ae- -c-k-`-bnse Bcm-[\{Iaßƒ: A -Sn-bpsS \mƒh-gn-iƒ

ae- -c-k-`-bnse Bcm-[\{Iaßƒ: A -Sn-bpsS \mƒh-gn-iƒ tpmbvkv txm -bv msv Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-ßƒ amxr-`m-j-bn F hnπ-hm-fli-amb {]ÿm\w ae- -ck`-bn Bcw-`n- Xv \ho-icw Ime-Øm-Wv. 19 mw \q m- ns ]q Δm -Øn anj-w-dn-amcpw \ho-i-c-w-t\-xm- fpw Bh Øn Hcp ap{zm-hm-iy-amwv Bcm-[\ amxr-`m-j-bn F -Xv. ]pen-t m- n C q v IØ-\mcpw (]n- osv tim bw ]gbskan-\mcn ÿm]-i ]pen-t m- n am Zoh- m-tkymkv) Imbw-Ipfw ^nen-t m-kv d-ºm\pw tn v kphn-ti-j-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p ae-bm-f-øn-te v `mjm- cw snbvxv 1811 t_mws_-bn \n p {]kn- o-i-cn dºm ss n-fmwv Cu {]ÿm-\-ønse {it -b-amb BZy- IrXn. Bcm-[-\-Iƒ `mkn-i-ambn hnh Ø\w snøp-hm-\p {ia-ßƒ 1800- -I-fn Bcw-`n- p. ]pen-t m- n C q v dºm Io Ø-\-]p-kvX-Ihpw Ip m-\-{i-ahpw \a-kvim-c-{i-a-ßfpw hnh Ø\w snbvxp. tim\m v aev]m- mcpw Cu cwkøv {it -b-amb kw`m-h-\-iƒ \ In. XpS v ]pen-t m- n tpmk^v am Zoh m-tkymkv c ma 1905 hsc Ipd- Xv 15 ]Xn- p-i-fn-embn ]Xn-\m-bn-c- -W- n\v \a-kvim-c-{i-a-hpw hn. Ip _m-\-{i-a-hpw {]kn- o-i-cn p. hosp-i-fn D]-tbm-Kn- p-hm-\mbn t{imuo-i-cn- -s \a-kvim-c-ßfpw hn. Ip _m-\-bn P\-ßƒ snm p {]Xn-hm-Iy-ßfpw ip{iq-j-i snm p a y-ÿ-{]m -\-Ifpw a p-amwv BZy-Ime hnh Ø-\-ØneqsS e`y-am-b-xv. Ip _m-\-{i-a-øn P\-ßƒ snm p F m Km\hpw ae-bm-f-øn e`y-am-i-w-sa v B{Kln Bfm-bn-cp p ]. ]cp-a-e-xn-cp-ta-\n. I -Øn h Kokv am n-f-bp-ss klm-b-tømss sshzn-i-sk-an-\mcn aev]m- m-cmb h -t»-cn Koh Kokv dºm\pw tim\m v amø aev]\pw B B{Klw \nd-th n. XpS v h ti-cn Koh Kokv aev]m-\pw, tim\m v amø aev]m\pw IywXm-bpsS Ggp- bm-a-ß-fnse \a-kvim-c-ßƒ aebmf KZy-Øn-te v hnh Ø\w snbvxp. hdp-kokv am n-f Ah-bpsS Km\m-hn-jvImcw \S-Øn. ASpØL -Øn hn. Ip m-\, B p-x-ivkm-{i-a-ßƒ, IqZm-i-{I-a-ßƒ F n-h-bpss {]pan-tbm skzvdm- Iƒ ae-bm-f-øn-te v hnh Ø\w snbvxp. {ItaW I o-e, Il-ss\-Øm, IqZm-i-{I-a-ßƒ, B p-xivkm F n-h-bpss Km\-ßƒ KZy-ambn hnh Ø\w snbvxp. IqSmsX IjvSm-\p`h BgvN-bnse {]pan-tbm skzdm-iƒ hnh Ø\w snbvxxpw Cu Ime-L- -Øn-em-Wv. _Y-\n-bnse ^m. ]n. n. Koh Ko-kns t\xr-xz- Ønepw ]pen-t m- n C q v siωm-i, aq -t -cn ]t{xmkv siωm-i F n-h-cpss kl-i-c-w-ønepw hn. Ip _m\ XIvkm {]kn- o-i-cn- -s - p. am bmt m-_v, am Znh- m-tkym-kv, am Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F o Npcp w Nne {Ia-ßsf AXn D m-bn-cp- p- q. 1920 emwv AXns BZy-]-Xn v Cd-ßn-b-Xv. h tøm-fns Ic-kv] i-øm kwkvir-x-]z_lp-e-amb lmim BgvN-bnse {]pan-tbm\v ]n osv kc-f-amb Hcp hnh Ø\w \ In-bXv a -bv Ae-Ivk{ -tbmkv aev]m-\m-wv. \nxy-{]m -\m-{iaw F t]cn hosp-i-fn D]-tbm-Kn- p-hm _rl-ømb Hcp \a-kvim-c-{iaw tim\m v amø tim F n-kvtim m hnh Ø\w snbvxv {]kn- o-i-cn- p. hnh Ø-\-cw-KØv Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb kw`m-h-\-iƒ snbvx as mcp hy n HutK am Xotam-Øntbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm (]. HutK _mhm) BWv. hen-b-t\m-ºn-sebpw aq p-t\m-ºn-sebpw {]pan-tbm skz-dm-iƒ, ] n-iq-zm-i, ] w-sims F n-h-bpss KZy-]-Zy-ßƒ Dƒs ss kºq Æ-{I-aw, aqtdm IqZm-i- {I-aw, sskøp IqZm-i-{Iaw XpS-ßn-bh At±-l-Øns kw`m-h-\-iƒ BWv. B -S- -ap Ip _m-\- bpss lqtømωm-iƒ, kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw ae-bm-f-ønepw cnn- Xpw At±lw Xs. Ip w-ipfw ]\-bv bmt m_v IØ-\m ivloam \a-kvim-c-ønse ]e {]m -\-Ifpw Ip n-en-tbm sk p-ifpw IqZm-i-{I-a- Øn-sebpw B p-x-ivkm-bn-sebpw GXm\pw Km\-ßfpw hnh Ø\w snbvxv kpdn-bm\n Io Ø-\-ame F hnh Ø\ {KŸw Xøm-dm- n. \cn-a- -Øn F. F. bqlm-t\m aev]m hen-b-t\m-ºn-sebpw lmim BgvN-bn-sebpw aq p-t\m-ºn-sebpw Imt\m-\-m \-a-kvim-c-øn-s bpw KZy-hn-h Ø-\-ßƒ Xøm-dm n. ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b ImtXm-en- m-_m-hm-bpss ImeØv tim bw sshzn-i-sk-an-\m-cnsb ti{μo-icn v {it -b-amb Nne hnh Ø-\-ßƒ \S- p. ^m. hn. si. amxyqkv (]n osv ]. amxyqkv {]Y-a _mhm) Bbn-cp p {][m\ kwlm-s-i. IywXm-bpsS {Ia-Øn\v ]pdsa Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw s]cp-\m-fp-i-fnepw D]- tbm-kn- p-hm _p[-\mgvn \a-kvim-c-øn Nne Rmb-dmgvN {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ Iq n-t Øv o_m-\-a-kvimcw F Hcp {Iaw At±lw FUn p snbvxp- m- n. AXns Km\m-hn-jvImcw hrøm-\p-hr-ø- KoX ]cn-`m-jbmbn \n h-ln- Xv shæn- pfw kn. ]n. Nm n-bm-wv. ]n osv Ch c p-t]cpw tn v ]e Bcm-[-\-{I-aßfpw Xøm-dm n {]kn- o-i-cn- p. \ho-i-cw \-akvim-c-{i-aßƒ ae- -c-k-`-bn Bcm-[\{Iaßƒ A -Sn v {]kn- o-i-cn- p-hm Bcw-`n- Xv 1845- -em-wv. 1845- tim bw

kpdn-bm\n skan-\mcn A p-iq-s-ø-n \n v ]me- p- Øv am-xyqkv am A-Øm-\m-tkymkv {]kn- o-i-cn \a-kvim-c-{i-aamwv ae- -c-k-`-bnse A -Sn-ajn ]pc BZy Bcm-[-\-{Iaw. CXns c mw ]Xn v 1856- tim bw kpdn-bm\n skan-\mcn A p-iq-s-øn \n -p -Xs {]kn- oi-cn- p. 1845- {]kn- o-i-cn \-akvim-c-{i-a-øns Ih t]-pn C{]-Imcw ImWp p: ""\a-kvim-c-{i-aw. tim bw kpdn-bm\n knω\mcn A p-iq-s-øn \n v am am-xyqkv A-Øm-\m-tkymkv sa{x-m-t m-eo-øm -{]kn- o-icn- Xv. 1845.'' 1856- se \-akvim-c-{i-a-øns Ih t]pn C{]Imcw ImWp p: ""kvxpxn snmδm-i-s kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n- mcpss \-akvim-c-{i-a-ßƒ kp-dn-bm-\n-bn \n pw ]cn-`m-j-s SpØn-bXv ae- c CSh-h-IbpsS am AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbpss Ie-v-]\{]Imcw tim -bøv kpdn-bm\n knω-\mcn A p-iq-s-øn ASn- -s - -Xv. 1856.'' 1859- se \-akvim-c-{i-a ]cn-`mj 1845, 1856 F o h j-ß-fn am AØ-m-\m-tkymkv {]kn- o-i-cn \a-kvim-c-{i-a-ßƒ \ho-i-cw Bi-b-ßƒ tn ØmWv {]kn- o-i-cn- -Xv. CXn-s\-Xnsc ]pen-t m- n butk-^v (tpm-k-^v) IØ-\m 1859- timgn-t m v t]mbn Imf-l-kvXn-b m apx-en-bm-cpss hnzym-hn-emkw A p-iq-s-øn \n v \a-kvimc-{i-a-øns as mcp ]cn-`mj {]kn- o-i-cn- p. I n {]kn- o-i-cn Cu \a-kvim-c-{i-a-øns c mbncw {]Xn-I-fmWv A -Sn- -Xv. 1859- {]kn- o-i-cn Cu \a-kvim-c-{i-a-øns Ih t]-pn C{]-Imcw ImWp p: ""kvxpxn snmδm-is kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n- mcpss \-akvim-c-{i-a-ßƒ kp-dn-bm-\n-bn \n pw ]cn-`m-j-s SpØn-bXv. CX. a. cm. cm. NXp-c ] Ww Imf-l-kvXn-b apx-en-bmc Ah- I-fpsS ai simgns ms knhn skj tim-sxn inc-kvx-zm Acp-Wm-Ne apx-en-bm-cpss hnzym-hn-emk A p-iq- -Øn A -Sn- -s - p. 1859 mw h jw am v amkw. {]n S bim-bm.'' Cu aq p Aaq-ey -{K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sSbpw tim n ]mºm- ps tim\m v sse{_-dn-bn D v. ae- -c-k-`-bnse ]pcm-x-\-{k-ÿ-ßƒ txsn 1992- tim\m v sse{_-dn-bn Cu tej-i \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-]-T-\-Øn Cu {KŸ-ß-ƒ ImWp-hm\pw ]cn-tim-[n- p-hm\pw CS-bm-bn- p- v. 1869- se Ip m-\-{i-a -]-cn-`mj 1869- sim n shtã Ãm {]kn \n p-amwv Cu ]cn-`mj A -Sn- n-d- n-b-xv. ]Xn-s\m- c sk nao- \ofhpw Ggc sk o-ao- hoxn-bp-ap Cu IrXn v 48 t]pp-iƒ am{xta D p. t]m - n CSmhp hen- ta Cu Ip m-\-{i-a-øn\v D p. Hcp butk^v IØ-\m-cmWv ]cn-`m-j-i. Ih t]-pn C{]- Imcw ImWp p: ""kvxpxn-snm-δm-i-s bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n- m-cpss Ip m-\-{i-a-øns X n-a. sim n shtã Ãm {] v. 1869. butk^v IØ-\m.'' ]cn-`m-jbv v butk^v IØ-\m Fgp-Xnb kp{]-[m-\-amb "apj-hpc' ChnsS D -cn- p p: ""\ΩpsS ] n-i-fn Ipdp-_m-\-{Iaw `mj-s -Sp-Øn-s m- p- Xp \S- mbn hcp- -Xp-sIm pw AXn P\-ß-ƒ snms - p `mk-ßƒ Fs p an -hcpw A-dn- n- n- m-bvi-sim pw {]Xnhm-Iy-ßƒ F mw {Ia-ambn snm msx Nne Ipg- n h p-t]mip- Xp Xosc bp -a- m-ø- Xn-\m B Ipdhp \ni-øp Xnte p Cu sndnb ]pkvxiw D]-tbm-K-amIpw F p hnnmc-tøm-sp-iqsnbs{x Rm CXp s]mcpƒ Xncn- n-cn- p- -Xp. Ipdp-_m\ XIvkm apgp-h ]cn-`mj-s -Sp-Øn-sb- nse saev]-d Ipd-hn\p ]q Æ- ]-cn-lmcw hcq F p Nne ]d-bp-am-bn-cn- pw. BbXp icn-x-s F nepw AXn-te- p- m-hp A zm-\hpw ]W n-ehpw slxp-hm hfsc km[p- ƒ AXn \n- p- m-ip D]-Im-c-ßƒ p CX-c- m-cmbn `hn- p-si ]mßp p F p hcpw. F m AXym-h-iy-amb `mk-ßƒ am{xw FSpØp `mjs -SpØn A -Sn- n m hne Ipd- n-cn- p- -Xm-I-bm F m- -Sp-Xn-bn-ep-ap Bfp-Iƒ pw D]-tbm-K-am-Ip-sa- p B -c-tøm-sp- Iq-sS-bmWv Cu amxr-i-bn CXp Nsa- n-cn- p- -Xv. P\-ß-fn ]e pw Io Ø- \-ßƒ ]msp- -Xn Hml-cn- m-cm-ip- -Xn\p B{K-l-ap- -Xm-I-bmepw ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Øn-bm ebw sx n-t m-ip-sa p i n pw Nne Io Ø-\-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-`m-j-bn Xs ae-bmf A c-ß-fmbn CXn sn Øn- p- v. CXnse ]cn-`mj aqe-`m-j-tbmsp HØ-Xm-I-bm \ΩpsS ] n- Ifn F m-søpw CXp kzoi-cn p D]-tbm-K-am- n-s m- p-sa- p B{K-l-sØm-Sp-IqsS CXp A -Sn- n- n-cn- p- -p.- F 1869 sk]vss{º 15- \p am. -sbm-sk^p IØ-\m

1875- se \ho-i-cw hn. Ip m\ ]cn-`mj ]me- p- Øv amxyqkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm {]kn- o-i-cn hn. Ip m-\{ia ]cn- `m-j-bpss A mw ]Xn v tim -bøv skan-\mcn A p-iq-s-øn \n v 1875- {]kn- o-ir-x-am-bn. Cu ]cn- `m-j-bpss H p apx \mep hsc-bp ]Xn- p-iƒ GXp h j-ß-fn-emwv {]kn- o-i-cn- Xv F v Ad-nhn. 1845 apx tim bw kpdn-bm\n skan-\m-cn-bn A p-iqsw D -ÿn-xn- v, 1869- \p apºp Xs Cu ]cn-`m-j-bpss H mw ]Xn v {]kn- o-i-cn p ImWm-\mWv km y-x. Ac- p m\ {Iaw (]mxn Ip m-\-{i-aw) 1836- amth-en- c kp -l-tzm-kn ae- ck`-sb-s m p s{]m -Ã v hnizmkw kzoi-cn- n- m-\p {ia-øn ]cm-p-b-s Cw ojv anj-\-dn-am Ah-cpsS kzm[o-\-øn-ep- m-bn-cp ]me- p- Øv A{_lmw aev]m apx-emb Nne ] - m-cn-eqss XIvkm-bn \n p Ip m\ _en-bm-sw- p `mkw, acn- -h p th n-bp {]m -\, ]cn-ip- - m-tcm-sp a y-ÿ-{]m \ apx-em-bh am n Hcp ]pxnb XIvkm \n - Ωn p. XIvkm \n Ωm-W-Øn\p tijw XIvkm \n ΩmW IΩ-n n-bn AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp \mep ] - m-cn c p-t] AXp-]-tbm-Kn p Ip m\ snm m hnk-ω-xn- p. A{_lmw aev]m\pw ssix-bn aev]m\pw 1837- Cu XIvkm D]-tbm-Kn p Ip m\ snm n. Cßs\ sh n- p-d XIvkmbv v "Ac p m\' F ]cn-lm-k-t cp e`n- p. 1872- Cu Ip m-\-{iaw tim -bøv anj {] n \n pw A -Sn p {]kn- o-i-cn- p (C-Xn\p apºv Cu Ip m-\-{iaw A -Sn p {]kn- o-i-cn- n- pt m F Imcyw Adn-hn- ). Cu {KŸ-Øns Ih t]-pn C{]-Imcw ImWp p: ""\ΩpsS I Ømhpw c n-xm-hp-amb tbip-an-in-lm-bpss ktlm-z-c-\mb ip. a. bms m_ «nlm-bpss Ipdp-_m-\-{I-aw. tim -b-ø A Sn X. Printed at the Church Mission Press, Cottayam. 1872.'' Cu {KŸ-Øns apj-hp-c ImWpI: At ym-jym-bpss am ]s{xmkzm knwlm-k-\-øn Iog ]pcm-x-\-am-bn H s«w sae- y- s CS-h-Ibpw, blq-zn-bm, s_xv\-l-do, kvidnbm F szi-ßfpw sndnb BkymbpsS sxs `mkhpw AS-ßn-bn-cp- p. C q h tzi-ß-f-n hg-ßn-h Ipdp-_m-\-{I-asØ Ipdn p {]sxyiw hnnm-cn-s - -Xmbn ImWp p. F p-sim-s - m H m-a-x, H s«w k` kie {InkvXym\n k`-i-fp-ssbpw amxmhpw As ym-jym, hnizm-kn-isf {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F p hnfn- -s ÿehpw Bbn-cp- p. c m-a-x, As ym-jym-bpss Ipdp-_m-\-{Iaw AXns Np pap F m szi-ß-fnepw \S- mbn D]-sbm-Kn- p-h- p. aq m-a-x, ]q h-]n-xm- - m-cpw, k`m-ncn-{x- mcp-am-b-h as - m- n-s\- mƒ ]pcm-x-\-am-bn- pw, hnsi-j-am-bn pw h Æn- n-cn- p- X C n {IasØ Ipdn- m-ip- p. As ymjym ]m{xn-b m-bpss CS-h-I-bnse \nhm-kn-iƒ bms m-_m-b- m-cp, H søm- Zp-Ivkmb an Jm-b- mcpw BIp- p. sams\m-]o-km-b- m-cpss {][m\n Bb bms m Zobk Pohn- n-cp- X Bdmw -ixm-_vz-øn Bbn-cp- p. H søm-zp-ivkmb an Jm-b- m ]n os IpkvX Xo-s\m-s m-eo-kns ]m{xn-b m-sbms tn n-cp- p. kp -ltzmkv IqSn sams\m- o-km-b- m-sc Ip w hn[n, k`-bn \n pw X nb- sijw ""ImsXm-en m'' F s]mxp-hnep hnizm-ksø c n p hcn-i-bm As{X Ch p cmp-i- n-iƒ F A -am-ip an Jm-b- m F s] D m-b-x. F m ""H -s«-ans H m-asø sae- y- '' F p ]pcm-x-\-ambn ]d-b-s - n-cn- p ip -ap am bms m_ «olm-bpss \maw [cn- n-cn- p ] -n-{i-asø bms m-_m-b- m-cpw, an m-b- m-cp-amb Ccp-`m-K- mcpw Gdnb Ime-ambn ssis m- p-hcp- p. bms m-_m-b- m... as m- n-s\bpw D]-I-cn- n- p- n- m-sb- nepw an m-b-v m...-s{s p k`-bpss ] n-{i-a-søbpw IqsS -ssi-s m p hcp-...-{iaw bh- \mb `mj-bnepw, ip -ap am bms m-_ns X kpdn-bm-\n-bn am{xhpw BIp- p. ""\ΩpsS I Øm-hns ktlm-z-c-\mb am bms m-_ns Ipdp-_m-\-{Iaw'' F p s]cmbn Xpsemw ]pcm-x-\-am-bx As ym-jym-bp-ssbpw, kqdn-bm-bp-ssbpw ]q h-{in-kvxym-\n-iƒ ssis m p h p F p X _mhm- m-cpss \n w-i-b-amb Fgp-Øp-I-fn \n pw, cmp-iev]-\-i-fn \n pw kv]jvs-am-ip- p. {InkvXm_vZw 451- I -szm-\n sh D mb kq mszm-kn sams\m- o-km-b- m-cpw, an m-b- mcpw XΩn Hcp ]q Æ ]ncn- n D mbn F nepw Ccp-`m-K- mcpw Xß-fpsS ] n-{iaw ip -ap am bms m_ «olm-bn \n D m-b-sx p ]d-ibpw Hcp {Iaw-Xs BN-cn- p-h-cn-ibpw snbvxp. Ccp-`m-K- mcpw D]-sbm- Kn p-h kpdn-bm-\n-bn-se-bpw, bh-\m-bn-sebpw ] -n-{i-a-ßsf ]cn-sim-[n- m Ch c n pw aqew H p-xs F p km n- m X -Xmbn AXn-i-b-amb Nne sn -Iƒ CXnse ip{iqj-i-fn-epw, {]m -\-I-fnepw F {]sxyiw Nne ]Z-ß-fnepw IqsS Im m-\p- v. an m-

b- m-cpss bh-\mb ] -n-{iaw 10- mw ixm-_vz-øn Ccp- -{]-Imcw Xs Cs mgpw Ccn- p- p. sxhm-szm-sdm-x, bsdmw, {InskmkvsXmw apx-e-mb-h C{]m -\-I-fn \n p Nne `mkßƒ FSpØ ]d- n-cn- p- Xp IqSmsX H s«-an-s sae- y- -\mb am Iqdn-semkpw kpdnbm-\n- m-cpss Hcp henb Kpcp-hmb am As{]apw Aßns\ Xs snbvxn-cn- p- p. Ch F m-hcpw \memw ixm-_vz-øn\p apºp Pohn- n-cp- -h-cpw, As ymjym knwlm-k-\-sømsp kw_- n- -hcpw Bbn-cp- p. C -h-sb mwsim pw C - n-{iaw F{Xbpw ]pcm-x-\-am-b-sx p km n-s -Sp- p. F m Ime-{I-aw-sIm pw, AXmX ka-b-ß-f-n D mb ITn\ X w slxp-hmbn D mbn- p Nne {]sxyi D]-tZ-i-ßfpw A\p-k-cn pw GXm\pw kwk-xn-i-sf-bpw, {]m -\-Isfbpw ]e Ime-ßfnembn C - n-{i-a-ß-fn sn Øn- p- v. sn -s - -h-bn an -Xpw hnizm-k-øn\p sbmky-ap- -h-bpw, GXm\pw AXn\p sn -bn- m-ø-hbpw BIp- p. AXn- \m aew-ic CS-h-I-bn-ep bms m-_m-b- m-cpss D]-sZ-jvSm-hpw, amcm-a ] -n-bpss A y- \p-am-bn, Ct mƒ ]c-sem-i-hmknbmbn-cn- p A{_lmw aev]m F sszh-`- ]e ]pcm-x-\-]p-kvx-i-ß-fpss B[m-c-sØm-Spw-IqSn Zo L-Zn-h-k-ß-fpsS {]b-xv\w-sim p C - n- {I-asØ ]cn-sim-[n, AXns {]Y-am-h-ÿ-bn ]ns sn -s kwk-xn-i-fn hnizm-k- Øn\pw, shz-km- y-øn\pw sn -bn- m-ø-h-bmbn Is -Ø-s hm p-i-sfbpw {]m -\- I-sfbpw \o w snbvx, {Ias -Sp-Øn-cn-bn-cn- p- p. F m CXpw aqe-`m-j-bn Xs Ccn- p- p. aqe-`m-j-bnse ] n-{iaw sa Zo, Xqdm-_vZo, AΩoZ apx-emb ]c-sz-i-ß-fn BNcn- -s -Sp-sºmƒ an -hmdpw kqdnbm `mj-bnepw IqsS P\n- -s - n-cn- p B szi-hm-kn- Iƒ ]Z-ß-sf-bpw, hmn-i-ß-sfbpw {Kln Imcy-ßƒ t_m[-s {]Xn-hmIyw D -cn- p- p. F m aew-i-c-bp sfsω-\n-iƒ (A-evam-b- m ) Asi-jhpw aqe-`mj Adn-bp- n-. sszhip-{iq-j-i-fn ] - m ImWn- p sxms bpw Ah ImWpI am{xw snøp- p. hnip {]m \Ifnepw, ip{iq-j-i-fnepw AS-ßn-bn-cn- p Cº-sa-dnb hm p-i-fpw, ` n- pw, hnizmk-øn- p-a-spø kwk-xn-ifpw siƒ p ka-bø Bflmh apgp-h-\nepw hym]n- p- -Xmb B kz oi hnnm-c-ßfpw Bflm-hn SpØ ks m-j-ßfpw Xßƒ p \njv^-e-am-bn-cn- p- p. AXn-\m kpdn-bm-\n- m-cn ` - m-cm-bn- p ]e-cp-ssbpw As]- -bn-s, hnti-jam-bpw, «olqkm kw_- -am-bp Ipdp-_m\ {Ia-Øn ""ip -ap Ipdp-_m-\-bpsS BNm-c- {Iaw'' BIp C p-kvx-isø Xp Kmw snbvx ASn- n- n-cn- p- p. sszhw, kpdn-bm\n k`sb saev p-sa ip o-i-cn-, Pohn-I-sfbpw acn- -h-scbpw hn[n- m-\mbn Xm shfn-s -Sp {]Xy Xbn- Xs Inco-S-Øn- Cu k`bpw hne-sb-dnb Hcp cxv\-am-bn-øo-cp-hm CS-hcp-Øp-am-dm-I-s. Hcp \n-cq-]ww CS-h-gn- ^oen-t mkv timsd- n-kvt m m cnn v 1873- sim n sk v txmakv {] n \n pw {]kn- o-i-cn ae- c k`m-]- mw-k-øn Ac Ip m-\-{i-a-sø- p-dn- p Hcp \ncq-]ww Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. AXv ImWpI: Ac Ipdp-_m\{Iaw ip. bmt m_ «olm-bpss Ipdp-_m-\-{I-a-sa p t]cmbn 1872- tim -bøp anj {]kn A -Sn- -Xmb ]pkvxiw hmbn p I p. ip. am bmt m-_ns Ipdp-_m-\-{Iaw ae-bm-føpw At ym-jymbv p tn a pw cmpy-ß-fnepw ]pcm-[o-\-am-bn p C p-hsc s]cp-am-dn-h-cp ]pkvx-i-ßfpw sszh-`- \pw aev]m-\p-amb sdh-sd p Pn. -_n. -Hu-B S-. _n. -F-bn-. -km-bv]- h Iƒ e -\n sim p-t]mbn Cw o-jn icn-bmbn `mj-s -SpØn G hpw _lp-am-\-s -, Im _p-dnse B _ntjm kmbv] Ah I-fp-sS A\p-hmZ{]Imcw 1864- A -Sn- n- n- p ]pkvx-ihpw hmbn- p-tºmƒ ta ]-d- -X, Ac-Ip-dp-_m\ ]pkvxiw Xs -sb p F mh pw t_m[-s -Sp- -Xm-Ip- p. hncp-x-\mb Hcp Nn{X-Im-c Fgp-Xnb Nn{XsØ s]m - - Æ ambn p \ m- p- -Xp-t]mse, Cu Ac-Ip-dp-_m-\-{Iaw amcm-aæp ] n-bn A{_mlw IØ-\mcp, Zm\n-sb hn k, _ntjm Ah I-fpsS A`n-em-j-{]-Imcw, ip. am bmt m- _ns Ipdp-_m\{Ia-Øn \n pw IpØnbpw sh nbpw D m- n-bxpw 1837- ] sø Cw oj ] n-bnepw ]n osp C p-hsc amcm-aæp ] n-bnepw s]cp-amdn hcp- Xpw BIp- p. Cu A{_mlw IØ-\m-sc, c m-a-sø Fhp-Øo- pk F m-sw, kpdn-bm-\n- m hnnm-cn- p- - X. B ImeØ Ccp s_lp-am-\-s -, s_bn-en -kmbv], t_bv kmbv] apx t]cp sszh-`-b-ap- -h-cm-bn-cp- -Xp -sim- msx, A p tim -b-øp anjy s{]k C m- n p Cu

- _p p ASn- m-xn-cp- -X-. s]mxp-hn D]-tbm-Kap ]pkvx-i-ßƒ A msx, kpdn-bm-\n- m p X\n p D]-tbm-K-ap Hcp- h-i -]-pkvx-ihpw CX-phsc anjy s{]-kn A -Sn- n- n- msx Cc-n- p-tºmƒ. Ct mƒ, anjy s{]-k, sx n-howp-t]mb ioiva- -m p, Xe-Nm-bn- - Xn hfsc ZpxJn- p- p. Cu Ac-Ip-dp-_m\ ]pkvxiw A -Sn p h n- n- -Xn-s -bpw, DX-n-bwt]-cq h- p, t]m -Øp-Kokp-Im, Xo-b-sIm p Zln- n- p, ]pkvx-i-ßƒ Npcp- n-b-xn-s bpw, ^ew H p-t]mse Ccn- p- p. hmfp-sim p sh n-bn- pw, A Øn \- p Ie -Øn-sIm-Sp- Øn pw D m-ip ac-w-øns ^ew H -p-x-s -bs m. apj-hp-c-bn Cu A{_mlw IØ- \m-sc, sszh-`- -s\ pw A y- -s\ pw ]d-bp- p- -s m. ip. am bmt m_ «olm-bpss Ipdp-_m-\-{Iaw IpØnb Cbmƒ sszh-`- \pw A y- -\p-sa- n, thz-]pkvxiw IpØn-b, simen skm _ntjm Ah Iƒ Fs{X A[nIw sszh-`- \pw A y- -\pw Bbn-cn- pw. Hcp-Ø\p kpdn-bm-\n-{iaw C-jvS-an- - n temi-øn ]e {InkvXym-\n-th-Z-ap Xn H ns\ kzoi- -cn- -cp-txm. ]qdph ]nxm -m-cm AwKo-I-cn- -s ncn p Hma\ Gdnb ] n-{i-aßsf Ij-W-ambn \p-dp- -W-sa- p-t m. Cu Ac Ipdp-_m-\-{Iaw A -Sn m anjy s{]k, ioiva- m p Fs m, klm-bn- p- -X. Hcp k`-bn \n p ]ng- p-hog-p ioiva- msc klmbn- p- -Xns km[yw B k`-tbmsp t\sc snbvhm C n- p tzmjw \S- m-ø-xp-sim p A m-sx KpW-s -Sp-Øp-hm- A p \ncq]n- m F m-h pw Adn-bmw. anin-lm-bpss Hcp At m-kvtxm-e-s\-t]mse, Zcn-{Zn-b-s ncn p At ymjym ]m{xn-b ok _mhm-bpss ku -cy-ap `mcy BIp ae-bm-fø-p- kpdn-bm\n k`sb klm-b-n m-sa- p BZyw t]m - Øp-Ko-kp-Imcp ]d p ` Øm-hns hgn A-S p-, Cu `mcytbmsp ] n-tn p hy-]nnmcw snbvx, A-t\I hy-]nnmc k XnIsf sp\n- n- p. Cu Ime-Øp klm-bw-sim pw Cu `mcy p hrxw Im m Ign-bm-sX-bn-cn- p- -Xp Xs -bp-a-, ` Ø-m-hns t\sc hntc-m[n-sb, ` Øm-h-mbn kzoi-cn- -W-sa p tlan IqsS snøp- p. AXn-\m C\n Bcpw klm-bn- m-sx-bn-cp- p-b n- Cu -`m-cy-bv p, Xs ` Øm-thm-Sp-IqsS kt m-jn- m-am-bn-cp p. t]m Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Ime-Øp, AhcpsS Kh sa- ns\ `b- p, I p-t -cn C n-sxm-ω IØ-\mcp, kxysø ]men- m ]e F-gp-Øp-Iƒ sclky-øn {]tbm-kn-t n h p. F m C -p, kie kxyhpw [cy-ambn ]d-hm\pw Fgp-Xp-hm\pw kie pw ]q Æ kzmx- { nbw \ƒin-bn-cn- p s_lp-am-\s {_nøoj Kh sa- ns\ hfsc \ n-tbmss Rßƒ hμ\w snøp- p (\-S 5:29). Koh-dp-Kokv am bqen-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbpss ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fpsS A Sn kw_- -ambn ]mºm- ps tim\m v Koh-dp-Kokv am bqen-tbmkv sa{xmt m-eo-øm snbvx ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ {it -b-am-wv. 1879- ]mºm- p-s-bn ticfzo]w {] v At±lw ÿm]n v \nc-h[n kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßƒ At±lw {]kn- o-i-cn- p. ae c sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bm-bn-cp ]pent m- n tpmk^v am Zoh- m-tkymkv At±-lsØ t{]m m-ln- n- p-ibpw kmº-øni ssiøm-ß \ Ip-Ibpw snbvxp. Ah XΩn-ep kvt\l-_- hpw Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fpsS A Sn Imcy-ßfpw hnhcn- p Hcp kzimcy IØv ImWpI: A`n-hμy Koh-dp-Kokv bqen-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbv v, ]pkvx-i- m-c \ΩpsS h n hiw simsp-ø-b- -Xmb FgpØpw... -\n-d-b-s - -Xmb sa{ambpw In n hmbn p ImWp-Ibpw Xr]vXn-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. As m- n v Ab- -Xmb \akvimc ]pkvx-iw I -t mƒ ]ns bpw AXnXr]vXn D m-bn. C\nbpw th ]pkvx-i-ßsf A Sn v Im m sszhw kwkxn hcp-øp- -Xn\v sszh-tømsv {]m n- p- p. Rm Ct mƒ ] n-bn k -cn v ]ncn v hcp- p. hyh-lm-cw... -hy-h-lm-c-s -e-hp-iƒ v A[n-I-ambn th Imiv t]mepw Iøn C.... Fgp-Øn ImWn- n-cn- p a v Imcy-ß-fpsS \S-Ø- mbn bmsxmcp hntcm-[hpw D m-bn- - Rm Aßs\ snbvxxp-sim- mwv Cßs\ snbvx-sx v ]d-hm kwkxn hcp-ømsx km nhnkvxmcw IqSn Ign-t ms F p Hcp hnnmcw lrz-b-øn D v. AhnsS km n t_m[n- n- Xv \tωmsv Pmayw hmßn m th n... 12 \a-kvimc ]pkvx- I-ßfpw Gh tk-en-tbms Ipdn pw ChnsS FSp-Øp. CXn c v henb ]pkvx-i-øn-s bpw c v sndnb ]pkvx-i-øn-s bpw hne simsp-øn-cn- p- p. tij-ap- Xv \ΩpsS k m-c-øn Nne-hm n ]Ww AhnsS FØn- mw. Cu ]Øn-s bpw hne Ct mƒx-s simsp-ø-b- -Wsa v Xmev]-cy-ap- m-bn-cp- p. C -se-bm-wn-hnss h -Xv. ]ncnhv XpS-ßn-bn-. Xncp-h- m-bn D mb ]ncnhv apgp-h\pw Be- p-g v C se Ab- pw-h- mwv Ctßm-t v t]m Xv. AXpsIm- t{x X mew ]Ww simsp-ø-b- m- -Xv. tijw hnh-c-ßƒ h n ]d-ibpw snøpw. F v 1055 hr niw 24- mw XoøXn I q- md ] n-bn \n v

AhnSsØ ktlm-z-c _e-lo-\\mb butk v Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm ]pkv-xiw hi-bn c p cq] IqSn -sim-sp-øb p- p. am bqen-tbmkv {] v am bqen-tbm-kns Ime-tijw Cu {] n\v ÿm]-is t]cv \ In. "am bqen-tbmkv {] v' sa{xmt m-eo-øm-bpss ktlm-z-c-\mb tim\m v amø aev]m, At±-l-Øns ]p{x A{_lmw IØ-\m F n-h Zo L-Imew \S-Øn. ChnsS \n pw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw ae-bm-f-øn-ep-ambn Ht sd Bcm-[-\-{I-aßƒ {]kn- o-i-cn- -s - p. koa-xvlmsb Fs mcp kpdn-bm-\n-]-{xhpw ChnsS \n pw Ipd- p-imew amø aev]m {]kn- o-i-cn- n-cp- p. k`-bpss HutZym-KnI {]kn- o-i-cw hn`m-k-amb Fw.-H.-kn. ]ªn-t -j kv 1982- Bc-w-`n- -t mƒ A{_lmw IØ-\mcpsS ]p{x-\mb tpm kv G{_lmw IØ-\m, bqen-tbmkv {] n \n pw {]kn- o-i-cn ncp Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßfpsS ]I -h-imiw k`bv p \ In. 1898- se Ip m-\{ia ]cn-`mj ]pen-t m- n tpmk^v IØ-\m, am Zoh- m-tkymkv F t]cn sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bmbn CXn-t\m- SIw A`n-tjIw snø-s - n-cp- p. am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss t{ijvtm-\p-a-xn-tbm-sp-iqsn 1898 HmtZm (am v) amk-øn tim bw kpdn-bm\n skan-\mcn A ym-]-icpw aev]m- m-cp-am-bn-cp h t»-cn hn. sp. Koh Kokv aev]m\pw tim\m v amø aev]m-\pw- IqSn tn v hn. Ip m-\-{i-a-øns ]cn-`mj {]kn- o-i-cn- p. Cu Ip m-\-{i-a-øns Ih t]-pn C{]-Im-cw ImWp p: ""bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n Ip m-\-{i-aw. \n.- h. -Zn. -{io. ae- c CS-h-I-bpsS am Zoh- m-tkymkp sa{xm-t m-eoøm Xncp-a-\- nse A\p-a-Xn-tbm-Sp- IqSn kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p X na snøs - -Xv. ae-bmf at\m-ca Iº\n ( n-]vxw) tim bw 1898.'' Cu X -a-bpss Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ a\- n-em- p-hm {KŸ-Øns "apj-hpc' ChnsS D -cn- p- p: Cu sndnb ]pkvxiw hn. Ip m-\-bn kw_- n- p ip{iq-j- m-cp-ssbpw P\-ß-fpsSbpw D]-tbm-KsØ Dt±-in p {]kn- -s -Sp-Øp XmIp- p. Ip m-\-bn ] - m snm phm-\p `mk-ß-fn F m {Ia-ß-fnepw H p-xs Bbn- p ]c-ky-{]m -\-Iƒ apx-em-bh- IqSn CXn ka-b-\n- -b-øn\p th n Ahn-S-hnsS X na snbvxp tn Øn- p- Xp ] - m pw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm-hp- -Xm-Wv. CXn kpdn-bm-\n-bn ]Zy-kz-cq-]-am-bn- p F m `mk-ßfpw aqem-\p-cq-]-ß-fmb hrøß-fn Xs D m- p-i, hmn-i-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n- p-i, ]I s -gp-xp-i, A -Sn- n- pi apxem-b-h-bn klm-bn- n- p I -Øn Cu Koh-dp-Kokv (at\m-ca ]{Xm-[n-] Bbn-cp I -Øn h Kokv am n-f tej-i ) Ah I-sfbpw CS-h-gn- amøp ]oen-t m-kp (k`m- N-cn-{X-Im-c\pw ae- c CS-h-I-]-{XnI ]{Xm-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp C. Fw. ]oen-t m-kv tej-i ) Ah I-sfbpw Ipdn p Rßƒ G hpw IrX- - m Bbn-cn- p p. ae- c CS-h-I-bpsS \n.- h. -Zn. -{io. am Zoh- m-tkymkp sa{xm-t m-eoøm Xncp-a-\- nse A\p-a-Xn-tbmSp -IqSn am Zoh- m-tkymkv knω-\mcn IΩn nbpss Nne-hn-t A Sn s - n- p Cu ]pkvx-i-øn\p ]n mse {]m -\m-{i-a-ßƒ apx-em-b-hbpw Hmtcmt mtcm- mbn X na snbvxp-h-cp h {]kn- -s -Sp-Øp-hm Xøm-dp hnh-chpw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn {]kvxm-hn- p-sim- p- p. tim bw 1898 aicw ae- c aev]m- m h -t»-cn Koh-dp-Kokp IØ-\mcp tim\m v amø IØ-\mcp Cu X n-a-sb- p-dn- p A sø P\-ß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw a\- n-em- p-hm 1900- -m-am v [\p -am-k- Øn ae- c CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I-bn- tbip-zmkv F hy n Fgp-Xnb "]pxnb Ip m-\-{iaw' F tej\w D]-I-cn- pw. tej\w Xmsg D -cn- p p: ]pxnb Ip m-\-{iaw kpd-n-bm-\n- m {]IrXym ]cn-jvimc hnap-j- m-cm-wv. F{X-Xs \n t±m-jhpw Imtem-Nn- Xhpw BsW- nepw GsX- nepw Hcp am w Ah-cn kwi-b-sø-bmwv km[m-cw P\n- n- mdp- -Xp. \ΩpsS ax-kn- m- -ßƒ B]m-Z-NqVw \n Ω-e-ß-fm-I-bm AXp-Isf ]cn-jv -cn- p-hm-\p {iaw, A]-I-Shpw Akw-_ hpw Bbn-cn- p-sa- nepw, a p ]e hnj-b-ß-fnepw \ap p Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cn-jvimcw AXy- m-t]- n-x-am-sw- p- -Xn\p kwi-b-an-. CXp

kw_- n p ]e kwk-xn-i-sfbpw ]d-bm-\p-s - nepw, GX Ime-]-cy- -ap ]cnjvimctømsp-iq-snb ]pxnb Ip m-\-{i-a-sø- p-dn- p am{x-am-wv Cu tej-\-øn Aev]w {]kvxm-hn- m hnn-mcn- p- -Xp. Ipdp-_m-\-{Iaßƒ ]e A p-iq- ß-fn \n pw {]kn- -s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- Xp Rm hmbn- n- p- p. AXp-I-fn Hmtcm- n\pw Hmtcm-Xcw \yq\-x-iƒ B pw {]Xy- -Øn ImWm-hp- Xm-Wv. Cu ]pkvx-i-ß-fn D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn p `mj {]mtbw Aip- hpw ]e `mk-ßfnepw A -hy- -X-bn- m-ø-xp-am-ip- p. A -Sn-bpsS hj-f-xz-sø- n H pw ]d-bm-\p-an-. F m- ]pxnb Ipdp-_m-\-{I-a-Øn taev]-d tzmj-ß-fn H pw-xs ImWp- ns p AXp Hcn- hmbn- n- p Bcpw kωxn p- -Xm-Wv. kpdn-bm-\n-`-m-j-bn A\ym-km-[m-c-W-amb ]mfinxyw kn n- n- p ae- -c aev]m- m X a snbvx-xm-i-bm- X -a-bn bmsxm-c-_- hpw hcm C-S-bn-s - p Akq-bm- - m-c- mø Gh pw t_m y-am-ip XmWp. ae-bmf `mjm-t]m-j-nwn k`m sk{i- -dn-bm-bncn- m X kma - yhpw ]mfin-xyhpw D h-dpkokp am nfbh Ifpw CXn {]hr- -Øn- n- p- XpsIm p CXn D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p `mj DØ-ahpw Imtem-Nn-Xhpw Bbn-cn- p-sa- p Xns\- n B pw hmz-ap m-bn-cn- -bn-. ] - m snmt ]e `mkßfpw Cu ]pkvx-i-øn X a snbvxp tn Øn- p- -Xp-sIm p Cu ]pkvxiw Ah pw Hcp henb klm-b-ambn Xo n- p- v. ]Zyw kpdn-bm\n cmk-øn Xs `mjm- cw snbvxxp Hcp henb hntijw Xs -bmwv. Cßs\ ]e kwk-xn-ifpw FSpØp ]d-bm-\p- v. \ma-{i-h-w-am-{x-øn \mw A\p-k-cn-t Bfmb am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm Xncp-a-\- nse A\-pa-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]kn- -s -S-pØo- p Cu ]pkvxiw ki-e- ]- n-ifnepw D]-tbm-Kn-t - Xpw D]-tbm-Kn- p-h-cp- -Xpw- Bs-W- nepw, CXp {]kn- -s -SpØnb ImeØp Nne CXns\ hntcm-[n- m snbvx hn-^-e-amb bxv\sø kw_- n p A[nIw hn-kvx-cn- -W-sa p txm p- n. am At{]w ap-x-emb ]pwy-hm- msc Pbn- -Ø kpdnbm\n `mjm-]m-fin-xy-ap hcpw AXp tae-[n-im-cn-sbbpw (]t sszhsø IqSnbpw) Iq m- p- -X-s pw Aßs\ Iq m- m-øxp Hc-h-ÿ-b-m-sW pw hnnm-cn- p- -hcp-amb Npcp w Nnecpw \ΩpsS CSbn-ep- p. ]t Cu hi- m-cpss \n m-c-amb A`n-{]mbw kpdn-bm-\n- m Atijw KWy-am- m-xn-cn- p- -Xp-sIm p H pw-xs {]-_-e-s -SmsX t]mip- Xp kt mj-icw Xs. c mw ]Xn p Ign- n- p Cu ]pkvx-i-sø- p-dn p Cßs\ Hcp tej\w C{X Xma-kns -gp-xm-\p- mb {][m-\ -Im-cWw Xmsg hnh-cn- p- -Xm-Wp. km-[m-cw Rmb-dm-gvN-If-n CXnse an ]Zy-`m-K-ßfpw D]-tbm- -Kn p ImWp- n-. hnti-j-zn-h-k-ß-fn am{xta CXp-Iƒ apgp-h D]tbmKn m ku-icyw Im-Wp- p- p. AXn-\m km[m-cw Znh-k-ß-fnse D]- tbm-k-øn-\m-bn-s m p ]Zy-ß-fpsS NphsS AXp-I-fpsS kmcw KZyØn Fgp-Xn-bm \ mbn-cn- p-sa p C\n p ]e-t mgpw txm o- p- Xm-W-v. Cu ]pkvxiw km-[m-cw Rmb-dm-gvN- If-n D]-tbm-Kn- m-dp ]e pw Cu A`n-{]mbw txm m-xn-cn- m CS-bn-s- - mwv Fs hnizm-kw. Cu A`n-{]mbw BZ-c-Wo-b-am-sW p `mc-hm-ln-iƒ p txm p -ps - n, ASpØ ]Xn n KZy-`m-K-ß-fpw tn Øp- Im m R-m B{-Kln- p- p. C mcyøn CS-h-I- -{Xn- I-bv p A`n-{]mbw Fs p Adn-hm ImØn-cn- p p. tb-ip-zmkv Cu Ip m-\-{i-a-øns aq mw ]Xn v 1901- {]kn- oicn p. AXns Ih t]-pn C{]-Im-cw ImWp p: ""bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n Ip m-\-{i-aw. kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn \n p X na snbvx-xv. aq mw ]Xn- v. ae-bmf at\m-ca Iº\n ( n]vxw) tim bw (1901).'' IywXm {]m -\{Iaw 1902- ae- c aev]m m-cm-bn-cp h -t»-cn Koh Kokv aev]m\pw tim\m v amø aev]m\pw IqSn tn v IywXm {]m - \ {Iaw hnh Ø\w snbvxv {]kn- o-i-cn- p. IywXm {]m -\-m{i-a-tøm-ssm w hn. Ip m-\-{i-ahpw IqSn tn ØmWv {]kn- o-i-cn- -Xv. {K-ŸØns t]cv ""IywXm {]m -\m-{i-aw Ip - m-\-{iaw tn Xv'' F m-bnc-p p. Cu hnh Ø\w `mjm-]-c-amb ]-cn-jvimcw t]mepw hcp-ømsx C pw ae- c Hm Ø-tUm-Ivkv k`-bn {]Nm-c-Øn-en-cn- p p. Cu {KŸ-Øns Ih t]-pn C{]-Im-cw ImWp p: ""IywXm -{]m -\m-{iaw. Ip m-\-{iaw tn Xv. kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p X na. ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca Iº\n ( n]vxw) tim bw. 1902.'' CXns c mw ]Xn v 1903- {]kn oir-x-am-bn. Cu hnh Ø\w {]kn- o-i-cn- m\p- mb kml-n-cy-ßƒ Fs - m-am-sw v apj-hp-c-bn hnh Ø-

I Xs ]d-bp -Xv ImWpI: Bs m- p v Hmtcm Rmb-dmgvN Znh-k-ßƒ pw, hn-ti-j -Znh-kßƒ pw t\mºp Znh-kßƒ pw a p km[m-cw Znh-k-ßƒ pw {]txyiw {]txyiw {]m -\-{I-a-ßƒ \ΩpsS hnip k`-bn hnip ]nxm- - m G s]-sp-øo- p- v. F nepw ae-bmføp At -\n- Iƒ v D]-tbm-K-s -S-Ø- -hæw CXns Nne Awi-ßƒ am{xta \m -p-`m-jbn apºn-\mse X na snbvxv \S- p-h- n- p p. ] - m am{xw D]-tbm-Kn- p-h-cp kpdn-bm\n {]m -\m- {I-a-ß-fn-ep AkwJyw Km\-ßsf AtXa n ae-bm-f-øn D m n D]-tbm-Kn- p-iq-sstbm F p \ΩpsS hnip ]nxm-hmb ]m{xn-b okp _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v ChnsS Fgp- -nøma-kn- p ImeØv Hcp kμ `-h-im Iev]n- n- pap- v. CX-\p-k-cn- pw, {]txyiw kpdn-bm-\n-`mj ]cn-n-b-an- mø Bfp-I-fp-sS Bh-iysØ hnnm-cn pw, km[m-cwambn \ΩpsS I Øm-hns ]p\-cp- m-\-øns Hm Ωsb sim m-sp-hm Dt±-in- n- p Rmb-dmgvN Znhk-ßƒ p s]mxpsh D]-tbm-K-s -S-Ø- -h-æ-ap ]e Km\ßfpw \ΩpsS ]nxm-hmb \ncww apx-emb CS-h-I-I-f-psS am {KotKmd- -n-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm Xn-cp-a-\- p-sim v kp-dn-bm\n a -p-i-fn Xs ae-bm-f-øn X na snbvxv sh n-cp- Xv Ahn-SpsØ IrXym- -c-_m-lpeyw \nanøw ]q Ønbm- p-hmt\m ]cn-tim-[n p \ m- mt\m CS-bm-ImsX InS p t]mi-bm Rßsf Gev]-n p-ibpw Rßƒ c mfpw IqSn Cu Km\-ßsf kpdn-bm\n aqe-tømsv HØpt\m n t]mcm-ø-hsb tn Øp I -Øn Cu Koh-dp-Kokv Ah I-fpsS klm-b-øm kp-dn-bm\n hrø-ßƒ v t`zw IqSmsX D m n icn-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw CS-bv nsbv- p- akpaq-dm-iƒ, {]m -\-Iƒ apx-em-b-hsb tn Øv {Ia-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snbvxn- p- -Xm-Ip- p Cu sndnb ]pkvxiw. CXn Ggp -bm-a-ßƒ pw D {]m -\-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bnse {Ia-a-\p-kcn v thsd thsd C n-cn- p- p. F nepw F m-h pw Ggp-t\-chpw {]m n- m-\p {]bmkw ""CS-hn-SmsX {]m n- n '' F p thz-hn-[n-bpss Xm ]cyw A\p-k-cn v hnip ]nxm- - m-cm Hmtcm bma-tø p \nb-an- -s - n-cn- p {]m -\-Iƒ apgp-h A\p-jvTn- m- msem F p i bpw \nanøw km[m-c-w-ambn F m-hcpw cm{xn-bnepw {]`m-x-k-a-bøpw, aq mwawn t\cøpw D bv pw D {]m -\-Iƒ H mbn {]`m-x-k-a-bøv Ign- p-ibpw Hº-XmwaWn t\cøpw k ybv pw kqøm-dmbv pw D {]m \Iƒ H mbn k ym-k-a-bøv Ign- p-ibpw snbvxp hcp- -Xn-\m Gg-pt\-chpw {]m n- m kui-cy-an- m-ø-h taev]- d ]Xn-h-\p-k-cn v c p-t\-c-ambn {]m n- m-hp- -Xpw, Aßs\ c p-t\-c-ambn {]m n- p-tºmƒ F m {]m -\bpw ""]nxmhpw ]p{x\pw hnip dqlm-bp-amb'' CXymZn Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-Øn snm p-hm-\p hnizm-k-{]-amww apx-em-b-hbpw {]txyiw {]txyiw F m bma-{]m -\-I-fp-sSbpw BZn-bnepw Ah-km-\-Ønepw snm msx BZn-bn-epw Ah-km-\-Ønepw Hcn- am{xw snm n-bm axn-bm-ip- Xpw BIp- p. {]m -\-bp-ss Ah-km-\-Øn snm phm-\p hnizm-k-{]-amww, _kva s m, lqtømωm apx-em-bh Hmtcm bma-{]m -\-bp-ssbpw, Ah-km-\-Øn- tn msx IywXm {]m -\m-{i-a-øns Ah-km-\-Øn... - mw ]pdw apx tn Øn-cn- p- Xpw, Bb-Xp {]m -\-bpss Ah-km-\-Øn tn Øp snmt - Xpw BIp p. F m ] - m-c- IqsS-bn- msx At -\n-iƒ X\n p {]m n- p- -Xm-bm ] - m-c F pw {]Xn-hm-Iy-sa pw BZn-bn C n-cn- p `mk-ßfpw Gh tk-en-tbm hmb- \bpw AXns\ kw_- n- p- Xpw _kva t m, kmzo-s m, AIvZw-{am-tlw, siml-ss\-iv, s\ _-iq, lqtømωm Chbpw Hgn v tij-ap `mk-ßƒ am{xw D]-tbm-Kn-t - -Xm-Ip- p. h -t»-cn Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m tim\m v amø IØ-\m am Zoh- m-tkymkns Iev-]\Iƒ 1889- tim bw kpd-n-bm\n skan-\m-cn-bn sk v txmakv {] v {]-h Ø-\-am-cw-`n- p. skan-\mcn hy-hlmcw Ah-km-\n v hn[n \SØn hmßnb kzøp- fpss Iq -Øn Hcp {] pw kma-{kn-ifpw D m-bncp p. ]me- p- Øv am AØm-\m-tkymkv ÿm-]n- -Xm-bn-cp p {] v. ]pen-t m- n sa{xm-t m-eoøm AXn\v "sk v txmakv {]kv' (am tømakv A p-iq-sw) F v \ma-i-cww snbvxp. sa{xm-t m-eoøm 1870 sim n-bn Bcw-`n- p-ibpw ]n osv \n p-t]m-hp-ibpw snbvx {] ns t]cpw "sk v txmakv {]kv' F m-bn-cp- p. tim bw skan-\m-cn-bn Bcw-`-n sk v txmakv {] n \n pw kpdn-bm-\-nbnepw ae-bm-f-ønepw Bcm-[-\-{I-aß-ƒ {]kn- o-i-cn- p-hm XpS-ßn. CtXmsS a v {] p-i-fn A -Sn Bcm- [-\-{I-a-ß-sf d±m ns m v ]pent m- n sa{xmt m-eoøm kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp Iev]\ 1892- ]pd-s - Sp-hn- p. Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fpsS A -Snbpw hnev]-\bpw kw_- n v sa{xm-t m-eoøm Ab A v Iev]-\- Iƒ Im-WpI:

ae c CS-h-I-bpsS am Zoh- m-tkymkn \n pw kpdn-bm\n kxy-hn-izmk k`-bnse \a-kvi-mc ]pkvx-i-ßƒ ]cn-jvi-cn v ae-bm-f-`m-jbn \ΩpsS skan-\mcn am tømωkp A -piq Øn A -Sn- n p kxy- -hn-iz-m-kn-i-fpss Bhniy-Øn-\mbn {]kn- -s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xn-\m, A\y-A- p-iq- -ß-fn CXn\p apºp- m-bn p ]Xn- p-isf CXn-\m d±m- n-bn-cn- p- p. skan-\m-cn-bn \n pw {]kn- o-i-cn- p ]pkvx-i-ßƒ P\-ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn hmßn D]- I-cn- m-hp- Xpw A mø ]Xn- p-iƒ hmßp- Xv kq n pw th- n-bn-cn- p p F p \ΩpsS kxy- -hn-iz-m-k k`-bn Dƒs F m-hscbpw CXn-\m sxcy-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. 1892 ao\w 24- -\p (ae- c CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I, 1892 ao\w) \º 30 ae- c CS-h-I-bpsS am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bn \n pw \ΩpsS kpdn-bm\n kxy-hn-izmk k`bnse \a-kvimc ]pkvx-i-ßƒ ]cn-jv cn v ae-bmf `mj-bn knω-\mcn hi am txmakv A p-iq- -Øn A -Sn- n v kxy-hn-izm-kn-i-fpss Bhiy-Øn-\mbn {]kn- -s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p Xn-\m CXn\p apºv A\yA p-iq- -ß-fn A -Sn- n- p ]pkvx-ißsf d±m- n-bn-cn- p- Xmbn 128- mw \º 3 mw e w ]{Xn-I-bn {]kn- -s -Sp- Øn-bn-cn- p Xp t]mse knω-\m-cn-bn \n v {]kn- -s -Sp-Øp \a-kvimc ]pkvx-i-ßƒ am{xta hmßn D]-I-cn- mhq F v \ΩpsS kxy-hn-izmk k`-bn Dƒs F m-h-scbpw CXn-\m sxcy-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. F v 1893 aicw 26- mw XoøXn tim -bøp knω-\m-cn-bn \n pw (C-S-hI]{XnI 1893, ]p. 2, e w 2) ae- -c -C-S-h-I-bpsS am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm FgpØv \ΩpsS am txmakv A p-iqsw amt\-p si. hn. Cu \v hmgvhv. A p-iq w hibv v ]pkvxiw hi-bmbpw CS-hI]{XnI hi-bmbpw At\Iw ]W-ßƒ ]ncn p In p-hm-\p- Xv icn-bmbn In m-ø-xn-\m the \S-Øn- n\v hfsc hnlv\-ßƒ t\cn phcp p F pw c n-\-ß-fnepw ]Ww Xcp-hm-\p- -h-cpss ta A\ym-b-s v CuSm- p- -Xn\v A\p-hmZw In -W-sa pw a pw \o Ab FgpØp In n hmbn p I -Xn hyk-\n- p- p. A p-iq w hibv v ]ncn p In p-hm-\p ]Wßƒ IpSn-»n-I-bn InS- m hfsc Ipg- -ßƒ n-s-bp- -Xm-I-sIm v Ah ]ncn v CuSm-t - Xv F{Xbpw Bh-iy-amWv. Bcn \ns mw ]Ww ]ncn-hm-\pt m B hibv v {]txyiw hnh-c-amb Hcp enãv Xøm-dm n h pwsim v Hmtcm-cp-Ø v t\m okv simspøv hyh-lmcw IqSmsX ]ncn-s -Sp- p-hm CSbp-s - n Ignbpw a pw Aßs\ ]ncn- -Ww. AXn\v hgn-s -SmsX \nev p- -h-cpss ta apdbv v A\ym-b-s v CuSm ns m p- -Xn\v \mw A\p-h-Zn- n-cn- p- p. F v 1072 ao\- amkw 28- mw XoøXn tim -bøv knω-\m-cn-bn \n pw. (C-S-hI]{XnI 1897 HmtZm ao\w, ]p. 6, e. 3) ae c CS-h-I-bpsS am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bn \n pw \ap-s -{Xbpw kvt\ln- -s BflnI ]p{x-\m-ip tim\m v amø aev]m\v hmgvhv. ip{iqj ]pkvxiw A -Sn v \ΩpsS t] v Ab- -Xmb ]pkvxiw In n. I -Xn hfsc kt mjn p p. ]pkvx-i-øn AS-ßn-bn-cn- p kwk-xn-iƒ hfsc \ -Xv. F nepw \ΩpsS ] - m pw siωm-i- m pw ]cn-n-bn- n- n- m-bvibm X mew Nnehv Npcp- -ambn hcn- I-bn- tbm F v kwi-bn- p- p. X m-e-ap Nnehv Npcp- -sø- p-dn v hnjm-zn- m-\n-. ]n osv [mcmfw sne-hmbns m pw. A -Sn-s -e-hp-iƒ p- m-bn-cn- p hybw ] n- IƒtXmdpw Hmtcm ]pkvx-i-sa- nepw FSp- m X -hæw Iev]-\-tbmSp IqsS ]pkvx-i-ßƒ

Ab v ]ncn- n- m Nne-h v ]Ww DSs\ D m-ip-sa pw hnnmcn- p- p. AXn-\m ]tøm AºtXm ]pkvxiw ChnsS FØn p X m ] n-iƒ v FgpXn Ab v ]ncn- n m-sa v hnnm-cn- p- p.... k h-i- -\mb sszh-øns Ir] kzm- h n- n-cn- p-am-dm-is. 1078 hr niw 27- \v \nc-wøp ] n-bn- \n pw (H- v) ]pxp-xmbn A -Sn Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßsf kw_- n v CS-h-I-Isf Adn-bn- p-sim v ]pent m- n tpmk^v am Zoh- m-tkymkv 1907- Ab Iev]\ ImWpI: ae- c CS-h-I-bpsS am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm FgpØv (ap{z) \ΩpsS ae- -c-bp F m ] n-i-fn-sebpw hnim-cn-amcpw tziøp ] - mcpw ] n-ssi- m-c- mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn-I-s - m \nßƒ p hmgvhv. {]nb-ap- -hsc! kpdn-bm-\n- m-cmb \ΩpsS ] n-{i-a-ßƒ F mw kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn Xs ]q ΔImew apxevs \S-Øn-h-cp- Xpw Aßns\ Xs thw-sa p \n _- -ap Xpw BIp p. F m Ipd p Ime-ßƒ p apºp hscbpw kpdn-bm-\n- p-kvx-i-ßƒ F mw Xs Isø-gp-Øm-bn-cp- -Xn-\m F m ÿeßfnepw Bh-iy-s F m ]pkvx-i-ßfpw In p- - Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn\pw kwk-xn-bm-bn- pt m F p kwi-bn- p- p. F nepw \ΩpsS ae- c aev]m tim\m p amø IØ-\m-cpsS A o-w- ]-cn-{i-a-øm Bh-iy-s an ]pkvx-i-ßfpw A Sn n p s]mxp-hn D]-tbmKtbmKy-am- n-xo Øn-cn- p- p. GXm\pw Nne ]pkvx-i-ßƒ \ΩpsS knω-\m-cn-bnepw ASn- n- p hnhcw \nßƒ pw Adnhp- -t m. ASn- p ]pkvx-i-ßƒ A -t mƒ hn p-]n-cn p, Nne-hmb kwjy-sb- nepw CuSm- ImsX thsd ]pkvx-i-ßƒ ASn- p- -Xn\p \nhr-øn-bn- m-ø-hæw kpdn-bm\n A -Sn p IqSp- X {]bm-khpw \jvshpw D -Xp-sIm p F m ] - mcpw kpdn-bm\n ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss Hmtcm {]Xn- hm-ßn-t - Xp Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXp-Iq-SmsX ap p-t\m-ºns \a-kvimcw ]m{xn-b o-kp-_mhm ae-bm-føp h n-cp kabw sim p-h- n-cp- Xpw ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn p hcp- -h-bp-amb ]pkvxiw Ct mƒ knω- \m-cn-bn A -Sn p Xo n-cn- p- p. aq p-t\mºp ASp-Øn-cn- p Cu Ah-k-c-Øn F m ] n-iƒ pw Sn ]pkvx-i-øns Cuc p {]Xn-Iƒ Ab-bvt - Xp Bh-iy-sa p txm p- I-bm AXn {]-Imcw hn.]n. Bbn Ab-bv p ]pkvx-i-ßsf ] n ssi m-c- m hmßns m p AXns hne knω-\m-cn-bn FØn psimsp- bpw thww. sszh-øns Ir]bpw A\p-{K-l-ßfpw \nß-sf- m-h-tcm-spw-iqss kzm h n- n-cn- p-am-dm- I-s. 1907 aicw 29- \p hs- ]d-hq ] n-bn \n pw (H v) (ae- c CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I, 1907 aicw) am tøm-ωkv A p-iqsw hi {]kn- o-i-c-w-ßƒ ]pen-t m- n tpmk^v am Zoh- m-tkym-kns Ime-L- -Øn ae- -c-k-`-bn {]kn- o-i-c-w-ßƒ Xg- p-h-f p. sa{xm-t m-eoøm Cu {]kn- o-i-c-w-ßƒ v hnøpw hf-hp-ta-in. ae- -c-k-`-bpss hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn \n v A v amkn-i-iƒ (H-scÆw kpdn-bm\n amkn-i-bm-bn-cp- p) Cu Ime-L- -Øn {]kn- o- I-cn- n-cp- p. k`-bpss HutZym-KnI {]kn- o-i-c-w-hn-`m-k-ambn {]h Øn- n-cp- Xv tim bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn-bn-ep sk v txmakv {] v (am tøm-akv A p-iqsw) Bbn-cp- p. Cu {] n- \n pw {]kn- o-i-cn ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss Hcp enãv ImWpI (ae- c CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I, 1905 ao\w): kpdn-bm\n apgp-h \a-kvim-c-{iaw, kpdn-bm\n ivloam- -Sn \a-kvim-c-{i-aw, kpdn-bm\n Dbn ns \akvim-c-{i-aw, kpdn-bm\n Ipdn p ]pkvx-iw, henb \a-kvim-c-{iaw (ap-gp-h ), sndnb A -c-øn (ap-gph ), sndnb s\mb-ºns, km[m-cw \a-kvim-c-{i-aw, Ip m\{iaw sndn-b-xp, kpdn-bm\n `mjm-n-cn-{xw,

Du»sew bm{xm-hn-h-c-ww, aømbn «olm-bpss \a-kvim-cw, Koh-dp-Kokp kl-zm-bpss Ncn-{Xw, ] n- m- p-iƒ, am w-i-fn- m- p, amd-s -ip-]m-\, Zqhm-Zn hnhm-l-ko-xw, hymip-e-{]-em-]w, {InkvXob Io Ø-\w, ax-kw-k-xn (h -t»-cn Koh Kokv aev]m cnn- Xv), asxm-]-tz-i-]m-e-\w, ]m m-bpss k hm-[n-]xy IpTmcw (C. Fw. ^oen-t mkv cnn Xm-sW p txm p p), tnmtzym-øcw (k-t -kviqƒ h-i), tnmtzym-øcw H mw- `m-kw, tnmtzym-øcw c mw `mkw, _me-]m-tw, sshzy-am-en-i, ]t{xm-kns knwlm-k-\w, {]kwkw (]-ø-º n ZmhoZp IØ-\m ), {iocm-sam-z w `mjm-im-hyw, A m-{kl IpTm-cw, a p-_m-b- m-cpss ]pkvx- Ihpw item-tams alm- m-\hpw IqSn-b-Xv (IS-hn ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv hen-b-xn-cp-ta\n cnn Xv), kl-sz- m-cpss Ncn-{Xw (I m-t»-cn ]p qkv dºm ]. Koh Kokv c m-a _mhm cnn v 1901- {]kn- o-i-cn- Xv), ]cn-ip- - m-cpss Ncn-{Xw (I m-t»-cn ]p qkv dºm cnn v 1902- {]kn- o- I-cn- Xv), cl-ky-{]m -\-Iƒ (I m-t»-cn ]p qkv dºm cnn v 1901- {]kn- o-i-cn- Xv), akp-aq-dp (IS-hn ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv hen-b-xn-cp-ta\n cnn Xv), am Zoh- m-tkymkp Ncn-{X-Km-\w (Nnß-h\w ]pem-øp-cp-øn Nmt m Nmt m F A -Ihn cnn- Xv), am {KotKm-dn-tbm-kp- ]m-\ (Nnßh\w ]pem-øp-cp-øn Nmt m Nmt m F A -Ihn cnn- Xv), Fs a ƒ, aviossl p kz`m-hw. IS-hn ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tkym-kns X -a-iƒ tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øns {]Ya sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bm-bn-cp IS-hn ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv (1833-1907) thz-]p-kvxiw ae-bmf `mj-bn-te v X a snøp- -Xn D m-ln p {]h Øn- p. 1811- \p tijw ae- -c-k-`-bn BZy-am-bp- mb Hcp ]cn-`m-jm-{i-a-am-wn-sx p txm p- p. ajm-_n-b, cqyv, Xq_oZv, akp-aq apx-emb At\Iw ]pkvx-i-ßƒ sa{xm-t m-eoøm ae-bm-f-øn-te v X a snbvxn- p- v. ]p qkv dºms X -a-iƒ ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm dºm-\m-bn-cp Ime-L- -Øn (]p- qkv dºm ) HºXp {KŸ-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p ]cn-`m-j-s -SpØn am tøm-akv A p-iq-søn \n p {]kn- o-i-cn- p. Ah-bpsS t]cp-ifpw {_m - n {]kn- o-i-c-w -h jhpw: 1. ]cn-ip kl-tz- m-cpss Ncn{Xw (1901), 2. ]cn-ip kv{xoi-fpss Ncn{Xw (1905), 3. am At m-\nkp Ncn{Xw (1906), 4. ]cn-ip- - m-cpss Ncn{Xw (1902), 5. am sia-du szkvxp-s\-bpss t{ijvtx (1906), 6. Ae- Ivk{ ym-bpss ]m{xn-b o-kmb am bqlm-t\m avdlvtωms\ (1907), 7. ] sszkm, 8. cl-ky-{]m \ (1900). HutK _mhm-bpss kw`m-h-\-iƒ Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fpsS X -a-bnepw {]kn- o-i-c-w-ønepw HutK ImtXm-en- m-_mhm hne-s kw`mh-\-iƒ \ In-bn- p- v. ae- -c-k-`-bnepw At ym-jy-bnepw HutK _mhm-sb-t mse kpdn-bm\n `mjm- ]fin-x-\mbn 20- mw \q m- n thsd Bcpw D m-bn- n-. APo-h-\m w FgpØpw hmb-\bpw ]T-\-hp-ambn Ign- p-iq- nb Hcp alm-\m-bn-cp p At±-lw. {]mbw sxmæq-dn-t\m-sspsøønbn pw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw aebmf- Ønepw Ihn-X-Ifpw {KŸ-ßfpw cnn- -Ø- -hn-[-ap `mjm-kzm-[o-\hpw Hm Ω-i- nbpw I Ω-ti-jnbpw At±lw {]Z in- n- n- p- v. tim\m v amø aev]m X a snbvxp h n-cp ]pxn-b-\n-baw ]cn-tim- [n v A -Sn- n- Xv IqSmsX \nc-h[n {KŸ-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw GXm\pw Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßƒ ]pxp-xmbn cnn- p-ibpw snbvxp. _mhm-bpss {KŸ-ß-fpsS enãv Xmsg simsp- p- p. {_m - n {]kn- o-i-cw h jhpw a p hnh-c-ß-fpw. X -a-iƒ 1. Hcp -h jw hcp F m {]txyi Znh-k-ß-fn-sebpw {]m -\-Iƒ AS-ßp s] Kokm \a-kvim-cßƒ p {]pan-tbm (1948). 2. t\mºnse {]pan-tbm. 3. IjvSm-\p-`h BgvN-bnse \a-kvimcw ]Zy-cq-]-Øn (1971 ^m. tuhnuv sndp-txm- n {]kn- o- I-cn p). 4. am -tømωm «olm-bp-ssbpw Koh Kokv kl-zm-bp-ssbpw s]cp- m-fp-iƒ p s] okm \a-kvimcw ({]m -\-Iƒ) (1951). 5. I o-em-{iaw (1974- - ^m. si. hn. Koh Kokv {]kn- o-i-cn- p). 6. t\mºnse \a-kvimcw (1960 Xncp-hn-Xmw-tImSv Koh Kokv dºm {]kn- o-i-cn- p). 7. B p-xivkm (K-Zyw). 8. B\oZm (K-Zyw). 9. B -S- -ap Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fn-sebpw amdm-\mb s]cp- m-fp-i-fn-sebpw (I-jvSm-\p-`h BgvN HgnsI) {]pan-tbm-\p-iƒ.

10. ] w-sims ]pkvx-i-ßƒ (K-Zyhpw ]Zy-hpw). 11. ] n-iq-zmi ]pkvx-i-ßƒ (K-Zyhpw ]Zy-hpw). 12. {]txyi IqZm-i-{I-a-ßƒ. 13. Ipcn-ipw-sXm n IqZm-i-{Iaw. 14. ih-t m IqZm-i-{Iaw. cn-\-iƒ 15. s]cp- m-fp-i-fnepw Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fn hn. Ip m-\-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn- p lqtøm-tam-iƒ kpdn-bm- \n-bnepw ae-bm-f-ønepw cnn- p. 16. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw timx-aw-k-eøv _mhm-bpssbpw s]cp- m-fp-i-fn-te-bv p {]pan-tbm-\p- Iƒ. 17. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS s]cp- m-fn-\p \a-kvim-c-{i-aw. k`m-ihn kn. ]n. Nm n ae- -c-bnse Bcm-[\mKm\-ßƒ v Imhym-fl-I-Xbpw Xmfm-fl-I-Xbpw \ In Bcm-[\m kmln-xy-am- p- -Xn {][m\ ] p-h-ln- Xv kn. ]n. Nm n-bm-wv. A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-amb Ihn-Xm-]m-S-hhpw k Km-fl- I-Xbpw _lp-`mjm \n]p-w-xbpw ka-\z-bn- p {]Xn-`m-im-en-bmb kn. ]n. Nm n v Bi-b-ßƒ kpe-fn- X-]-Z-hn-\ym-k-ß-tfmsS AXoh {]mk- y-tømss tim Øn-W- p-hm km[n- p. \nkvx-{μhpw I Ω-\n-c-Xhp-amb X]-ky-bm ]uckvxy B ym-fln-i-x-bpss Bg-ßƒ efn-x-kp-μ-chpw Xmfm-fl-I-hp-ambn ` lrzbß-fn \nd-bv p-hm At±-l-Øn\v Ign- p. Km\-c-N\ \SØnb Bcm-[\{Ia-ßƒ 1. hn. Ip _m-\-{iaw o_m-bpss \a-kvim-chpw IywXm-bpsS \a-kvim-chpw AXmXv Znh-k-ß-fn-tebv p {]txyi Km\-ßfpw Dƒs -ss-bmwv CXv {]kn- o-i-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. IqSmsX taev]- - msc kzoicn- m-\-bn- p-tºmƒ, Xncn-s -gp- - p-tºmƒ, hmgvhv \ Ip-tºmƒ, hn. Ip m-\m\- -cm-\p-`-h-øn-\p {]txyi KoX-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw Dƒs - n-cn- p- -XmWv hn. Ip _m-\-{i-aw. 2. ZpxJ-sh- n-bmgvn \a-kvim-c-{iaw ZpxJ-sh- n-bm-gvn-bnse F m bma-ß-fn-tebpw Km\-ßƒ Dƒs - Sp-Ønb {Ia-amWv CXv. Cu Km\-ß-fpsS hcn-i-fnse Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw \ms-io-b-xbpw t{ijvs-hpw lrzb {Zho-I-cWtijn A\p-]-ahp-am-Wv. tbip-hns a\p-jym-h-xm-c-hr-øm IY, ]ovm-\p-`hw XpS-ßnbh ZpxJsh- n-bpss Km\-ß-fn-eqsS hfsc lrz-b-kv] in-bmbn At±lw Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn- p- p. 3. hn. IqZm-i-{I-a-ßƒ hn. amtam-zo-km, hn. hnhm-l-iq-zm-i, `h\ ip o-i-cww, tcmkn-i-fpss ssxem- `n-tj-iw, c mw hnhmlw F n-h-bpss {Ia-ß-fmWv CXn AS-ßn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. ]Xn-{h-Xbmw ]cn-]m-h-\- k-`-sb... XpS-ßnb Km\-ßƒ kμ `m-\p-kp-w-amb A sshnn-{x-yß-fn-tebv v A\p-hm-N-Is\ Db - Øp p. 4. ih-kw-kvim-c-ip-{iqjm {Iaw \mep ip{iq-j-iƒ hoxw ]pcp-j- m-cp-ssbpw kv{xoi-fp-ssbpw Ip n-ifp-ssbpw ih-kw-kvim-c-øn\v {]txyiw {Iaw Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. 5. t\mºnse \a-kvim-cw aq p-t\m-ºn-sebpw hen-b-t\m-ºn-sebpw bma-{]m -\-Iƒ ]Zy-cq-]-Øn Dƒs m- n- n-cn- p p. CXnse KoX-ß-fn A\p-Xm-]-Øns `mh-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p p. 6. ivloam-\-a-kvim-cw Rmb apx i\n -h-sc-bp Znh-k-ß-fnse km[m-cw \a-kvim-c-amwv ]Zy-cq- ]-Øn {Iao-I-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. Hmtcm Znh-k-Øns {]txy-i-xbpw {]m[m-\yhpw A\p-k-cn- mwv Km\-ßƒ Nn -s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. 7. B p-xivk P\-\-s -cp-\mƒ, Z\-l, ip_vt mt\m ip{iq-j, ZpxJ-sh- n-bmgvn o_m hμ-\- hns ip{iq-j, Dbn v, kz m-tcm-l-ww, s] n-t m-kvxn-s -cp- mƒ F o ip{iq-j-i-fpss KoX-ß-fmWv CXn. AXmXv Znh-k-ß-fpsS {]txy-i-xbpw Ah \ Ip Bi-b-ßƒ, hnizmk BNm-c-ßƒ Chsb ap \n Øn-bp-amWv KoX-ßƒ cnn- ncn p- -Xv. 8. ]. sszh-am-xm-hn-s bpw ]cn-ip ]cp-a-e-xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-ssbpw s]cp-\m-fnse s] o-k-\-a-kvim-cw ]. sszh-am-xm-hn-s bpw ]cn-ip ]cp-a-e-xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-ssbpw s]cp-\m-fn D]- tbm-kn- p-hm-\mbn {]pan-tbm skzvdm Dƒs ss Xøm-dm- nb \a-kv m-c-{i-aw. 9. lmim-ko-x-ßƒ IjvSm-\p-`-h BgvN-bn tbip-hns IjvSm-\p-`-h-Ømepw ac-w-ømepw t\sn-

Ø c -sb- p-dn v IqSp-X t_m[-a-xn-i-fm-ip- -Xn\pw AXv A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Ip- -Xn\pw X -hn-[-ønep KoX-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn- n-cn- p- p. IqSmsX I Øm-hns ]oum-\p-`-h- kw-`-h-ßsf A\p-kva-cn- p KoX-ß-fpamWv Ch. 10. sshzn-i-cpss ih-kw-kvim-c-{iaw {]mcw` kam-]\ ip{iq-j-iƒ IqSmsX F p ip{iq-j-iƒ ASßn-b-XmWv sshzn-i-cpss ih-kw-kvim-c-{iaw. ]gb ]pxnb \nba kw`-h-ßsf lrz-b-kv] in-bmbn Ah- X-cn- n- n-cn- p p. 11. hn. Ip m-\-bpss lqtømωm hn. Ip m-\-bpss kam-]\ {]m \ KoX-am-bn v cnn- n-cn- p- p. 12. {]m -\m-tbm-k-an{xw. ]mømap w amfn-i-bn Fw. kn. Ipdn-bm-t mkv dºm-\p-ambn tn v Xømdm- nb KoXßf-S-ßnb {]m -\m-]p-kvx-iw. c v ]c-ky-ßƒ IqZiv CutØm apx B\o-tZ -h-sc-bp F m Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fn-sebpw \a-kvim-c-ß-fn D]-tbm-Knt {]pan-tbm. ` nkwh -Ihpw hn m-\-]q Æ-hp-amb Cu DØ-a-{KŸw DØa {InkvXob Pohn-X-Øn\p {]tnm- Z\w \ Ip XmWv. Xmsg-Im-Wp ta hn-em-k-øn Bh-iy-s -SpI: sk{i- -dn, kap-zmb B okv ]gb knω-\m-cn, tim -bw hne 3 cq. 8 AW (a-e- ck`m -am-kn-i-bn 1949 HIvtSm-_ (]p-kvxiw 3, e w 12)- e w {]kn- o-i-cn ]c-kyw) bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n- m-cpss Ip m\ XIvk. am bmt m-_n-s -bpw, am Zoh- m-tkym-kn-s bpw XIvk-I-fpw, Ip _m-\-{i-ahpw AS-ßn-b-Xv. BZysØ ]Xn- p-t]mse Xs ] - m-c, ip{iq-j- m-c, Abvta\n Ch snmt - Xv F mw AS-ßn-bn- p- -Xv. Cu ]pxnb ]Xn- n-\p hnti-jw X-Sn A -c-ß-fm-wv D]-tbm-Kn- n- p- -sx- p- -Xm-Wv. A -c- Øns amxr-i-bm-wn-xv. \ ta\n- -S-em-kn A -Sn- v, ]pkvxiw \ -t]mse ae Øn Xpd- -Ø- -hæw Xp n, Imens m ioe-sim p _b p snbvxn- p- -Xv. 7 C v \ofw, H c C v hoxn. X]m s -ehp ]pdsa. (hn-e. 2 I) Rß-fpsS Im -temkv kup\yw amt\-p, F.-B-.-]n. {] v & Huj-[-im-e, Ip w-ip-fw (a-e- -c-k-`m- am-kn-i-bn 1949 HIvtSm-_ e w {]kn- o-i-cn ]c-kyw) I o-e, Il-ss\Øm kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p tx\p- Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m X a snbvxxpw am HutK Xotam-Øntbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm ]cn-tim-[n v A\p-h-Zn- -Xp-amb ""I o-e, Il-ss\Øm'' ]pkvxiw Xncp-h Fw.Pn.Fw. {] n \n pw 1950- {]kn- o-ir-x-am-bn. c c cq]m-bm-bn-cp p hne. Ct mƒ D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn- p Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßƒ ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`m {]kn- o-i-cw hip v (tim -bw) {]kn- o-i-cn {KŸ-ßƒ: 1. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS o_m apx IywXm hscbpw IywXm apx o_m hsc-bp-ap Rmb-dmgvN \a-kvimcw & hn. Ip m-\-{iaw. sszh-am-xm-hn-t\m-sp a yÿ {]m - \bpw hn. Ipº-km-c-{I-ahpw B -S- -ap hn. Ip m\ Km\-ßfpw a pw AS-ßn-b-Xv. (]. _t -en-tbmkv am tømωm amxyqkv {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm {]kn- -s -Sp-Øn-s m- n-cp- Xv.) H mw ]Xn v 1959. tim n 10000. Ccp-]-Øn-Bdmw ]Xn v 1994 sk]v w-_. tim n 10000 2. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hn. Ip m-\-{iaw. H mw-]-xn v 1992 am v. (5000 tim n). 3. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS IpSpw-_m-cm-[-\-{Iaw. ]. kp -l-tzm-kns

AwKo-Im-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn {]kn- o-i-cn- p- -Xv. H mw ]Xn v 1974. c mw ]Xn v 1975 (tim n 12000). aq mw ]Xn v 1982 (tim n 10000) H ]Xmw ]Xn v 1993 (tim n 10000). 4. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS \nxy-{]m -\-{I-aw. ]cn-`m-j-i : ae- c aev]m tim\m v amø timsd- n-kvtim m. A mw ]Xn v 1993 sk]v w-_ (-tim n 5000). 5. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS {]m -\-{Iaw. ]cn-`m-j-i : ae- c aev]m tim\m v amø timsd- n-kvtim m. 29- mw ]Xn v 1994 Pqsse (tim n 5000). 6. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ZpxJ-sh- n-bmgvn \a-kvim-cw. o_m Bcm- [\ tn -Xv. H mw ]Xn v 1955. 36- mw ]Xn v 1994 Pq (tim n 15000). 7. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS IqZmi{Ia-ßfpw B\o-Zm-bpw (Ko-X-ßƒ am{xw). ]cn-`m-j-i : tim\m v A{_lmw aev]m. KoX-ßƒ: k`m-ihn kn. ]n. Nm n, shæn- pfw. 1993 (tim n 5000). 8. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse t\mºnse \a-kvim-cw. henb t\mºn-sebpw \n\phm t\mºn-sebpw {]m -\-{I-aw. ]cn-`m-j-i : ae- c aev]m tim\m v A{_lmw IØ-\m. Km\-c-N\: kn. ]n. Nm n. c mw ]Xn v 1988 (tim n 1000). 9. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse IqZm-i-{I-a-ßƒ. ]cn-`m-j-i : ae- c aev]m tim\m v A{_lmw IØ-\m. ae-bm-f-km-\-ßƒ: k`m-ihn kn. ]n. Nm n. 1993 (tim n 2000). 10. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse ivloam -\-a-kvimcw (IywXm {]m -\-{Iaw tn Xv). ]cn-`m-j-i : ae- c aev]m tim\m v A{_lmw IØ-\m. Km\-c-N\: k`m-ihn kn. ]n. Nm n. \memw ]Xn- v- 1993 (tim n 1500). 11. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS IjvSm-\p-`h BgvN-bnse \a-kvim-c-{i-aw (ZpxJ-sh- n-bmgvn ip{iq-j-iƒ tn -Xv). H mw ]Xn- v- 1991. A mw ]Xn v 1994 (-tim n 1500). 12. B p-x-ivkm. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS s]cp- mƒ ip{iq-j-{i-aw. ]cn-`m-j-: ae- c aev]m tim\m v A{_lmw IØ-\m. ae-bm-f-km-\-ßƒ: kn. ]n. Nm n, shæn- p-fw. 1992 (tim n 2000). 13. ]. sszh-am-xm-hns s]cp- m-fp-i-fnse s] okm \a-kvim-c-{i-aw. kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n v X -a. bqlm-t\m am tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm. Km\-c-N\: k`m-ihn kn. ]n. Nm n. H mw ]Xn v 1983 BKÃv (tim n 1000), aq mw ]Xn v \hw-_ 1987 (tim n 3000). 14. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS t\mºnse IpSpw-_m-cm-[-\-{I-aw. (h-enb t\mºv, ]oum-\p-`h BgvN, aq p-t\mºv Znh-k-ß-fnse \a-kvim-c-ßƒ). (]. F n-kvtim- kp -l-tzm-kns AwKo-ImctØmSp-IqSn {]kn- -s -Sp-Øp- -Xv). H mw ]Xn- v- 1987 s^{_p-h-cn. c mw ]Xn- v- 1987 am v. aq mw ]Xn- v- 1991 am v, \memw ]Xn v 1994 am v. 15. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kμ t`m-nnx {]m -\-Iƒ (ssh-zn-i-cp-ssbpw Abvta-\n-I-fp-sSbpw D]-tbm-K-Øn-\v). Xøm-dm- n-bxv: amxyqkv am _ -_mkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm. (]. kp -l-tzmkv AwKo-I-cn- -Xv). ]cn-jvi-cn c mw ]Xn- v- 1991 (tim n 5000). 16. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS lmim-ko-x-ßƒ. Duim\ Rmb-dmgvN apx Dbn p Rmb-dmgvN hsc-bp IjvSm-\p-`h BgvN-bnse IuΩm \a-kvim-chpw {]txyi KoX-ßfpw ASßn-b-Xv. ]cn-`m-j-i : bqlm-t\m am tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm. Km\-c-N\: k`m-ihn kn. ]n. Nm n. 19- mw ]Xn v. \hw-_ 1994 (tim n 50000). 17. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS s]cp- m-fnse s] okm \a-kvim-c-{i-aw. kpdn-bm-\n-bn cnn- Xv: HutK am Xotam-Øn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm (]. HutK _mhm). kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p X a: bqlm-t\m am tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm. Km\-c-N\: k`m-ihn kn. ]n. Nm n. c mw-]-xn v. 1987 \hw-_ (tim n 3000). 18. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS s]cp- mƒ ip{iq-j-{i-a-ßƒ. (Ko-X-ßƒ am{xw) ]cn-`m-j-i : tim\m v A{_lmw aev]m. KoX-c-N\: k`m-ihn kn. ]n. Nm n. aq mw-]-xn v. 1991 (tim n 5000). A mw ]Xn v 1994 P\phcn (tim n 5000). 19. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse ih-kw-kvimc ip{iq-j-{iaw. ]cn-`m-j-i : ae- c aev]m tim\m v A{_lmw IØ-\m. ae-bmf Km\-ßƒ: kn. ]n. Nm n, shæn- p-fw. 1993 (tim n 2000). 20. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS I oem Il-ss\-Øm-{I-aw (kp-dn-bm-\n-bn

\n p X n-a). (]. HutK {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v ]cn-tim-[n v A\p-h-Zn- -Xv) ]cn-`m-j-i : tx\p- Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m. c mw-]-xn v 1987 BKÃv. 21. aq p t\mºn-sebpw \mev]xp t\mºn-sebpw {]pan-tbm-\p-iƒ. kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p X a: HutK am Xotam-Øn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm (_-tk-en-tbmkv HutK {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm). \memw ]Xn v 1990 (tim n 1000). 22. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS sshzn-i-cpss ih-kw-kvimc ip{iq-j-{i-aw. (ta-ev]- - m, ] - m, siωm-i- m F n-h-cp-ss). ]cn-`mj: ae- c aev]m tim\m v A{_lmw IØ- \m. ae-bm-f-km-\-ßƒ: kn. ]n. Nm n, shæn- p-fw. 1991 (tim n 1000). 23. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hn. thz-hm-b\ pdn- v (Iq-tZm-iv-CutØm Rmb-dmgvN apx B -S- -ap Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fn-epw, s]cp- mƒ Znh-k-ß-fnepw, t\mºp Znh-k-ß-fn-epw, a p {]txyi Znh-k-ß-fnepw kμ `-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-t thz-`m-k-ßƒ {Ia-s -SpØn ]. F n-kvtim- kp -l-tzmkv AwKo-I-cn p {]kn- -s -Sp-Øp ]cn-jvi-cn ]Xn- v). ]cn-jvi-cn H mw ]Xn v 1987. aq mw-]-xn v 1992 (tim n 2000). 24. kpdn-bm\n kwkoxw (F- m-d) apj-hp-c, kam-l-cww: ^m. Fw. ]n. tpm v. H mw ]Xn v 1993 Unkw-_ (tim n 3000). 25. The Orthodox Syrian Church of the East. The Service Book of The Holy Qurbana (Qurbanakramam). Translated by Baselius Marthoma Mathews I Catholicos of The East. First Published: August 1966. Fifth Edition: July 1992. Copies: 3000. 26. Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS s] okm \a-kvim-c-ßƒ p {]pan-tbm (D-bn p apx IqtZmivCutØm Rmb-dmgvN hsc). kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p ]cn-`mj: _tk-en-tbmkv HutK {]Ya ImtXm-en m _mhm. H mw ]Xn v 1948, c mw ]Xn v 1969, aq mw ]Xn v 1986, \memw ]Xn v 1993 (tim n 1000). 27. Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS s] okm \a-kvim-c-ßƒ p {]pan-tbm (IqtZmiv- CutØm Rmb-dmgvN apx B\osZ Rmb-dmgvN hsc). kpdn-bm-\n-bn \n p ]cn-`mj: _tk-en-tbmkv HutK {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm. H mw ]Xn v 1948 (tim- n 1000), c mw ]Xn v 1969 (tim n 750), aq mw ]Xn v 1986 (tim n 750), \memw ]Xn v 1993 (tim n 1000). 28. hn. Ip m\ XIvkm (13 {Ia-ßƒ). ]-cn-`m-j-i : tim\m v A{_lmw IØ-\m. ]cn-jvi-cn ]Xn v 1996. ]cn-jvi-cn \memw ]Xn v 2011. tim n 1000. Fw.Pn.H.kn.Fkv.Fw. _p vtjm v B Uv ]ªo-jnwKv lukv (tim- -bw) {]kn- o-i-cn- h 1. Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse sshzn-i-cpss Imt\m\m \a-kvim-cw. ]cn-`mj: bqlm-t\m am tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm. aq mw ]Xn v (tim n 1000). 2. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS IjvSm-\p-`h BgvN-bnse \a-kvim-c-{iaw (ZpxJsh- n-bmgvn ip{iq-j-iƒ tn -Xv). (]. _t -en-tbmkv am tømωm amxyqkv {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm ]cn-tim-[n v {Ia-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv). dnsshkvuv FUo-j am v 1980, c mw ]Xn v am v 1982, aq mw ]Xn v HIvtSm-_ 1983, \memw ]Xn v sk]v w-_ 1985, A mw ]Xn v am v 1987, Bdmw ]Xn v HIvtSm- _ 1989 (tim n 5000). 3. s]klm hymgmgvn \a-kvim-c-{i-aw. ]. _t -en-tbmkv am tømωm amxyqkv {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm ]cn-tim-[n v {Ia-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv. 4. kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS IjvSm-\p-`h BgvN-bnse \a-kvim-c-{i-aw (t{i-jvtm-\p-a-xn-bp- -Xv). ]cn-`m-j-i : bqlm-t\m am tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm. Splinter Edition: March 1982 (tim n 1000). 5. kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS aq p-t\m-ºn-sebpw henb t\mºn-sebpw \a-kvim-c-{i-aw (t{i-jvtm-\pa-xn-bp- -Xv). ]cn-`m-j-i : bqlm-t\m am tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm. 1993 s^{_p-hcn (tim n 1000). 6. Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss ip{iq-jm-kw-hn-[m-\w. bqlm-t\m am tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{xmt m-eo-øm. H mw ]Xn v 1983. c mw-]-xn v 1989 (tim n 1100).