J., 4 (): 77-73, 0 een reported [6]. These re priniplly due to ( 4). The six tretments of the experiment were omposed differenes in strw length, ut lso due to genotypi of 3 sowing dtes, plnt growth regultor levels (treted differenes in yield omponents nd soure to sink nd untreted) nd 3 ultivrs of rely. The CCC intertion. For this reson we used different rely types tretment ws pplied with preision spryer t onstnt in this reserh. The lndre is long-strwed, lodging pressure of 3 rs t the "lemm primordium stge" of sensitive ultivrs with reltively low grin to strw rtio pil development (developmentl sore DS 3.0 (i.e., hrvest index), ompred with other husked ultivrs ording to the Wddington sle [9], whih ourred [7]. Furthermore, dwrf lines with the Dw6 gen hve 00 dys fter sowing. To ll the miniplots, nitrogen, inresed tillering ility, ut not neessrily inresed potssium nd phosphorus were dded uniformly (46, 50 grin yield s tillers re not le to ompenste for the nd 50 Kg.h, respetively) t plnting time. During the lower min shoot pnile weight reorded under northern seson ll the plots were top-dressed with nitrogen t growing ondition [8]. As this dwrfing gene is likely to mid-tillering nd stem elongtion, eh t the rte of 46 express redued ility to produe gierelli id, the kg.n.h. Nitrogen ws dded simultneously with the response of suh lines to ntigierellins, suh s CCC seeds t the rte of 300 Kg ure/h. Seed of ultivrs " nd to ethephon my differ from tht of the lines lking Shr, Produtive nd Line M " with 99% germintion Dw6. The ojetive of the present study ws (i) to were hnd sown with squre sping giving 400 plnts m evlute effet pplition of CCC on rley growth, yield in 48 miniplots of 4 m in sowing dtes of tretments in nd yield omponents t sowing dtes nd ultivrs were 009. Plnting ws y drilling the seeds to out 3 m studied (ii) to determine the optimum sowing dtes (iii) to depth, on the top of the ridges. Regultion of sping nd ompre ultivrs of rley. uniformity of sowing depth ws hieved. Plnt estlishment nd survivl were exellent in ll tretments. MATERIALS AND METHODS No heriide ws pplied sine rop plots were regulrly hnd weeded twie. Irrigtion wter ws not pplied The investigtion ws designed to ompre the throughout the growing seson euse rin ws responses of sowing dtes to CCC pplition in three dequte. For the finl yield, the rop ws ut from ultivrs of rley. The study ws rried out for seson ground level in n re of m t the hrvest stge. (009-00) in the Bikolh Reserh Frm of the Plnt height of the finl yield ws tken s the men of 5 Agriulturl Reserh Center of Mzndrn (ARCM) t redings of the min shoot. True stem length, effetive Nek, Irn (Ltitude N, Longitude 53 3 E nd nd totl tiller numer per plnt, er length nd spikelet ltitude 4 m ove se level) (Tle ). The soil is Oxisol numer per er were reorded throughout the growing with ly, silt nd lom ontent 5, 3 nd 58%, seson. Within eh plot n re of m ws mrked nd respetively (Tle ). The study involved rley whih left for hrvesting t rop mturity (ripe grin) whih ws is hrterized y vigorous growth, high grin yield, used for yield omponent nlysis. Dry weights were moderte height, no lodging nd short gesttion period reorded fter the plnt mteril hd een oven-dried t for grin yield. The experiment ws in split ftoril 80 C for 7 hours. The smples were oven dried t 80 C rrngement ws sed on rndomized omplete lok for 48 hours nd then weighed for the determintion of design with three replitions. The tretments omprised dry mtter yield. Prior to the drying, susmple ws three sowing dtes inluding; Nov 7., Nov 6. nd De. tken nd seprted into grins nd stem, leves nd As min plots, three ultivrs inluding; Shr, Produtive sheth to otin the hrvest index rtio. The dt were nd Line M nd two CCC pplition; 0 nd.8 Kg/h, nlyzed y nlysis of vrine nd the mens ompred s suplots. Eh replite onsisted of 8 plots of 8 m y Dunn's new multiple rnge test (DNMRT). Tle : Wether ondition in experiment site in orn growth stges t Nek in Vrile Ot. Nov. De. Jn. Fe. Mrh April My June Minimum tem Mximum tem Preipittion Tle : Seleted soil properties for omposite smples t experimentl site in Soil texture K (ppm) P (ppm) N (%) OM (%) ph EC (µmohs/m) Depth (m) Lom ly

3 World Appl. Si. J., 4 (): 77-73, 0 Tle 3: Men squre of sowing dtes nd CCC on morphologil trits of rley ultivrs Sours Of Vrine DF Effetive tiller per plnt Totl tiller per plnt Er length Stem length Plnt height Replition Sowing dtes (A) E (A) Cultivrs (B) A B CCC (C) A C B C A B C E C.V. (%) nd respetively signifint in % nd 5% re. Tle 4: Men omprison of sowing dtes nd CCC on morphologil trits of rley ultivrs Effetive tiller Totl tiller per Tretments Levels per plnt % plnt numer Er length m Stem length m Plnt height Cm Nov. 7 (A) Sowing dtes Nov. 6 (A) De. (A3) Shr (B) Cultivrs Produtive(B) Line M (B3) CCC (Li.h ) Vlues within olumn followed y sme letter re not signifintly different t P RESULTS AND DISCUSSION M with 4.4 nd 4.96 hd lowest, respetively (Tle 4). Therefore, inrese totl tiller result in high plnt height to Morphologil Trits: There ws signifint differene in reson intr plnt ompetition. There ws signifint plnt height nd stem length (P=0.0) nd totl tiller nd differene plnt height, stem length, er length nd totl effetive tiller per plnt in sowing dtes (P=0.05) (Tle 3). tiller per pln in CCC pplition (P=0.0). The CCC Plnt height nd stem length of A nd A 3hd the highest pplition hd deresed plnt height (4.33 m) nd stem nd lowest with 94.04, nd 85.3, m, length (4.93 m), ut hd inresed er length nd totl respetively. Thus, the plnt height nd stem length ws tiller per pln with 0.67 m nd 0.6 tillers reltion to deresed with inresing nd deresing sowing dtes. ontrol, respetively (Tle 4). Sowing dtes ultivrs Totl tiller of A nd A 3 hd the highest nd lowest with intertion ws signifint in er length nd totl tiller per 5.70 nd 4.76 m, respetively. Thus, the totl tiller ws pln (P=0.0) (Tle 3). Applition of CCC on whet deresed with inresing nd deresing sowing dtes grown under rid onditions inresed root growth, nd there ws similr to plnt height nd stem length. resulting in more effiient wter extrtion from the deeper There ws positive orreltion etween plnt height nd lyers of soil, therey higher grin yield [0]. The CCC stem length (0.98). The effetive tiller of A nd A hd treted plnts hd greter lef re nd more dry mtter the highest nd lowest with nd m, umultion t nthesis thn the untreted plnts []. respetively. So, erly sowing dte ws deresed By pplying CCC t the eginning of stem elongtion nd effetive tiller per plnt (Tle 4). In ultivrs, there ws the other PGRs t lter stges, prior to heding, erel signifint differene plnt height, stem length, er length strw ould e shortened []. Although the introdution nd totl tiller per pln (P=0.0) nd effetive tiller per pln of semi-dwrf whet ultivrs hd lrgely solved the (P=0.05). In ll trits, Shr ultivr hd the highest with prolem of lodging, evidene ws lredy umulting m, m, 6.45 m, 5.66 tillers nd 8.0 %, tht timely pplition of growth retrdnt suh s respetively. But plnt height, stem length nd effetive hlormequt (CCC) or ethephon ould inrese the grin tiller per pln of Produtive with 83.4, nd 77. hd yield of oth whet nd rley, independently of ny the lowest nd er length nd totl tiller per pln of Line ontrol of lodging [3]. 79

4 World Appl. Si. J., 4 (): 77-73, 0 Tle 5: Men squre of sowing dtes nd CCC pplition on gronomil indies of rley ultivrs S.O.V. DF Hrvest index Grin yield 000-grin weight Grin numer per er Spikelet numer per er Replition Sowing dtes (A) E (A) Cultivrs (B) A B CCC (C) A C B C A B C E C.V. (%) nd respetively signifint in % nd 5% re Tle 6: Men omprison of sowing dtes nd CCC pplition on gronomil indies of rley ultivrs Hrvest Grin 000-grin Grin numer Spikelet numer Tretments Levels index % yield g.m weight % per er numer per er numer Nov. 7 (A) Sowing dtes Nov. 6 (A) De. (A3) Shr (B) Cultivrs Produtive(B) Line M (B3) CCC (Li h ) Vlues within olumn followed y sme letter re not signifintly different t P 0.05 Agronomil Trits: Sowing dtes hd signifint effet inresed ers m. In rley, timely pplition of CCC on 000-grin weight, spikelet numer nd grin numer t presried stge of pil development hs een per er (P=0.0) (Tle 5). The 000-grin weight, spikelet shown to inrese the grin yield y 0-0% through numer nd grin numer per er of A nd A 3hd the inresing grin numer without ny ompenstory highest nd lowest with 44.6 g, 5.7, 3. grin nd derese in grin size [6, 7] g, 4.94, 6. grin, respetively (Tle 6). There Sowing dtes ultivrs intertion ws signifint ws positive orreltion etween 000-grin weight with in 000-grin weight (P=0.05) nd spikelet numer nd grin numer per er (0.7). grin numer per er (P=0.0) (Tle 5). The intertion In ultivrs, there ws signifint differene on 000- A B nd A 3 B 3 hd the highest nd the lowest 000- grin weight, spikelet numer nd grin numer per er grin weight, spikelet numer nd grin numer with (P=0.0) (Tle 5). Shr ultivr hd the highest with g, 8.33, 33.7 numer nd g,.7, 5.50 numers, g,.94, numers nd Line M ultivr with respetively (Tle 7). Sowing dtes ultivrs 4.56 g, 7.7 nd 6.83 numers hd the lowest000-grin intertion ws signifint in grin yield nd hrvest index weight, spikelet numer nd grin numer per er, (P=0.0) (Tle 5). The intertion A B nd A 3 B 3hd respetively (Tle 6). There ws signifint differene the highest nd the lowest grin yield nd hrvest index 000-grin weight, spikelet numer nd grin numer per with g.m, 46.7 % nd g.m, 37. % er in CCC pplition (P=0.0) (Tle 5). The CCC respetively (Tle 7). pplition hd inresed 000-grin weight (4.96, 4.9 The mixtures of CCC nd ethephon or ethephon g) nd spikelet numer (.89, 7.89 numer) grin numer lone, produed signifint inreses in the numer of per er (9.44, 7.4 numer) reltion to ontrol, ers m in ultivrs Joly nd Lurier, in oth yers nd respetively (Tle 6). There ws positive orreltion in Leger only in 988, Wheres ethephon nd ethephon etween grin numer per er with er length nd totl ontining mixtures redued the yields of Joly nd Leger tiller per pln (0.7 nd 0.74). M nd Smith, (99) in 988 [7]. The grin weight gin ould hve een due to showed tht inreses in ers m were ompnied y higher rtes of photosynthesis nd photo-ssimilte dereses in 000-grin weight nd /or grins per er, prtitioning to the grins, or longer periods of grin filling whih offset or more thn offset potentil enefits from or oth [3]. 70

5 World Appl. Si. J., 4 (): 77-73, 0 Tle 7: Intertion etween gronomil indies of rley ultivrs in sowing dtes nd CCC pplition Hrvest Grin 000-grin Grin numer Spikelet numer Intertion index % yield g m weight % per er Numer per er numer AB d e AB d e de f AB AB AB d de d AB d d f A3B e de d e f A3B f f d f g A3B Vlues within olumn followed y sme letter re not signifintly different t P 0.05 Tle 8: Correltion etween gronomil indies of rley ultivrs in sowing dtes nd CCC pplition Trits Stem length. Er length Plnt height Totl tiller per plnt Effetive tiller per plnt Grin numer per er grin weight Grin yield Hrvest index nd respetively signifint in % nd 5% re. Grin Yield nd Hrvest Index: There ws signifint nd hrvest index with g.m, 4.44 %, respetively differene in grin yield nd hrvest index with sowing (Tle 6). In Cnd, results indite tht under dtes, ultivrs nd intertions (P=0.0) (Tle 5). In ontinentl limti onditions pplition of PGRs to sowing dtes, the highest nd lowest of grin yield nd spring rley t ZGS 30 does not inrese grin yield hrvest index were otined y A nd A 3with 93.0 through n inresed numer of ers m [0]. Inreses g.m, 43.9 % nd g.m, 39.0 %, respetively in dry mtter umultion nd LAI t nthesis were (Tle 6). In Sudn [4], showed tht sowing of rley t ssoited with inresed iomss yield. In ft, the mid Nov. hd resulted in the highest yield. In ultivrs, inrese in soure size (i.e. lef re of the treted plnts) the highest nd lowest of grin yield nd hrvest index or photosynthesis rte with the CCC tretments might e were otined y Shr nd Line M with g.m, n explntion for the yield enhnement hieved y % nd g.m, %, respetively (Tle 6). CCC pplitions [, 6, 0]. It might, therefore, e There ws positive orreltion etween grin yield with onluded tht CCC ould effetively inrese resistne plnt height nd stem length (0.73 nd 0.74). Due to of whet to drought stress nd hnge the rte of the extensive studies hve een done on plnt height if photosynthesis nd photo-ssimilte prtitioning to the the result of there ws not ompetition etween plnts in grin [, 6]. Further investigtion is required for etter sorption light nd nutrition or plnt hd not lodging understnding of the mehnism of enefiil effets of due to exess storge photosynthesis mteril to CCC on whet drylnd ultivrs under different N rtes [6, retrnsfer this lwys leds to inresing grin yield even 0]. Although the introdution of semi-dwrf whet in stress onditions. Plnt height lso hd signifint ultivrs hd lrgely solved the prolem of lodging, positive nd high orrelte with grin yield. But otherwise evidene ws lredy umulting tht timely severely will e redue grin yield. M nd Smith, (99) pplition of growth retrdnt suh s hlormequt found tht the results vried etween yers nd mong (CCC) or ethephon ould inrese the grin yield of oth ultivrs. Applition of CCC hd the gretest grin yield whet nd rley, independently of ny ontrol of lodging 7

6 World Appl. Si. J., 4 (): 77-73, 0 [3]. There ws positive orreltion etween hrvest index 5. Brgg, P.L., P. Ruino, F.K.G. Henderson nd with grin yield nd 000-grin weight nd grin numer per er (0.8, 0.8 nd 0.86), respetively. CONCLUSION Aording to these results, morphologil trits suh s plnt height nd stem length with CCC onsumption hd delined. So this importnt result in redution lodging in rely plnt is very importnt. However, the numer of tillers plnt hs inresed tht this ftor the numer of ers per squre meter hd inrese. Redue ompetition etween plnts to sor light nd spe nd lso more light penetrtion into the nopy nd inresed photosynthesis leds to inresed prodution of dry mtter. Brely plnt is sensitive to lodging nd in regions where grin filling period is ssoited with wind nd rin rely must e viewed lodging. Deresing plnt height in this study the most importnt influene ws the CCC pplition. CCC pplition 000-grin weight, numer of grin nd the numer of spikelets per pnile hd inresed. As result grin yield nd hrvest index hd inresed nd in sowing dtes on 6 Nov. ws the est. Due to grin yield positive nd high orreltion with ll trits listed in reserh in eh ultivr tht CCC pplition these ttriutes inrese the grin yield hs een inrese. But the importnt point tht high nd positive orreltion plnt height with grin yield ws despite CCC onsumption nd redued plnt height, grin yield ws inresed. Atully inrese the other yield omponents suh s 000-grin weight, the numer of grin nd the numer of spikelet per er importnt to determine the use nd redue plnt height nd less ompetition is produing more photosyntheti mteril. REFERENCES. M, B.L. nd D.L. Smith, 99. Modifition of Tiller Produtivity in Spring Brley y Applition of Chlormequt or Ethephon. Crop Si., 3: M, B.L. nd D.L. Smith, 99. Growth Regultor Effets on Aove Ground Dry Mtter Prtitioning During Grin Fill of Spring Brley. Crop SL, 3: Khir, M.A.M., R. Kruse, S.A. Slih nd S.A. Biker, 00. Notes on rley, potentil winter forge in the Sudn. Sudn Journl of Agriulturl. Reserh, 3: Lzim, M. nd E. Hdi, 973. Annul Report 97/73. Hudei Reserh Sttion. El Dmer, Sudn. W.G. Fielding, 984. A Comprison of the Root nd Shoot Growth of Winter Brley nd Winter Whet nd the Effet of n Erly Applition of Chlormequt. Agri. Si. Cm., 03: Emm, Y. nd H.R. Krimi, 996. Influene of Chlormequt Chloride on Five Winter Brley Cultivrs. Irn Argri. Res., 5: Wddington, S.R. nd P.M. Crtwright, 986. Modifition of Yield Components nd Stem Length in Spring Brley y the Applition of Growth Rtrdnts Prior to Min Shoot Stem Elongtion. J. Agri. Si. Cm., 07: Willims, R.H., J.A. Turner nd K.J. Smpson, 98. New Approhes to Inresing the Yield Cpity of Cerels In: "Chemil Mni pultion of Growth nd Development"., (Ed): MLren, J., Buttenwrths, pp: Humphries, E.C. nd W. Bond, 969. Experiments with CCC on Whet: Effets of Sping, Nitrogen nd Irrigtion. Ann. Appl. BioL., 64: M, B.L. nd D.L. Smith, 99. Apil Development of Spring Brley in Reltion to Chlormequt nd Hthephon. Agron. J., 83: Bode, J. nd A. Wild, 984. Influene of -hloroethyl-trimethyl-mmonium hloride,(ccc) on Growth nd Photosyntheti Metolism of Young Whet Plnts (Tritium estivum L.) J. Plnt Physiol., 6: Zdoks, J.C., T.T. Chnge nd C.F. Konzk, 974. A Deiml Code for the Growth Stges of Cerel. Weed Res., 4: Peltonen, J. nd P. Peltonen-Sinio, 997. Breking uniulm growth hit of spring erels t high ltitudes y rop mngement.. Tillering, grin yield nd yield omponents. Journl of Agronomy nd Crop Siene, 78: Rjl, A. nd P. Peltonen-Sinio, 000. Mnipulting yield potentil in erels y plnt growth regultors. In: A.S. Bsr, (ed.). Growth Regultors in Crop Prodution. Food Produts Press, Binghmton, New York, USA., pp: Simmons, S.R., E.A. Oelke, J.V. Wiersm, W.E. Lueshen nd D.D. Wrnes, 988. Spring whet nd rley responses to ethephon. Agronomy Journl, 80:

7 World Appl. Si. J., 4 (): 77-73, 0 6. Peltonen-Sinio, P. nd A. Rjl, Emm, Y. nd G.R. Moied, 000. Effet of Plnting Chlormequt hloride nd ethephon ffet growth Density nd Chlormequt Chloride on Morphologil nd yield formtion of onventionl nked nd dwrf nd Physiologil Chrteristis of Winter Brley ot. Agriulturl nd Food Siene in Finlnd, (Hordeum vulgre L.) Cultivr Vlfjr. J. Agr. Si. 0: Teh., : Peltonen-Sinio, P., 990. Geneti improvements in. Mirnzdeh, H., Y. Emm H. Seyyed nd S. Zre, the struture of ot stnds in northern growing 0. Produtivity nd Rdition Use Effiieny of onditions during this entury. Plnt Breeding, Four Drylnd Whet Cultivrs under Different Levels 04: of Nitrogen nd Chlormequt Chloride. J. Agr. Si. 8. Mkel, P., L. Vrl nd P. Peltonen-Sinio, 996. Teh., 3: Agronomi omprison of Minnesot-dpted dwrf. Rjl, A. nd P. Peltonen-Sinio, 00. Plnt Growth ot with semi-dwrf, intermedite nd tll ot Regultor Effets on Spring Cerel Root nd Shoot lines dpted to northern growing onditions. Growth. Agron. J., 93: Cndin Journl of Plnt Siene, 76: Turk, M.A. nd A.M. Twh, 00. Response of 9. Wddington, S.R., P.M. Crtwright nd P.C. Wll, Winter Whet to Applied N with or without Ethrel 983. A Quntittive Sle of Spike Initil nd Pistil Spry under Irrigtion Plnted in Semi-rid Development in Brley nd Whet. Ann. Bol., Environments. Asin J. Plnt Si., 4: :