Thirusannidhiyil HH Baselius Geevarghese II Catholicos. (Malayalam)

Transcription

1 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn

2 (Malayalam) Thirusannidhiyil HH Baselius Geevarghese II Catholicos Edited & Published by Joice Thottackad on behalf of Sophia Books, Kottayam for the glory of God and for the benefit of humankind. Mob: First Published: 2016 January 3 Cover Design, Typesetting & Printing: Sophia Print House, Kottayam Price: Rs

3 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh Kokv ZznXo-b ImtXm-en m_mhm tkm^nbm _pivkv tim bw

4 am _tk-en-tbmkv Koh Kokv ZznXo-b ImtXm-en m_mhm ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpss aq mw ImtXm-en m. tim bw Pn -bnse Ipdn- n-bn I m-t»cn De-l- m-s bpw ss\øn-bp-ssbpw ]p{x-\mbn 1874 Pq 15 \v P\n- p. ]p qkv F t]cn-emwv _mey- Im-eØv Adn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv.- ]. ]-cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw ]. h t»cn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw injy-\mbn ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn sshzni hnzym-`ymkw snbvxp G{]n 24 \v ]q W siωmi- \mbn \hw-_ 24 \v sshzni] hpw aq p- Znhkw Ign v dºm ÿm\hpw kzoi-cn- p. dºm-\m-bn-cp Ime-L- -Øn kpdnbm\n `mj-bn \n pw Hº-Xv {KŸ-߃ ae-bm-f-øn-te v X a snbvxp {]kn- o-i-cn- p sk]v w-_ 8 \v "Koh Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv' F t]cn sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bmbn hmgn- -s p s^{_p-hcn 15 \v "_tk-en-tbmkv Koh Kokv ZznXo-b ' F t]cn ]uckvxy ImtXm-en- -mbmbn ÿm\-ta- p Unkw-_ 26 \v "ae- c sa{xm-t m-eo-øm'-bm-bn P\p-hcn aq n\v Imew snbvxp. Aflmb ]ucp-jsø k`-bpss i nzp -am n cq]m- -c-s -Sp- Ønb APø t\xm-hm-bn-cp p Ct±lw. {]iv\k o Æ-amb Hcp Ime-L- -Øn sszh-øn \n m n i nsim v ae- ck`sb kss[cyw \bn v k`-bpss _lp-ap-j-amb hf bv pw \thm- m-\-øn-\p-ambn kp[oc t\xrxzw \ In. hnip- nbpw ]mfin- Xyhpw ]Iz-Xbpw ImtXm-en- m-_m-hm-bn ka-\z-bn- p.- kz- hpw Nn m-_- p-chp-amb Hcp PohnXZ i\w tic-fob kaq-l-øn\p \ - Inb Ct±lw 20 mw \q m v Z in A]q {]Xn-`-I-fn Hcm-fmbn-cp- p. ]cn-`mj \n -ln {KŸ-߃: cl-ky-{]m \ (1900),- ]. kltz- m-cpss Ncn{Xw (1901),- ]-cn-ip- - m-cpss Ncn{Xw (1902), ]. kv{xoifpss Ncn{Xw (1904),- am At m-\okp Ncn{Xw (1906), am sia- Du szkvxp-s\-bpss t{ijvs-x (1906), AeIvk{ ymbpss ]m{xnb o-kmb am bqlm-t\m avdlv-tωm-s\m (1907),- ] ssz-km, am bq-lm-t\m aw-zm\m.

5 Ah-Xm-cnI k`m kam-[m-\-øns "henb _mhm' ^m. tum. si. Fw. tpm Pv hniz-kw-kvir-xn p \ΩpsS cmpyw \ Inb hninjvs Zm\-ßfn s -XmWv Kpcp, Ejn, tbmkn, BNm-cy, ap\n XpS-ßnb ]Z߃. B hm p-iƒ p am pw angn-hp-tain Xnf-ßp aq Ø cq]- ߃ C v Gsd-bn-. AXp-sIm- m-hww Bflm-`n-ap-Jy-ap `mc- Xo-b-sc mw GXm-s mcp Krlm-Xp-c-X-tbmsS B hm p-iƒ tiƒ p- Xpw DcphnSp- Xpw. ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpss {][m\ tae- y- -\mbn 34 h jw k`sb \bn ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh Kokv ZznXo-b ImtXm-en m _mhmsb ASpØ-dn- -h At±-lsØ hnti-jn- n- p- Xv ap ]-d hm p-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- m-wv. ]uckvxy bukni ]mc-º-cy-øns IÆn-bmbn AXns\ kzpo-hn-x-øn km m-xv cn BNm-cy\pw ]nxm-hp-am-w-t±-lw. \q m- p-i-fpss sshtz-in-im-[o-i-xz-øn \n v tamn\w t\sn, At m-kvtxm-en-i-amb X\na txsnb ae- ck`sb kzmx-{ y-øns bpw kam-[m-\-øn-s bpw kzÿ-amb Xoc-ß-fn-te p \bn ""henb _mhm''bv p _lp-apj hy n-xz-am-wv. k`m kam-[m-\- Øn-\p-th n Xo vw-ambn B{K-ln- p-ibpw {]m n- p-ibpw snbvx B CS-b-t{i-jvT 1958 tim bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn sh v A\p-c-RvP-\-Øns A]q h -\n-an-j-øn\p Im an-i-\mbn `hn p. a\p-jy-cpss A[n-Im-c-s m-xnbpw Al- m-chpw sim v am{xw ]n osv \jvso-`-hn Aaq-ey-amb kam-[m-\-øn-\p-th n B alm-]p-cp-js Bflmhv txßp- p- m-h-ww. C y-bn hnip txmakv At m-kvtxm-es hchp apx \ne-\n ]uckvxy {InkvXo-bm- ym-fln-i-xbv v sslµ-h- -_u- - -ssp\ ]mc-º-cy-ß-fp-ambn Bfl-_- -ap- v. t]m p-ko-kp-imcpw Cw o-jp-im-cp-amb ]m mxy anj-\-dn-am-cpss hc-thm-sp-iqsn Gjy ]mc-º-cy-ønse ]pcm-x-\-amb Cu ]uckvxy {InkvXobX ]ou\- hn-t[-b-am-hp-ibpw Ipsd-sbms A\yw -\n p-ibpw snbvxp. AXp-

6 6 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn sim p \n `m-ky-h-im C pw C y-bnse Ass{I-kvX-h-cmb _p n-pohn-iƒ {InkvXob ]mc-º-cysø Adn-bp- Xv tdma ItØm-en- cpw s{]m -Ã p-im-cp-amb ]m m-xy ]Tn- n kwk-xn- I-fn-eqsSbmWv. ]m m-xy-cp-ts-xn \n v hfsc hn`n- -amb thzim-kv{x -k- -ßfpw B ym-fln-i-x-bp-ap tic-f-ønse ]uckvxy {InkvXob ]mc-ºcyw simtfm-wn-b hmgvn-bpss A[oi-tim-`-bn `mc-xo-b-amb a p ]e-xn-s\bpwt]mse Ah-K-Wn- s p. Chn-sS-bmWv Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-sb-t mse al jn- Xpey-cmb {InkvXo-bm-Nm-cy- m kz w Pohn-X-Øn \S-Ønb B ym-flni ]co- -W-Øn\p {]k- n-tb-dp- -Xv. ]uckvxy Hm - Ø-tUmIvkv {InkvXo-b-X-bn B ym-fln-ix A\p-`-h-\n-jvT-am-Wv. Cuiz-c- m\w A\p-`-h-Øn \n v Dcp-Øn-cn-b-Ww. AXp-sIm v sszh-hn- m-\obw ssk m- n-i-amb Bi-b-\n am-w-a-. Cuizc km m-xv m-c-øn-\p Nhn- p-]-sn-i-fn-sem- m-wv. tbip-{in-kvxp-hn hnf-ßnb Znhy-km- n-[ysø kzmwio-i-cn v {InkvXp-km-cq-]yw {]m]n- m-\mwv Bcm-[-I {ian- p- -Xv. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbpw Xs injy-\mb Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhmbpw At±-l-Øns ka-im-en-i-\mb ]mºmsn am {KotKm-dntbmkpw B[p-\nI ]m mxy hnzym-`ym-kw e`n- -h-c-. ]t, ]uckvxy {InkvXob hnzy-bpss ImX-emb clkyw sxm -dn- v, AXns\ `mc-x-ønse ]pcm-x-\-amb Bfl-hn-Zy-bp-ambn ktω-fn- n v, Pohn-X-K- n-bmb Hcp sszh-imkv{xw cq]-s -Sp-Øn-b-h-cmWv aqhcpw. Cu amxri ]n p-s \nc-h[n sa{xm- mcpw sshzn-icpw km[mcw kv{xo]pcp-j- mcpw ChnsS D m-bn- p- v F Xv kvac-wo-bam-wv. ]pkvx-i-øm-fp-i-fn Fgp-Xs hm p-i-fn-eqss, ssk m- n-i-amb ka-\z-b-a Ah D w-h- -Xv. \nkvx-{µamb {]m -\bpw D]-hm-khpw Xt]m-\njvTbpw thzm- \p-[ym-\hpw aqew, c -I-\mb {InkvXphn sxfn- p-\n Icp- Wbpw a\p-jy-kvt\-lhpw B {Z-am-\-khpw Ah kzmb-ø-am- n. Ah-cp-]-tbm-Kn tbmk-km-[-\-ifpw X]- -cy-ifpw `mc-xob ]mc- º-cy-Øn \n pw ]uckvxy {InkvXo-b-X-bn \n pw Hcp-t]mse ssis m- -h-bm-wv. ka-\zbw \S- Xv Pohn-X-Øn-emWv; C v Nne sszh-im-kv{x- - m \S-Øp-hm {ian- p- Xpt]mse akvxnjv -Ønse Aaq Ø-amb ssk m- nixe-ß-fne.

7 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 7 Nn -bmb A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn AXoh X ]-c-\m-bn-cp- p henb _mhm. Ip _m-\-bn ti{µo-ir-x-amb A\p-jvTm\ Xo vwx Hcn- epw BNm-c-\n-_- -X-bpsS PmUy-Øn-te v At±-lsØ \bn- n, {]Xyp-X, Hmtcm I Ωm-\p-jvTm-\hpw Znhy-c-l-ky-ß-fpsS Bg-amb A\p-[ym-\-Øn hnebw {]m]n- p. Bcm-[-\-bnse a{ m- -cn-iƒ A -b-x-bpss Ihm-S-]-c-º-c-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\p Xpd p simsp-øp. AXp-sIm v AØcw A\ L \nan-j-ß-fn At±-l-Øns apjw {]Im-in-X-am-Ip- Xpw i_vzw kmk-c-kmw-`o-cy-am n- p- Xpw IqsSbp- -h I v hnkva-bn- n- p- v. ko\mbv ae-bpss Db-c-ß-fn Znhy- Z i\w I tami-bpss apj-øns Xz v {]Im-in- -Xp-t]m-se, Xmt_m ae-bn h v Xs c -I\pw Kpcp-hp-amb tbip-hns icocw D zetim`-b-wn- -Xp-t]m-se, ]qgn-bmb \ΩpsS ico-c- Øn\pw Cu Znhy-{]-]- -Øn\pw km[y-amb cq]m- -csø A\p-`hn- -dn- -h-\m-bn-cp p _mhm Xncp-ta-\n. \ -Xn- -Isf hnth-nn- -dn-bm\pw AXo-{µnb-X-bpsS "hmk\'isf aw-ø-dn-bm-\p-ap khn-ti-j-amb Dƒ mgvn ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn - \n v At±-l-Øn\p e`n- n-cp- p. \ΩpsS bmym yt_m[-øns AXn-cp-I-fn ÿe-im-e-߃ Xq nb I\Ø Xnc-io-e-Isf CSbv nss hi- p-am n kxy-øn-s bpw \ -bp-ssbpw Hfn-an- At±lw Z in- p-am-bn-cp- p. AXp-sIm v \ Bflm-hn-s\bpw Zpcmflm-hn-s\bpw t]sc-spøp ]d-bp- coxn-bm-bn-cp p Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSXv. At±-l-Øns ASpØp sn m ]e pw `b-ap- m-bn-cp- Xpw CXp-sIm- m-wv. Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ]mc-º-cy-øn Bflob Kpcp- - m-cmbn AwKo-I-cn- -s -Sp- -h v Ah-iyw -th hc-amwv Cu hnth-n\i n-bp Dƒ m-gvn. Kpcp-hmb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbpw injy-\mb Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhmbpw XΩn-ep- m-bn-cp- Kpcp injy _ w `mc-xo-bhpw ]uckvxy-hp-amb \ Nne ]mc-º-cy-ß-fpss \nz i-\-am-bn-cp- p. KpcpapJ-Øp-\n v ]Tn- p-ibpw Kpcp-km- n-[ysø sszh-km- n-[y-ambn Icp-Xp-Ibpw snøp al-ømb ss]xr-isø `mc-x-ønse Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k` F pw BZ-cn- n-cp- p. A -chpw A\p-jvTm- \hpw Kpcp-hns D]-tZ-i-Øm Aa Xy-X-bpsS ]mx sxfn- p-sa p _mhm Xncp-ta\n a\- n-em- n-bn-cp- p. hna- i\-øns bp n-bn-eq- nb Kpcp-\n-tj-[sØ B[p-\n-I- XbpsS Bflm-hmbn ImWm-dp- v. F m Kpcp-hns Bfl-tim`sb

8 8 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn kzmwioi-cn v Kpcp-km- n-[y-øn-eqss Znhy-k-Xy-ßsf A\m-h-cWw snøpibmwv ]uckvxy B ym-fln-i-x-bpss coxn. AXn\p \s mcp amxr-i-bmwv ]cn-ip Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm. `mc-x-ønse Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-sb- p-dn v At±lw I kxy Z i-\hpw At±-l-Øns \nkvxp-e-amb Bfl-Pzm-ebpw A\pc-RvP-\-Øns ]pxnb hgn-iƒ \ap p apºn Xpd- p-sa v {]Xymin- mw. ae- -c-k-`bv v Aaq-ey-amb Hcp Kpcp-]-c-º-c-bp- v. Hs ms hnkvar-x-am-ip AXns IÆn-Iƒ Is -Øn, Xnf- n-sb-spøv \nc- cw \ap p apºn Ah-X-cn- n- m {io. tpmbvkv txm -bv m- Sn\v khn-ti-j-amb kn nbpw Pm{K-X-bp-ap- v. em`-\-jvs-߃ t\m msx, F p XymKw kln- pw, ae- -c-bpss alm-\n-[n-isf a\p-jy-\- -bv mbn hn\n-abw snøp tpmbvkv Xs At\z-j-Wßfpw B ss hvkpw {]kn- o-i-c-w-ßfpw Xm ÿm]n p hf Ønb ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv Sn.-hn. bpw apjm- ncw \ap pw hcpw-x-e-ap-d-iƒ pw \nkvxpe tkh-\-amwv \ Ip- -Xv. A\p-{Kl-Øns ]pxp-h-gn-iƒ C\nbpw s]cpin hc-s. tzh-temiw HIvtSm-_ 27, 2015

9 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn BapJw hnip- nbpw ]mfin-xyhpw ka-rvp-k-ambn ktω-fn "ae- -cbpss henb _mhm' ]. Koh Kokv c m-as Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ, Iev]-\-Iƒ, {]`m-j-w-߃, kq -߃ F nhbpss kam-lm-camwv Cu {KŸw. AWp-hnS sx m-sx-bp bma-{]m -\-Ifpw Nn bmb Pohn-X-{I-ahpw At±-l-Øns Pohn-X-Øns {]txy-i-x-bmbn-cp- p. F m Znh-khpw cm{xn Dd-ßm InS- pw-apºv A sø {][m-\-s kw`-h-߃ ]d- p-sim-spøv Ub-dn-bn Fgp-Xn- pi At±-l-Øns ]Xnhp Pohn-X-N-cy-bm-bn-cp- p se At±-l- Øns Pohn-X-Ønse GXm\pw amk-ß-fmwv Cu {KŸ-Øn-epƒs - Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p Ub-dn- p-dn- p-i-fn Npcpƒ \nh-cp- -Xv emsw v txm p- p, Hcp Znhkw k`m-n-cn{x Kth-j-I-\mb h Kokv tpm txm - pg Fs hosv txsn- n-sn v ImWm h p. "\{kmwn' Fs mcp en n amk-kn\pw _ty ]ªn-t -j kv F ]pkvxi {]km-[-\- kwcw`hp-sam-s -bmbn k`m-ncn{x Kthj-W-cw-K-tØ v Imse-Sp-Øp-sh Fs At±lw ]cn-n-b-s p. ]n osv Hcn- R߃ Hcpan v Hcp At\z-j-W-Øn-\mbn tzh-tem- I-tØbv v t]mbn. A sø ImtXm-en m Bbn-cp ]. amxyqkv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss "timdqtbm ] w-sims'bpss XobXn Is - Øp-I-sb- -Xm-bn-cp p h Ko-kns e yw. R߃ k ym-{]m - \bv p tijw ]. _mhm-xn-cp-ta-\nsb I v C mcyw At\z-jn-s - nepw At±-l-Øn\pw B XobXn Adn-bm ]msn- m-bn-cp- p. ""Fs Xe-bn ]. Koh Kokv c m-a _mhm A msx Bcpw ssi h n- n '' F v _mhm ]d- p. R߃ \ncm-i-cmbn Xmsg- h v, A v ae- ck`m amt\-p, kt -kviqƒ ]ªn-t -j Hm^o-k XpSßn ]e ÿm\߃ hln- p-sim v tzh-tem-iøp Xma-kn- n-cp, ]. Koh Kokv c m-as sk{i- dn ÿm\øp {]h Øn- n- p ^m. Sn. Pn. kj-dn-bm-tbmsp Imcy-ß-ƒ Adn-bn- p. ""henb _mhm-bpss Ipsd Ub-dn-Ifpw I ]\_p p-ifpw kq n- p-sh- n- p-s p'' ]d v At±lw kt -kviqƒ si n-s-ønse Hcp Ae-am-cn-bpsS api-fn-se X n Ipsd _p p-iƒ Ccn- p- Xv ImWn- p-x- p. B _p p-iƒ ]cn-tim-[n- -Xn, ]. h -t»-cn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSXpw ]. Koh-dp-Kokv c m-a _mhm-bp-tsbpw Ub-dn- p-dn- p-ifpw I ]-\- _p- p-ifpw BWv Ah-sb v a\- n-em-bn. henb _mhm-bpss Ubdn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n- -Xn \n pw, ]. amxyqkv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss 9

10 10 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn iwtim-t\m, sshzni ] w-sim-s-i-fpss icn-bmb XobXn In n-sb- nepw, "timdqtbm ] w-sim-s-''bpss ImesØ Ubdn C m-xn-cp- - Xn-\m B XobXn e`n- n-. Cu Ub-dn-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw R߃ kj-dnbm A s\ ]d p t_m[y-s -SpØn. ]n osv Ah ]. amxyqkv {]Y-a _mhm Bcw-`n "ImtXm-en-t v sse{_-dn-'bnte v am p-ibpw snbvxp ae- ck`-bnse ]pcm-x\ tcj- Iƒ Hm Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn ssat{im^nen-an-em n. ]n osv "ImtXm-en-t v sse{_-dn-'bnse {KŸ-ßfpw tcj-ifpw Hm ØtUmIvkv skan-\mcn B ss -hvkn\p ssiam-dn-b-t mƒ Ch skan- \m-cnbnseøn kq n- -s -Sp- p. ssat{im-^nenw snø-s tcj- Iƒ UnPn- cq]-øn-em- m ] ptam F v At\z-jn- m Rm Bh-iy-s - -X-\p-k-cn v skan-\mcn sset{_-dn-b-\mb ^m. kn. kn. sndn-bm At\z-jn- -t mƒ AXv km[y-am-sw p a\- n-em-b-txmss ssat{im-^nenw snø-s tcj-i-fnse {][m-\-s - h UnPn- cq]- Øn-te p am p-i-bp- m-bn. Aßs\ ap ]-d Aaq-ey-tc-J-Iƒ UnPn- cq]-øn Ct mƒ Hm Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\m-cn-bnse UnPn- sse{_-dn-bn (OSDL) e`y-am-wv sk]v w-_-dn D mb kp{]owtims-xn-hn[nbpssbpw Unkw- _-dn \S k`mkam-[m-\-øn-s bpw sxm p-ap-ºp GXm\pw amk-ß-fpss ZrIvkm n hnh-c-w-amwv ]. Koh-dp-Kokv c m-a _mhm-bpss Cu Ub-dn- p-dn- p-i-fn AS-ßn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. "k ym- \-a-kv m-ctijw \mw hn{i-an p', "kpjambn Ddßn', "Dd w A{X \ m-bn ', "\mw kpj-ambn Xma-kn p' XpSßn ]e hmn-i-ßfpw ]e-bn-søpw Bh Øn- p Cu Ub-dn- p-dn- p-i-fpss {]kn- o-ic-w-øns {]k- n-sb- p-dn v Nne s - nepw kwi-b-ap- m-hmw. k`m-n-cn-{x-im-c- m t m Kth-j-I t m t]mepw Adn-hn- mø Ht sd kp{]-[m\ hnh-c-߃ CXn \n pw e`n pw F Xp am{xa CXv kam-l-cn p {]kn- o-i-cn- p h v ]d-bm-\p- -Xv. sf ]muv D]-tbm-Kn- p-, Xnc- p-i-fn \n pw Xnc- p-i-fn-te v HmSns m- n-cn p sa{xm-t m-eo-ø- m-cpss ]pxnb Xe-ap-dbv v ]Tn- m Hcp ssi]p-kvx-i-amwv CXv. "henb _mhmbv p ]Tn- m- \ ', CXn \n pw Fs - nepw Dƒsh-fn w e`n- m-\mwv {iant - -sx p am{xw. ae- ck`m amkn-i-bpss ]gb e -ß-fn ]. Koh Kokv c ma _mhm-bp-ss-bpw, ^m. t]mƒ h Ko-kn-s bpw (tum. ]utemkv am {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv) {]kw-k-ß-fpss kºm-z-i-\mbpw, "Xncp-k- n-

11 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 11 [n-bn \n p Nne ]mt-߃' F Kpcp-injy kwhm-z-øns Fgp- Øp-Im-c-\mbpw, F m h jhpw "ae- -c-k`m' amkn-i-bn ImWp Nc-a -kva-cw ]pxp- p t^mt m-bn \n p-amwv s\sp-amhv n. hn. tpm Pv A s\ Rm Adn-bp- -Xv. "Xncp-k- n-[n-bn \n pw' kaml-cn- p-hm Ipsd h j-ß-fmbn Rm {ian- p-sh- nepw AXv ]q Æambn km[n- Xv Ct m-gm-wv. AXn-\p-th n ae- -c-k`m amkn-i-bpss ]gb e -ß-fn X nhcsh A{]-Xo- n-x-ambn A s Nc-ahm Ø ImWm-\n-S-bm-bXv hfsc thz-\n- n- p. ]. Koh Kokv c ma _mhm Imew snbvx-xn-\p-tijw am{xw ]utcm-lnxy ]Z-hnbpsS BZy-]-Sn-bn {]th-in At±-lw, GXm\pw h j-߃ p- n BI-kvan-I-ambn hns-hmßn F Xv At mƒ am{x-amwv a\- n-em nb-xv. henb _mhm-bpss BtLm-j-]q -ambn \S-Ønb P -i-xm-_vznbpw Nca cpx Pq_nenbpw, Nca kph W Pq_n-enbpw ]n n- n- pw, ]e kph-\o-dp-ifpw ]pkvx-i-ßfpw {]kn- o-i-cn- -s - n pw Cu Kpcp-injy kwhmzw kam-l-cn v {]kn- o-i-cn- m B pw txm m- -Xns\ Hm Øv ZpxJn- p- p. Ch kam-l-cn- m In nb sszhm-\p-{k-lsø Hm Øp inckp \an- p- p. ]. ]ueqkv «olm Kam-en-tb-ens ]mz-]o-t-øn-en-cp p ]Tn- - Xp-t]mse, alm-]-cn-ip- -\mb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]mz-]o-t-ønen-cp p ]Tn- phm alm-`mkyw e`n Koh-dp-Kokv c m-a _mhmbv p, ]cp-a-e-bnse aev]m ]mt-im-e-bn \n p ]I p- In nbxpw ]n osv Ahn-sS-Øs aev]m-\m-bn-cns kz w At\zjW ]T-\-ß-fn-eqsS ssih- -Xp-amWv thz-]p-kvx-i- -ssz-h-imkv{x hn m-\w. _m F{_mb (lq-zmb Imt\m ), am butk-_n-tbmkv (k-`m-n-cn-{xw) XpS-ßnb k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss cn-\-iƒ, cl-ky- {]m -\-Iƒ, ]nxm- - m-cpss ] ssz-km, ]nxm- - m-cpss Poh- Ncn-{X-߃ F n-h-bpss hmb-\bpw ]T-\hpw aqew Ic-K-X-amb ]mfinxyw (d-ºm-\m-bn-cns 9 {KŸ-߃ ae-bm-f-øn-te p ]cn- `m-j-s -SpØn {]kn- o-i-cn p F Imcyhpw Hm p-i) thz-]p-kvx- I-Ønse ka-ky-isf ]qcn- n- p-hm-\p Ignhv At±-l-Øn\p \ In. Cu Adn-hns Aaq-ey-ap-Øp-Iƒ Xs {]nb injy- m-cnte p At±lw ]I p \ In-sb- nepw AXv ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bnte p th {X ssiam-d-s - n-. C v thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse sshcp- y-ßsf Nq n- m-wn v DØcw txsp-tºmƒ, ]utcm-ln-xy-hrµw tnmzy-i Øm-hns\ Ifn-bm- nbpw adp-tnmzyw D -bn pw Ccp-Øm {ian- p- Xv CØcw Adn-hp-Iƒ ssiamdn In m-øxp aqe-am-sw p

12 12 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn txm p- p. _mhmxncp-ta-\n-bn \n pw e`n A]q Adn-hp-Iƒ Hcp injy tcj-s -SpØn shs - nepw, AXv kam-l-cn p {]kn- o-i-cn- mbvi aqehpw, sshzni ]cn-ioe-\-]- Xn A m-z-ani \nehm-c-øn-ep-b Øm skdm-ºq bqwn-th-gvkn- n-bp-ambn A^n-en-tb v snbvi-bm k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss cn-\-i-fpss ]T\w ]mty-]- -Xnbn \n pw ]pd-øm-bxp aqehpw, Ign 50 h j-ambn thz- ]pkvxi ka-ky-i-fpss ]qc-w-øn\p \ΩpsS ]utcm-lnxyhrµw hnj-an- p-i-bm-wv. ]g-b-\n-b-a- -]p-xn-b-\n-ba hnj-b-ß-fn ]fin- X-cmb At\-I Ds - nepw aev]m ]mt-im-e-i-fn \n p ssiamdn-in- n-s m- n-cp thz-]p-kvxi sszh-imkv{x Adn-hp-Iƒ Ahcn ImWp- n F -XmWv kxyw. CXv t_m[y-am-ip-hm Cu {KŸ-Ønse "Xncp-k- n-[n-bn \n p Nne ]mt-߃' F ^m. n. hn. tpm Pns tej-\-]-c-ºc ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am- n-bm am{xw axn. _mhm-xn-cp-ta\n F mwv Pohn- n-cp- -t mƒ \sω ho pw ho pw ]d p ]Tn- n- n-cp- Xv F -dn-bp-hm Cu {KŸ-Øn kam-l-cn- n-cn- p At±-l-Øns {]`m-j-w-ßfpw Iev]-\-Ifpw kq -ßfpw D]-I-cn- pw. Cu {KŸ-\n ΩmW X]-ky-bn Fs klm-bn Bfl-an-{Xß-fpw kl-k-th-j-i-cp-amb ^m. tum. tpm txmakv Icn-ßm- n, tum. Fw. Ipcy txma-kv, h Kokv tpm txm - p-g F n-h-tcm- Sp \µn lrz-b-øn kq n- p- p. Cu {KŸ-{]-kn- o-i-c-w-øn\v kmº-øniamb ssiøm-ß \ Inb Koh-dp-Kokv c m-a _mhm-bpss \maøn {]h Øn- p Ai-c-W-cp-sSbpw Bew-_-lo-\-cp-sSbpw AØm-Wn-bmbn amdnb Ipssh v am _tk-en-tbmkv aqhvsa n-t\mspw AXns {]h - Ø-I-cmb Fs {]nb kvt\ln-x- m-tcmspw lrzbw \nd \µn tcj-s -Sp-Øp- p. Cu kwcw-`sø t{]m m-ln- n Fs ktlm-z-c-ß-fmb at\mpv txma-kv, \nivk txmakv (Ip-ssh- v) Bfl-kvt\-ln-X-\mb tpm k tp _v a - n F n-h-tcm-sp-ap IrX- X Adn-bn- p p. ]. Koh-dp-Kokv c m-a _mhm-bpss thz-]p-kvx-i, thz-imkv{x ]mfin-xy-øn-s bpw hnip- n-bp-ssbpw apºn Xe Ip\n p \n BtKmf ]fin-x-\mb tum. ]utemkv am {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, _mhmsb- p-dn-s -gp-xnb \mep tej-\-ßfpw Cu {KŸ-Øn kam-l-cn p tn Øn-cn- p- p.

13 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 13 ]. _mhm-xn-cp-ta-\n-tbm-ssm w Zo L-Imew kl-h-kn- p-ibpw, Poh-N-cn{Xw cnn- p-ibpw, ]. ]nxm-hns\ ]pxnb Xe-ap-dbv p ]cn- N-b-s -Sp-Øm-\mbn Ht sd Imcy-߃ Xs ac-ww-hsc snøp-ibpw, P -i-xm_vzn, Nca cpx Pq_nen ktω-f-\-߃ p ]pd-in \n p Np m ]nsn- p-ibpw snbvx \nkzm k`m tkh-\-øns {]Xo- I-amb ^m. n. Pn. kj-dn-bm-bpss kvac-wbv p apºn Cu {KŸw BZ-c-]q w ka n- p- p. At\z-j-W-amWv ]pxnb Adn-hp-Isf {]Zm\w snøp- -Xv. Adnhv kzbw No p-hm-\p- -X ; ] n-sp-hm-\p- -Xm-Wv. R߃ p In nb Hcp \n[n ] p-sh-bv p-i-bm-wn-hn-ss. ]. Koh Kokv c m-a ImtXmen- m-_m-hmsb t\cn ImWm `mkyw e`n- m-sx-t]mb Hcp Xeap-d-bpsS hmb-\-bp-ssbpw Kth-jW ]T-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ^e-ambn cq]wsim Hcp IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. sx p-ip- -߃ Ds - n kzbw s]mdp- p-hm\pw Nq n- m-wn- p-hm\pw At]- n- p- p. Cu {KŸw sszh-xn-cp-\m-a- a-l-xz-øn\pw \ -bn-te-bv p \ndhn\pw A ]-sa- nepw DX-In-bm R߃ [\y-cm-bn. tim bw tpmbvkv txm -bv msv

14 14 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn henb _mhm-bpss Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ ^m. tum. tpm txmakv Icn-ßm- n ae c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn I m-t»cn _mhm, Ipdn n _mhm, henb _mhm F o t]cp-i-fn Adn-b-s ]. _tk-entbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b ImtXm-en m _mhm-bpss ( ) Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ hnfn- dn-bn- p- Xv ae- -c-k-`-bpss kmaq-lni Ncn-{X-am-Wv. ae-bmf kmlnxy Ncn-{X-Øn IØp-I-fpsS cq]-øn BZy-ambn bm{xm-hn-h-cww Fgp-Xn-bXpw Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhmbm-wv. At±lw 1908 am v 26 \v Du t«-an-te v bm{x Xncn v Pqsse 19 \v Xncn-s -Øn-b-Xns Zo L-amb bm{xm-\p-`-h-ß-fmwv bdp-itew IØp-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn- n- p- -Xv. {]ikvx Ncn{X-Im-c\pw am[ya {]h Ø-I-\p-amb tpmbvkv txm bv- msv Is Øn {]kn- o-i-cn- p "henb _mhm-bpss Ubdn- p-dn- p-iƒ' 1957 BKÃv 27 apx 1958 BKÃv 20 hsc-bp 358 Znh-ksØ A\p-Zn\ kwth-z-\-ß-fm-wv. "Xncp-k- n-[n-bn ' F Cu {KŸ-Øn, Ggv `m-k-ß-fn-embn ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhmbpss Ub-dn- p-dn p-ifpw Iev]\Ifpw {]`m-j-w-ßfpw A\p-kva-c- W-ßfpw Dƒs m- p p. Cu IrXn-bnse "Kpcp-injy kwhmzw' AXoh lrzyam-wv. ^m. n. hn. tpm Pv s\sp-amhv Kpcp-hn \n pw ti -dn A\p-`-h-߃ kw`m-j-w-ssi-enbn-emwv Ah-X-cn- n- ncn- p- -Xv. "ae- -c-bpss al jn-h-cy ' F v hnti-jn- n- p ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss Pohn-Xhpw thz-imkv{x Z i-\hpw A]-{K-Yn- p tum. ]utemkv am {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns {]uvhpw Zo L-hp-amb cn-\-bmwv Ahkm\ `mkambn Dƒs m- n- n-cn- p- Xv. \nc- -c-ambn Fgp-Xp-hm\pw IrXy-ambn hnh-c-߃ tij-cn v ASbm-f-s -Sp-Øp-hm\pw A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-amb kn n-ssh-`-h-ap- m-bncp ]. Koh- Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ k`m- N-cn-{X-Øns hnhn[ Xe-ß-fmWv shfn-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. kzim-cy-amb Z i-\-ßfpw A`n-{]mbß-fp-amWv Ub-dn- p-dn- n Dƒs m- p- Xv F nepw AXv Hcp Ime-L- -Øns kmaq-ln-ihpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb Ncn-{X-sØ-bmWv AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. ].

15 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 15 Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm \S-Ønb hnhm-lw, ssxem-`n-tj-iw, ih-kw-kv m-cw, Hm Ω-Ip m-\, ] w-sim-s, sshzni I_-d-S- w, ] n-iq-zm-i, kµ i-\߃ XpSßn \nc-h[n kzim-cy-x-iƒ IrXyambn Bte-J\w snbvxn-cn- p Cu Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ hnhn[ tzißfpssbpw ] n-i-fp-ssbpw IpSpw-_-ßfpsSbpw ASn-ÿm\ tcjbm-bn-øo-cp- p. ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss Z i-\-߃ pw ImgvN- m- Sp-Iƒ pw ASn-Ød e`y-am-bxv Kpcp- - m-cmb ]pen-t m- n tpmk^v am am Zoh- m-kn-tbmkv ( ), ]. ]cp-ae Koh Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv ( ), ]. h -t»-cn Koh Kokv am Zoh- m-kn-tbmkv ( ) F n-h-cn \n p-am-bn-cp p. Cu Kpcp-]-c- º-c-bpsS Aaq-ey-kn- n-hn-ti-j-ß-fmb hnip- -Po-hnXw, thz-]-cn- m-\w, {]`m-j-w-]m-shw, {KŸ-c-N-\m-kn- n, kmaq-lni ImgvN- msv F nh injy-\mb henb _mhm-bn-te pw A\p-kyqXw kw{ian- p. AP-]m-e-\-cw-KØv 16 h jw sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bmbpw ( ), 34 h jw ImtXm-en- m-bmbpw ( ) AXn 28 h jw ae- c sa{xm-t m-eoømbmbpw (1934 Unkw-_ P\p-hcn 3) ae- ck`sb \bn bpk-{]-`m-h-hm-\mb ]. henb _mhm-bpss cn-\- Ifpw Ub-dn- p-dn- p-ifpw ka-{k-ambn Is -SpØp {]kn- o-i-cn-t - Xv Ime-L- -Øns Bh-iy-am-Wv. tic-f-øns tziob kmaq-lni cwkøpw B ym-flni cwkøpw hnip n ]I {]Xn-`m-im-en-bmb ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhmbpss Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ B [\y Pohn-Xhpw I Ω-ti-jnbpw shfns -Sp-Øp p: 1. kzimcy Pohn-X-{Iaw ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss kzimcy Pohn-X-Øns Hcp Znhkw Bcw-`n- p- Xv shfp- n\v \mep- a-wn-tbm-ss-bm-wv. F m Znh-khpw IrXyw 10 awn-tbmss Dd-ßpw. C m-cy-߃ IrXy-ambn Ub-dn- p-dn- n Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. cmhn-esø \a-kvim-cw, ]{X-hmb\, Im n, acp- v, IpØn-sh-bv]v, Fgp-Øp-Iƒ v adp-]-sn, kµ i-isc ImW, k ym \a-kvim-cw, Ipfn, AØm-gw, ]pkvx-i-hmb\, kqømd, Dd w F n-ß-s\-bmwv tzh-tem-isø Hcp km[m-cw Znh-k-Øns {Iaw. Fhn-sS-t m-bmepw IrXy-ambn hn{i-an- p-ibpw Dd-ßp-Ibpw snøpam-bn-cp- p. Ub-dn- p-dn- n A\-h[n {]mhiyw Bh Øn- p

16 16 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn hm p-i-fmwv: hn{i-an- p, Aev]-k-abw hn{i-an p; kpj-ambn Xmakn- p, kpj-ambn Dd-ßn F nh. hnhm-l- IqZmi \S-Øp-hm t\csø sn pw. Aev]w hn{i-an- -tijw hnhm-l ip{iqj. ` Ww Ign pw hn{i-aw. AXn-\p-tijw bm{x. hn. Ip m\ Ign p hn{i-aw. hn{i-ahpw Dd- hpw IrXy-ambn ]cn-]m-en- -XmWv ]. henb _mhm-bpss BtcmKy Pohn-X-Øns alm-c-l-kyw. Hmtcm ÿe-ß-fn FØp-tºmgpw kµ i-i-cmbn FØp {]ap- J ]. _mhm-tbm-ssm w Xma-kn- n-cp p. tzh-tem-iøv Zo -L-bm{X snbvxv FØp kµ i-i v ]. _mhm-tbm-ssmøv Xmakw {Iao- I-cn- n-cp- p. kµ i-i-cpss IrXy-amb t]cpw hnh-c-ßfpw Ub-dnbn tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. amxm-]n-xm- -fpss Hm Ω-Zn-hkw IrXy-ambn Ipdn n ] n-bn hn. Ip m\ A n- p-am-bn-cp- p HIvtSm-_ 12 i\n-bmgvn AΩ-bpsS Hm Ω-Zn-hkw cmhnse Ip m\ A n- p. "ih-t m- bn t]mbn {]txyiw {]m \ \SØn' F v tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. A s Hm Ω 1958 P\p-hcn 14 \v \S- n- F hnh-chpw D v Pq 15 \p Ub-dn- p-dn- n : "\ap v 84 hb v C p XnI-bp Zn\-am-bn-cp- -Xp-sIm v I m-\-at y \mw {]kw-kn- p. bmn-i-ti-{µ-øn \ap pth n Hcp kzy \S-Øp- p- v.' hfsc efn-xhpw kpxm-cy-hp-amb kzimcy Pohn-X-{I-a-amWv Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bp-ts-xv. kulr-z-ßfpw hy n-_- - ßfpw PmXnaX-t`-Z-߃ p-d-am-bn-cp- p. {]m -\bpw efn-x-pohn- Xhpw hnip- nbpw ]cn-c- n- p \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ ]. henb _mhm \ne-\n Øn-sb v Ub-dn- p-dn- p-i-ƒ shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. kµ- iisc sim p-h-cp- -h-cp-ssbpw kωm-\-ß-fp-ssbpw Zo Lamb hnh-c-w-߃ Ub-dn-bn-ep- v. siωm-i- m-cpss Ieym-W-k-abØv kωm-\-ambn tamxncw \ In-bn-cp- p. hy n-_ w AKm-[- ambn kq n- n-cp ]. _mhm Xncp-ta-\n v kωm-\-߃ simsp- phm\pw kzoi-cn- p-hm-\p-ap hnim-e-lr-zbw D m-bn-cp p. 2. {Ia-amb Bcm-[-\bpw {]`m-j-whpw ]uckvxy B ym-flni-xbpw tbmkm-fl-i-xbpw Pohn-X-Øn Dƒs m ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss Bcm-[-\bpw {]`mj-whpw AXoh lrzy-am-bn-cp- p. Bcm-[\ IrXy-k-a-bØv Bcw- `n- pw. hn. Ip m\ ]Øv ]Øc awn-tbmss kam-]n- pw. F m

17 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 17 Rmb-dmgvN Zn\-ß-fnepw hn. Ip m-\-bn Ac- a-wn- q {]kw-kn- pw. Ub-dn- p-dn- n Ip m\at y Ac -a-wn- q \mw {]kw- Kn p F pw "]Øv awn-tbmss Ip m\ Ign v \mw hn{i-an p' F pw Bh Øn- p- p- v se F p-t\m-ºns {]mcw` Znhkw ]pxnbimhv ] n-bnepw sk]v w-_ 8 \v tzh-temiw Nm -enepw Ip m-\-at y Ac-a-Wn- q {]kw-kn- p. "sszh-am-xm-hns P\\-s -cp- mƒ' F mwv tcjs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. F p-t\m-ºns ]e Znh-k-ß-fnepw hn. Ip m\ A n- p-ibpw {]kw-kn- p-ibpw snbvxn- p v se o_m s]cp- m-fn\v ]pø Imhv ] n-bn Bbn-cp- p. Ub-dnbn FgpXn: "_kva t mbv v CSbv v o_m BtLmj ip{iqj \S-Øn. ]ØcaWn-tbmsS kam-]n- p.' A m-eøv ]e ] n-i-fnepw hn. aq n-t Ip m\ D m-bn-cp- p. AXn\v apjyt\-xrxzw \ Ip-Ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. tamdm\mb s]cp- m-fp-i-fn A pw C -sø-t mse hnizm-kn-i-fpss km n[yw ipjv -am-bncp- p. Pqsse aq n\pw Unkw-_ 18 apx 20 hscbpw am tøm-ωmbpss s]cp- mƒ BN-cn- n-cp- -Xmbn Ubdn hy -am- p- p. "am - tømωm «olm-bpss `mky-a-cww {]m]n Znhkw' F mwv Fgp- Xn-bn-cn- p- Xv. ]nxm- - m-cpss s]cp- m-fp-iƒ Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fn h mepw B Znhkw s]cp- m-fmbn BN-cn- n-cp ]Xn-hmWv A meøv \ne-hn-en-cp- -sx v Ub-dn-bn \n pw a-\ n-em- mw \hw-_ 24 Rmb-dmgvN Bbn-cp p ]pen-t m- n tpmk^v am Zoh- m-kn-tbmkv c mas s]cp- mƒ ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn \S- Øn-b-Xv s^{_p-hcn 23 Rmb Bbn-cp p h -t»-cn Xncp-ta- \n-bpss s]cp- mƒ. Ub-dn-bn \n pw: ""1958 s^{_p-hcn 23 Rmb. h -t»-cn Koh Kokv Zoh- -mtkymkv sa{x-m s Hm Ω-Zn-h-k-ambn-cp- p. hn. aq n-t Ip m-\-bp- m-bn-cp- p. Ip m\ Ign v AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm- {]kw-kn- p-ibpw I_-dn- {]txyi [q]{]m \ \S-Øp-Ibpw XpS v dmkmbpw a v NS-ßp-Ifpw D mbn-cp- p. 11 awn-tbm-sp-iqsn s]cp- mƒ NS-ßp-Iƒ Ah-km-\n- p. 12 1/2 awntbmsp-iqsn \mw tzh-temiw Ac-a-\-bn h p hn{i-an- p.'' 1957 se ]cp-ae s]cp- m-fn\v \hw-_ 2 \v shfp- n\v A n\p Ip m-\bpw 7 \v aq n-t Ip m-\bpw D m-bn-cp- p. D bv v dmk-bpw. ae- -c-k-`-bn \ne-\n Bcm-[-\m-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS hy - amb Nn{Xw Ub-dn- p-dn- n \n pw e`y-am-ip- p.

18 18 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 3. k`-bpss `c-whpw N w-si- p-ifpw k`-bpss `c-w-{i-a-ßfpw \S-]SnN -ßfpw kpxm-cyambpw {Iaambpw \S-Ø-W-sa v \njv jn- n-cp ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhmbpss `c-w-im-eøv sa{xm-t m-eo-ø m F m-hcpw ]Xn-hmbn _mhmsb kµ in- p-ibpw CS-hI `c-w-im-cy-߃ ] n-sp-ibpw snbvxp. hnhn[ ÿe-߃ kµ in- p- Ah-k-c-ß-fn `{Zmk\tI{µ-ß-fn Xma-kn- p-ibpw AhnsS h v kµ i-isc kzoicn- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. h j-øn ]e {]mh-iy-ambn GI-Zn\ kp -l-tzmkpw k`m amt\-pnwkv IΩn- nbpw \S-Øn. c pw sshin v A -c-tbmss am{xta kam-]n- n-cp- p p. ASp-Ø-SpØ Znh-k-ßfn-emWv Ch \S-Øn-bn-cp- -Xv. kt -kviqƒ A ym-]i Atkm-kn-tb-j, hnizmk kwc- IkwLw, sshzni skan-\mcn hm jni ktω-f\w F n-h-bpss hnh-c-w-ßfpw Dƒs m- n- n- p- v. kmº-øni CS-]m-Sp-I-fpsS IrXyamb hnh-cww Ub-dn-bn Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v G{]n 16 se Ipdn v {it b-a-t{x: ""\ΩpsS ssibn ]cp-ae \n pw In nb 1500 cq]mbpw ssis - n-bn Ccp 412 cq]mbpw Dƒs ss 2112 cq]m _m n CSp-hm tpm Pns ssihiw simsp-ø-b- p.'' \ n-e, Imcq ] nifpss IqZm-ibv v 101 cq]m-hoxw e`n- Xpw Hcp Ieym-W-Øn\v 126 cq]m ssiapøpw as mcp Ieym-W-Øn\v 101 cq]mbpw h[p 25 cq]mbpw ssiapøv \ In-b-Xmbpw tcj-s -Sp-Ønbn-cn- p- p. kµ in- p ] n-i-fn \n pw tikv \S-Øn- n-\p ]Whpw dnio-kmbpw e`n- n-cp- p. Nne ÿe-ß-fn \n v s]t{smƒ Nm Pv {]txyiw \ In-b-Xmbpw Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. ]px v, s\øv, tx, ho v, ]h F nh F mw kµ i-i ImgvN-bmbn ]. _mhmbv v \ In-bn- p- v. AXns hni-z-hn-hcw Ub-dn-bn Dƒs m- n- n- p v. k`-bpss ]mc-º-cyhpw hnizmk A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw ]men- -s -S- W-sa \n _ w ]. _mhmbv v D m-bn-cp- p G{]n 17 \v FgpXn: ""A - m p-th- n-bp Hcp Iev]\ \mw Fgp-Xn- p. AXmbXv A -\m-b-tijw hnhmlw snbvx-h-cpw, aoi hf Øm-Ø-hcpw Bb-h k`sb tiƒ m-ø-h-cm-wv. Ah i]n- -s - -h-cm-wv. Aß-s\-bp- -h bmsxmcp ] n-i Ω-ßfpw A\p-jvTn- -cp-xv. Bb- Xn Bcpw kw_- n- p-ibpw AcpXv F v Fgp-Xn p B^okn Gev]n- p. Nne t`zk-xn-iƒ hcp-ø-w-sa v F m-hcpw \tωm-sm-hiys - p. k`-bpss N w-si- p-i-ƒ v bmsxmcp h n pw ]p n pw

19 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 19 hyxym-khpw Agnhpw hcp-øp-hm \nhr-øn-bn F v ZrV-ambn ]d- p.'' Xocp-am-\-ß-fn Dd p-\n p-hm-\p ZrV-\n- -b-amwv ]. _mhm-bpss `c-w-a-l-xzw G{]n 29 se kp -l-tzm-knse \n -b-øns Hcp Ipdn v Ub-dn-bn C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""kp -l-tzmkn ] - m-cpss thjw, aoi, sxm n, Xe-apSn Chbv p bmsxmcp ]cn-jv -c-whpw hcp-øn- q-sm-sb pw N snbvxp.'' Cßs\ k`-bpss kp{]-[m-\-amb ]expw Ub-dn-bn Npcp-f-gnbp- p- v. kp{]ow-tim-s-xn-bnse tikns sne-hn-te p 30,000 cq]mtbmfw h o ^okn\pw a pw thw-sa v 1958 BKÃv H n Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. BKÃv 7 \v D mb Dcpƒs]m- -en IjvS-s -Sp Bfp-Iƒ v sshzni skan-\m-cnbnse A - mcpw siωm-i- mcpw ]Ww ]ncn v B ÿe-ß-fn FØn p simsp-ø-xmbpw ]d-bp- p. 4. Fgp-Øns kn nbpw ssienbpw ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm- lrzy-ambn {]kw-kn- p- -Xpt]mse Fgp-Xp-hm-\p kn nbpw ssienbpw B n- n-cp- p. {lkzhpw kpµ-c-hp-amb Fgp-Øp-I-fmWv Ub-dn- p-dn- p-i-fn {]Imiw ]c-øp- -Xv. efn-xhpw BI j-i-hp-amb {lkz-hm-n-i-ßfn IrXy-ambn hnh-c-w-߃ kw{k-ln- p ssien-bm-wv. hyxy-kvx-ß-fmb ]Z-k-ap- bw krjvsn- p-hm Ign- n- p- v. BI j-i-amb Nne hm p-iƒ: sa{xm-, D -ta-i, Im n-ta-i, \tωm-sp-iq-sn, ] n kw_- n Imcyw, ] n- q-sw, ]m -s\- v, N wsi- p-iƒ, tx pip-fn, h Ø-am-\w, ] w-sim-s, ] n-si- n-sw, Xnßn- q-sn, si n-b-h, Bƒ _-l-fw, [n m-cn, k -S- \nh Øn, aev]m- \-, Nn{X-sa-gp-Øv, _e-s -Sp-Øn, ]qin, k -S-l Pn, ImgvNkm[\w, FÆ-tk-h XpSßn A m-esø \nc-h[n hyh-lmc `mjmssien Ub-dn- p-dn- n CSw t\sn-bn- p- v. IrXyamb hnh-c-ß-fp Ub-dn-Iƒ Ncn-{X-Øns GSp-I-fm-Wv. apjy-[mcm Ncn-{X-߃ p kam- -c-tc-j-i-fmwv CXn {]Xn-^en- p- -Xv. ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss Ubdn Fgp-Øp-Ifn shfn w ]I-cp- Xv ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpss Ime-L- -Øns Ncn-{X-am-Wv. kµ i-i-cpss IrXy-amb hnh-c-ww, BgvN-h- -Øns hni-zo-icww, Zqc-bm{X snøp-tºmƒ tzh-tem-i-øp-\n- p ka-bssz Lyw, Zn\-N-cy-bpsS hnh-c-w-߃, kµ i-i-cpss t]cp-ifpw

20 20 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn kµ i-i \ Inb kωm-\-ß-fpss hnh-c-ßfpw F mw Ub-dnbn Dƒs m- n- n- p- v. F{X Xnc- n-em-bn-cp-s - nepw IrXy-ambn Ubdn-bn Ipdn- p-iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp- p. {]kw-k-øn\v ap Iq Hcp-ßpI ]Xn-hn- m-bn-cp- p. {]`m-j-wß-fn thz-]p-kvx-i-ß-fpss a Ω-߃ \n -f-ambn {]h-ln- p-ambn-cp- p. D z-e-amb hmkvt[m-c-wn-bm kxy-hn-izmkw bp n-bp- -ambn Ah-X-cn- n- pw. AXn-\m henb _mhm-bpss thz- ]mfinxyw AXy-Km-[-am-bn-cp- p-sh v tum. ]utemkv am {KotKmdn-tbmkv km n- p- p. {]`m-jwwt]mse Xs -bp y[njvtn-xamb hnh-c-w-ß-fpss ck-x-{ -amwv cn-\-i-fnepw Ub-dn- p-dn- p-ifnepw henb _mhm Ah-X-cn- n- p- -Xv. ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss IrXn-Iƒ, Iev]-\-Iƒ, {]`mj-w-߃, kq -߃ F nh kq va-ambn A]-{K-Yn- m k`tbmspw kaq-l-tømspw AXy-Km-[-_ w \ne-\n Øp Z i-\-߃ Is -Øp-hm Ign-bpw. kxy-hn-izm-khpw k`m-]m-c-º-cyhpw BNmcm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw A`w-Kpcw ]cn-]m-en- -s -S-W-sa v Fgp-Øp-I-fn \njvi jn- n-cp- p. BtKmf Xe-Øn Ak-am-[m-\hpw Ak- p-jvsnbpw i n-s - Sp-Ibpw C y-bn h ob hntzzjw cq -am-hp-ibpw snbvx 1938 Ifn ]cn-ip Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm hr niw 17 _p[ apx 3 Znh-k-tØ v (i-\n-bm-gvn-h-sc) k` apgp-h-\mbn D -Xn-cn v t\mºv BN-cn- -W-sa pw \nh Øn-bp- -S-tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ ] nbn IqSn k`-bv p-th- nbpw temi-k-am-[m-\-øn-\p-th- nbpw {]m n- -W-sa v Iev]-\-bn- p. Iev]-\-bpsS Ah-km\ hcn {i n- pi: ""t\mºv hosp Znhkw cmhnse hnip Ip m\ A n v Ign-hp F m-hcpw hn. Ip m\ A\p-`-hn- -W-sa v \mw B{Kln- p-ibpw B m-]n- p-ibpw snøp- p.'' (1938 sim- -h jw 1114 hr niw 6 \p) 1956 \hw-_ H n\v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- p- p: ""ticfw ]t H m-bncp- p. Imem- -c-øn ]e- hn-`m-k-ß-fmbn. C nxm ho pw H mbn-cn- p- p. \mw H m-ti- -h Xs -bm-wv. \mw H mbn \n p XmWv \ΩpsS _ew.'' ticf ]nd-hn-bn kakvx ticfo-b p-ambn Fgp-Xnb Ipdn- nse {lkz-amb hmiy-l-s-\-bn-eqss Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn- p- Xv F{X kpµ-c-amb Bi-bam-Wv. AXn ho pw FgpXn: ""tic-f-øn\v shfn w Im n-simsp- p-hm Chn-

21 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 21 SpsØ ss{ikvx-h pw km[n- -Ww. ticfw hep-xm-ip-i-bm-wv. \ΩpsS ImgvN- m-sp-ifpw AtXm-sSm w hep-xm-ti- -Xm-Wv.'' hm p- Iƒ sim v DZmØ Bi-b-ßsf D z-en- n- p-hm henb _mhmbv p Ign-bp- p. D]-kw-lmcw ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss cn-\-ifpw Ub-dn- p-dn- p- Ifpw ae- ck`m-n-cn-{x-ønepw kmaq-ln-i-n-cn-{x-ønepw \mgn-i- - p-i-fm-wv. apjy-[mcm Ncn-{X-ß-fn Xa-kv -cn- Xpw h{io-i-cn- Xpw ]m iz-h -cn- -Xp-amb hnh-c-w-ßfpw hni-i-e-\-ß-fp-amwv CXn \n p e`y-am-ip- -Xv. k`mncn-{x-im-c- m ]pe Ønb kmaqln-ihpw k`m-]-c-hp-amb ]e kao-]-\-ß-fp-ssbpw \np-ÿnxn A\mh-cWw snøp-hm CXnse hcn-iƒ v AZr-iy-amb hiy-x-bp- v. kakvx ae-bm-fn-i-fp-ssbpw a\- n Nnc-{]-XnjvT t\snb Bflob txp- mbn D z-en Cu I Ω-tbmKn FgpØpw hmb-\bpw {]`mj-whpw Pohn-Xhpw kay- mbn CS-b-ip-{iq-j-bn Dƒs m- n- ncp- p. Bflo-b-X-bpsS hnip n ]I A]q {]Xn-`-bm-bn-cp ]. Koh- -Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss Fgp-Øp-Iƒ v AZr-iyi nbps v Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ {]Jym-]n- p- p.

22 D -S w Ah-Xm-cnI: kam-[m-\-øns "henb _mhm' ^m. tum. si. Fw. tpm Pv 5 BapJw tpmbvkv txm -bv msv 9 Dt]m-ZvLmXw ^m. tpm txmakv Icn-ßm- n 14 `mkw 1 Pohn-X-tcJ tum. Fw. Ipcy txmakv 24 `mkw 2 Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh Kokv ZznXo-b 39 `mkw 3 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn \n v ^m. Sn. hn. tpm v s\sp-amhv 139 `mkw 4 {]`m-j-w-߃ ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm 223 `mkw 5 Iev]\Iƒ/kzImcy IØp-Iƒ ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm 238 `mkw 6 kq -߃ ]. Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhm 396 `mkw 7 ae -c-bpss al jn-h-cy tum. ]utemkv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv 407 A\p-_ w v 1. h t»-cn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Iev]\ Kpcp-hn-s\- p-dn v injy Poh-N-cn-{X-^-eIw h Kokv tpm txm - pg am _tk-en-tbmkv aqhvsa Ipssh v 435

23 `mkw 1 Pohn-X-tcJ

24 24 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn Ipdn n _mhm simspøpsh PohnXw tum. Fw. Ipcy txmakv A\p`hn m simspøpsh PohnXw Nne `mkyhm msc n ticfønse {KmaoWssienbmWnXv. AXns G hpw \ DZmlcWamWv Ipdn n _mhm F dnbs Sp ]uckvxy ImtXmen- mbpw ae c sa{xmt meoømbpambncp ]. _tkentbmkv Koh Kokv ZznXob. kzxkn amb bmsxmcp IgnhpIfpan mø Koh Kokv ZznXob, Hcp \q m pimew AXn{]Kev`cmb ]me- p Øv amxyqkv am AØm\mtkymkv, ]pent m n tpmk^v am Zoh mtkymkv A ma, h t»cn ]. Koh Kokv am Zoh- mtkymkv Bdma F nhcpss `cwtijw ]. am tømωm- «olmbv SpØ ae c sa{xmt meoømbpss knwlmk\øn BcqV\mbXv IgnhpIfpsS AwKoImcambn, adn v kmlncyßfpss A\nhmcyX sim mwv. ]t `mkyw At±ltØmsSm ambncp p. Im \q m pimew acw\ng XmgvhcbneqsS \S v C{kmtbens\ hmkvzø I\ms AXncnseØn tamisbt mse. ]. h t»cn Xncpta\n acn v Xs P\tØmSv tn p. ChnSp tßm v B \neb n [cn m \n _ nx\mb Koh Kokv ZznXob\v h Sn h Sn Ib ambncp p. ]uckvxy tzisø AXyp X alm]ptcmlnx\mbn taev] hmgvnifpw hn. aqtdm IqZmiIfpw \SØn. hr ]p qkv F p A[nt ]n \mhpiƒ ]. _mhm Xncpta\n F v A`nkwt_m[ snøp Xv kz snhnbm ti p. temiøp CXc Hm ØtUmIvkv ]m{xnb okpam tpjvtktlmzc\mbn AwKoIcn v _lpam\n p. Ahn` ae ck`bpss tnmzyw snøs SmØ A y \mbn am tømωm «olmbpss knwlmk\øn Aa - ncp p `cn p. ]n Kmansb Xncs SpØp. AXnhr Xbn Xm ASnÿm\an v `mkniamsb nepw ]q Ønbm nb tzhtemiw Aca- \bn sh v im Xbn Imew snbvxp. Xm \n t±in ÿm\- ØpXs I_dS n. ]. h t»cn Xncpta\n GXm v ]q Ønbm- nb {]h Ø\ßfpsS kzv^esa mw A\p`hn m simspøpsh Xv Koh Kokv ZznXob\v Bbncp p.

25 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 25 PohnXtcJ ]. am tømωm«olmbpss knwlmk\øn BcqU\mb ]uckvxy ImtXmen mbpw ae c sa{xmt meoømbpambncp ]. _tkentbmkv Koh Kokv ZznXob, hnhn[ Imeßfn ]p qkv dºm, Ip d sim psa{xm-, I m-t cn _mhm, Ipdn n _mhm, henb _mhm F o t]cp-i-fn Adn-b-s ncp- p. Ct±lw tim bw Ipdn n I m-t -cn De-l- m-s bpw ]mºm- ps ams- -d- ºn ss\øn-bp-ssbpw ]p{x-\mbn sim h jw 1049 anyp\w 3 \p Xncp-hm-Xnc \mfn (1874 Pq 16 snm ) P\n p. ]p qkv F mbncp p amtamzokm \maw. {]myani hnzym`ymkøn\ptijw tim bw Fw.Un. skan\mcnbnepw XpS v kn.fw.fkv. sslkviqfnepw sa{sn ptej hsc ]Tn p Pq 1 RmbdmgvN Ip-dn- n- ] nbn sh v IS-hn ]utemkv am AØ-m\m-kntbmkv sa{xmt m-eoøm-bn \n v timdqtbm ] ta p. XpS v ]cpae skan- \mcnbn sshzni hnzym`ymkw. ]. ]cpae Xncpta\nbpw ae c aev]m h t»cn Koh Kokv IØ\mcpambncp p Kpcp m G{]n 24 RmbdmgvN IS-hn ]utemkv am AØ-m\m-kntbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm-bn \n v ]q ÆsiΩm-i -] ta p. tim bw ]g-bsk-an-\mcnbn sh v 1898 \hw-_ 24 hymgmgvn ]. ]cp-a-e- Xn-cp-ta-\n-bn \n v Iioim] ta p. aq p Znh-k-Øn\p tijw \hw-_ 27 \v RmbdmgvN At±lØn \n pxs dºm ÿm\-ta p. ]. ]cpae Xncpta\n Imew snbvxxns\ XpS v ]cpae skan\mcn amt\pcmbn \nbanx\mbn sk]v w-_ 7 \v tim bw Fw.-Un.- sk-an-\mcnbn IqSnb ae c Atkm-kn-tb-j ]p qkv dºms\ ta ÿm\-tø v sxc-s -SpØp. ]cp-ae skan\mcnbn sh v At ymjybpss ]. C møntbmkv A_-vtZZv avinlm ZznXo-b ]m{xn-b o-kv, apdna -Øn ]utemkv am Cuhm-\n-tbmkv, h -t»-cn Koh Kokv am Znh- m-tkymkv F nhcpss kl-im an-i-xzøn 1912 sk]v w- _ 8 \v ]p qkv dºms\ Koh Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv F t]-cn sim Øns sa{xm-t m-eoømbmbn hmgn p. ae cbnse c mw ImtXmen m Imew snbvxxns\ XpS v h -t»-cn Koh Kokv am Znh- m-tkymkv ae c sa{xm-t m-eoøm, _Y-\n-bpsS Koh Kokv am Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F n-kvtim- m F nhc- Sßnb kp -l-tzmkv 1929 s^{_p-hcn 15 sh nbmgvn tim bw

26 26 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn am Genbm Nm en sh v am _tk-en-tbmkv Koh Ko-kv ZznXob F t]cn am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoømsb ]uckvxy ImtXm-en- m-bmbn Db Øn. h -t»-cn Koh Kokv am Znh- m-tkymkv ae c sa{xm-t m-eo-øm Imew snbvxxns\ XpS- v tim bw Fw.Un. skan-\mcnbn 1934 Unkw-_ 26 \p IqSnb ae c Atkm-kn-tb-j Koh Kokv ZznXobs\ ae- c sa{xm-t meo-ø-mbmbn sxc-s -SpØp P\p-hcn 3 \v shfp- n\v Imew snbvx Koh Kokv ZznXobs\ ]nt v Xm ÿm]n tzh-temiw ImtXm-en-t v Ac-a-\- Nm -en I_-d-S- n. k`m `cwls\ ae c \{kmwnifpss PmXn pxeh\mb ae c sa{xmt meoøm ÿm\øv BcqV\mIp Xn\p apºpxs Hc Øn Koh Kokv ZznXob Xs BZysØ \n ÆmbIhnPbw t\sn F p ]dbmw. AXv k`m`cwls\ ]mkm m km[n p F XmWv. ]. h t»cn Xncpta\n `cwls\m \n ΩmWØn\v Hcp IΩn nsb \ntbmkns nepw 1930 Xs AXns {]h Ø\w k nkv[mhÿbn kvxw`n p. IΩn nbnse sa{xm[n]xy P\m[n]Xy hmzniƒ hn phogvnbv p XbmdmIm XmWv CØcsamchÿbv v tlxphmbxv. ae c sa{xmt meoøm ÿm\øv FØp- Xn\p apºpxs ^eøn k`mt\xrxzw ssibmtf n h Koh Kokv ZznXob hn phogvniƒ v XbmdmbtXmsS k`m`cw- LS\ bmym yambn. sndnbatøn kvidnbm a ms ImgvN- msn, 1934 se tlmwkv bdpitew bm{x {]Zm\w snbvx NnØkwkvImcamWv CXn\p tlxphmbxv. Iodmap nbmbn \n sa{xm- [n]xy P\m[n]Xy A[nImc hn`p\ {]iv\øn...ÿnxn-k-xn- Iƒ p- mb am -sø- mƒ A[nIw B am -Øn\v kzm[o\w snep- Øn-bXv A y- -ÿm-\-øp-h am amsw- p- -Xn kwi-b-an. `c-w-im-cy-ß-fn Abvta-\n-Iƒ p IqSp-X ] p simsp- -W-sa- p t_m[w taev] m-cpss kp -l-tzm-kn\v D m-bn. Ah kω-xn- -Xp-sIm-t m, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ssi ti n pøn-b-xpsimt m F p-amhs, AXp amt\-pn-ßv I-Ω- n-bn {]I-S-am-bn. [\]-c-amb kwk-xn-i-fn kp -l-tzmkpw amt\-pn-ßv I-Ω- nbpw c p LS-I-ß-fmbn KWn- -s SpI. ]W- m-cy-øn Ah c pw tbmpn p snøp Xocp-am-\-߃ am{xw \S- n hcp-øpi Fs mcp [mc-w-bn FØn-t p.... F v C Uv. Fw. ]mtd pw tcjs - SpØp p.

27 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 27 hyhlmc߃ ap KmanIfmb ]. h t»cn Koh Kokv am Znh mtkymkv Bdma, ]pent m n am tpmk^v Znh mtkymkv A ma F nhsct mse hyxykvxßfmb tikpifpss ]cºcb Koh - Kokv ZznXob\v A`napJoIcnt n h Xv. tim bw Pn m tims- Xnbn Bcw`n v C ybpss AXyp X \oxn]otamb kp{]owtims- XnbpsS tim Ãn yqj _ p hsc Ccp]Xp h jw \o kap- ZmbtIkv F dnbs Sp Hscm hyhlmcamwv At±lw ]Ssh n Pbn Xv. AXn\nSbn XncphnXmwIq Xncp sim nbmbpw, ticfambpw {_n ojv C y, C y dn ªn mbpw amdn F p am{xw. _tkentbmkv Koh Kokv ZznXob F p hnfn phcp ]p qkv Ah Iƒ, ]me n amwn ]ueqkv IØ\m, FdnIm v C. sf. tpmk^v F nhsc {]XnIfm n Ip n m n ]ueqkv am AØm\mtkymkv, Ahncm tpmk^v IØ\m, XpIe ss]tem Ahncm F nh tim bw Pn m timsxnbn 1113 A 111 F \º tikv ^b snbvxp. Koh Kokv ZznXobs ae c sa{xmt meoøm ÿm\tøbpw {]XnIfpsS {SÃnÿm\- tøbpw tnmzyw snbvxmbncp p apjy hmzw. k h ta t msxn- Iƒ hgnbpw Ibdnbndßn 1958 sk]v w_ 12 \v kq{]ow timsxnbpss tim Ãn yqj _ v A na hn[n ]pds Sphn p. CXns\- Xnsc AtX h jw HIvtSm_ 8 \v ^b snbvx l Pn HIvtSm- _ 28 \v tim Ãn yqj _ v X n se Fw.Un. skan- \mcn Atkmkntbj km[phmsw pw, Koh Kokv ZznXobs\ ae c sa{xmt meoøm Bbn Xncs SpØXpw `cwls\ ]mkm nbxpw \nbam\pkrxamsw pamwv hn[nbpss cxv\ pcp w. CXns\ØpS v 1958 Unkw_ 16 \v ImtXment mkv ]m{xnb okv I niƒ ]ckv]cw AwKoIcn v k`bn kam[m\ap- mbn. XpS v acw]cy w Koh Kokv ZznXob\v Imcyamb tikpifpss _m[ D mbn. A\pcRvP\{ia߃ 1934 ae c sa{xmt meoøm ÿm\tøbv p Xncs Sp- s Sp Xn\p apºpxs Koh Kokv ZznXob A\p-c-RvP-\-{i-a߃ Bcw`n ncp p. B h jw At±lw kndnbbnse tlmwkn-

28 28 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn seøn At ymjym ]m{xnb okv ]. C møntbmkv At{]w {]Ya _ tkmans\ kµ in p. ]t ka{km[n]xy AhImihmZØn \n pw ]nt m p t]mim ]m{xnb otkm, ae cbpss kzx{ \ne]msn hn phogvn snøm Koh Kokv ZznXobt\m XømdmImXncp Xn\m B bm{x hn^eambn. XnI PmXym- `nam\nbmbncp At±lØns XXzimkv{Xw,... \mw Hcp Imcyw Xpd p ]d-bp- p. kam-[m-\-øn-\p- th n F p XymKhpw kln- m am{x-a-, ÿm\w- t]mepw Hgn-bm \mw Xøm-dm-Wv. Hcp kwkxn- IqSn \nß-fpss F m-h-cp-ssbpw Adn-hn-te- mbn \mw {]kvxm-hn- p-sim- p- p. ]m{xn-b o-kns Iogn Hcp DΩm- n - bmwp ImtXm-en m F p ]ecpw sx n- -cn- p- p. Ing- n-\-spø ImtXm-en m knwlm-k\w ]m{xn-b okp knwlm-k-\-øn\p Xpey-am-Wv. H v H n\p aosxtbm Xmsgtbm A. CXmWp kxyw. ImtXm-en- m -knw-lm-k\w kzx-{ -am-wv. CS- m-eøv \ap- p- mb Nne _e-lo-\-x-iƒ aqew At ymjym ]m{xn-b o-kp-ambn Nne Icm-dp-Iƒ D m- n-sb p am{xw. ] Xzw C F hmzw XnI pw Akw-_- -am-wv. kxyw C -sx t_m yw \ap- p v. AXn\p -th n \mw \n p-ibpw snøpw... F Xmbncp p. ]t k`bpss si pd n\mbn hn phogvniƒ v At±lw Xbmdmbncp p. hnhn[ hy niƒ ]e ImeØp \SØnb kam[m\{ia߃ v At±lw XbmdmbXv AXp aqeamwv. hyhlmcw Bcw`n 1934 apx \S hnhn[ A\pcRvP\- {ia߃ ]cmpbs Xn\v ]e ImcWßfp v. At ymjym ]m{xnb okns simtfmwnb at\m`mhw, At±lØns {]Xn\n[n F p `mhn ncp bpentbmkv sa{xms A[nImc{]aØX Ch Hcp hiøpw, Xm Ccn p knwlmk\tømspw AWn ncn- p alm]ptcmlnxs tae ntbmspap Koh Kokv ZznXobs ISpInS amdmø hnizÿxbpw PmXym`nam\hpw adphiøpambn F pap nbxns Ncn{Xw ]ecpw tcjs SpØnbn p v. tcjs Sp- Øm asn Hcp Xehpw kam[m\{iaßfpss ]cmpbøn\p ]n nep v. AXv Hcp CutKmbpsS _m n]{xamwv. Koh Kokv ZznXobt\msSm w ]cpae skan\mcnbn sshzn- Im`yk\w \SØpIbpw Hcpan v IØ\mcp] hpw dºm ÿm\hpw Gev pibpw snbvx Ip n m n ]ueqkv am AØm\mtkymkv At±ltØ mƒ aptº sa{xm\mbn. sim p]dºn ]ueqkv am Iqdntemkns Imetijw Ct±lsØbmWv _Z ae c-

29 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 29 sa{xm\mbn ]m{xnb okv `mkøp\n pw AhXcn n Xv. kl]mtn ImtXmen mbpw ae csa{xm\pambn ]n osv adp`mk- Øns t\xmhpambn. ImtXmen m ÿm\w Hgnhm n bmsxmcp A\pcRvP\Øn\pw Xbmd F HutZymKnI] Øns \ne- ]mspw, ]m{xnb okv `mkøn\p a{^nbm\msb \ Ip Xn\p ]m{xnb okns hnkωxhpw aqew k`bn kam[m\ap mbm Xm kl]mtnbpss Iogvÿm\n BIpsa p am AØm\mtkymkn\p hy ambncp p. AXn\m kam[m\w D mimxncn- pi, AYhm D mbmepw Hcp \nanjsa nepw Koh Kokv ZznXobs\ Iogvs SpØpI Fs mcp CutKm At±lw sh p ]pe Ønbncp psh v ]e kw`hßfn \n pw kw`mjwßfn \n pw hy amwv. hn phogvniƒ p Koh Kokv ZznXob Xbmdmbncps nepw kam[m\w bmym yamimxncp Xn\p ]nºn Cu LSIØn\pw ÿm\ap mbncp p. ]t 1958 kp{]owtimsxn hn[nsbøps v bmsxmcp D]m[nbpw IqSmsX k`m kam[m\ap- mbn F Xv CXns KpWhiw. adp`mksø sa{xm msc kzoicn phm Koh Kokv ZznXob D]m[nIƒ sh Xpan P\phcn 25- \p ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv Imew snbvxn-cp- p. hntzibm{x-iƒ Xm \S-Ønb aq p hntzibm{x-i-fmwv am Koh Kokv ZznXobs\ ae- -c-k-`sb hnimen{i-hm-f-ß-fn-tebv p \bn- m {]m]vx- \m- n-b-xv. Hcp ]cn[n-hsc ]n - m-esø Xs hss C y ]cy-s-\-søbpw Cu ] n-i-bn- Dƒs -Sp-Ømw. NnØkwkvIcWw F am\-z-fi-tømss thww am Koh Kokv ZznXo-bs hntzibm{x-isf hne-bn-cp-øm se tbdp-itew bm{x, se tlmwkv/tbdp-itew bm{x, se FUn _tdm bm{x F n-hbmwv am Koh Kokv ZznXo-bs hntzibm{x-iƒ. Xs k`m-tkh- \-Øns ]q m -Øn-em-bn-cp p Cu aq p bm{x-ifpw F Xv {]txyiw {it -b-am-wv. AtXt]m-se-Xs XnI pw hyxy-kvxamb kml-n-cy-ß-fn-epw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØm-Sp-amWv Cu aq p ]cy- S-\-ßfpw \S-Øn-b-Xv. alm]utcmlnxyw ae ck`taep At ymjym ]m{xnb okpamcpss `cwmhimihmzøn\p 1889 se XncphnXmwIq tdmb timsxn XSbn p. tdmb timsxn hn[nbn ]m{xnb okn\p ae cbpssta

30 30 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn euini `cwm[nimcw Cs p hy am nbncps nepw Bflobm[nImcw `mhnbn Hcp hnet]ien\p thznsbmcp nbncp p. euinim[nimcøn\mbn ] Xzhpw aqtdm\pw sh p hne ]dbp Ahÿ kwpmxamipsa `bw A meøpxs \nehnep mbncp p. \nba]cn[n p n \n psim v AXp adnis m\p D]m[n F \nebnemwv ]m{xnb okns klicwtømss a{^nbm\m ÿm\w ChnsS ÿm]n phm am Zoh mtkymkv A ma XpSßnbh {ian Xv. ]t CXp bmym yambxv 1912 am{xamwv. hy ambpw aq v AhImißfmWv 1912 cq]saspø ImtXment n\v D mbncp Xv. Ahbn ae ck`bv v ImtXmen mbpss ]n Kmansb Xncs SpØp hmgn msa AhImiw 1925 c mw ImtXmen msb hmgn XneqsS \S m n. At±lw taev] hmgvn \SØnbtXmsS c masø A[nImchpw {]tbmkn p. F m hn. aqtdm IqZmi snøphm\p alm]ptcmlnx\spø ImtXmen mbpss A[nImcw BZyw D]tbmKn Xv Koh Kokv ZznXob\mWv G{]n 22 \p tim bw ]gbskan\mcnbn sh p hn.- aq-tdm IqZmi snbvxp. AtXmsS ImtXment ns kzmx{ yw ]q Æambn. ho pw tim bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn sh p 1951 G{]n 20 \pw At±lw hn.- aq-tdm IqZmi \SØn. ssish v A\kyqXambn \ne\n pt]mcm\p Npcpßnb kwjy \ne\n ØpI F \bamwv 1900 apx ae ck`, taev] ÿm\mtcmlwøn A\ph Øn ncp Xv. AX\pkcn v 1929 c pt]tcbpw 1930, 33, 34, 38, 40 F o h jßfn HmtcmcpØtcbpw taev] ÿm\tø pb Øn. Cu \bw XncpØn pdn psim v 1953 A p t] v H bsn p taev] ÿm\w \ In ]pxnsbmcp Iogvhg w krjvsn p. `{Zmk\߃ pth n ] w simsp pi F k{ºzmbhpw AtXmsS C mxmbn. {]t_m[i Ing ns henbsa{xmt meoømbpss CSb\SpØ apjy- NpaXe {]t_m[\amsw v Koh Kokv ZznXob hnizkn ncp p.... \ΩpsS k`-bpss {][m\ Imh m-c\pw kxy-hn-izm-k-øns {][m\ kwc- -I\pw hn. ImtXm-en- m-_mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim- m- Ip- p... F Bt_m AeIvkntbmkv am txthmtzmtkymkv sa{xmt meoømbpss ImgvN msv A cw{]xn icnhbv p Xm-

31 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn 31 bncp p At±lØns {]h Ø\w. AXn\p G hpw {][m\ D]m[nbmbn At±lw IW m nbncp Xv sshzni hnzym`ymkambncp p. ]. ]cpae Xncpta\nbpw h t»cn aev]m\pw X n - Sn n Koh Kokv ZznXob, skan\mcnsb Xs kz w ÿm]\hpw DØchmZnXzhpambn mwv IW m nbncp Xv. Xmakw tzhtem- ItØbv p am nbn pw Fw.Un. skan\mcnbnepw ]gbskan\mcnbnepw \S ph sshzni hnzym`ymksø Xs kz w ta t\m - Øn Øs \n Øn. Bt_m AeIvkntbmkv am txthmtzmtkymkns Xs hm pifn,... ]p-wy-hm-\mb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n, \ΩpsS ]cn-ip ]nxm-hmb Ct m-gsø _mhmsbbpw a pw siωm-i- mcmbn ]Tn- n p-sim pw, Ah-sc mw Xncp-ta\n Dƒs ss F m-hcpw sn - pcbn Xma-kn- p-sim- p-amwv ]cp-a-e- I-gn- p-iq- n-b-xv... F ] møeøn \n p h Koh Kokv ZznXob\v skan\mcnbpss `uxni kmlncyßtf mƒ in Ww, A S w F nhbnembncp p {i. A ym]icptsbpw ]TnXm fptsbpw A S Øn bmsxmcp hn phogvnbpw At±lw A\phZn ncp n. IΩoip [cn mø A ym]itcbpw XeapSn teiw \o siωmi mtcbpw \n ±m nwyw imkn ncp p. AØcw timeøn At±lØns apºn {]Xy s Sm Bcpw ss[cys ncp n F XmWv kxyw. skan\mcnbnse \nkmc A S ewl\߃t]mepw At±lsØ tim]mipe\m pambncp p. AØcw Ahkcßfn Xncpapºn apjw ImWn m skan\mcn A ym]icn \cna - Øn F. F. bqlmt\m aev]m am{xambncp p (]n osv am tkthdntbmkv sa{xmt meoøm) ss[cys ncp Xv. XnI bmymÿnxni\pw, s{]m à v sshzni hnzym`ymksø kwibzrjvsntbmss ho n ncp hy nbpambn pw skan- \mcn v B[p\nI apjw \ Ip Xnt\m s{]m à v ÿm]\amb skdmw]q bqwnthgvkn nbpambn _ s Sp Xnt\m At±lw FXncp \n n. I p]pcbv siωmi\pw (]n osv tum. ^oent mkv am txtbm^ntemkv), h pt Ip \pw (]n osv ]. _tkentbmkv am tømωm amxyqkv {]Ya ), si. tuhnuv IØ\mcpw (kt kviqƒ UbdIvS P\d ), sndnbatøn kvidnbm aev]m\pw Fw. Un. skan\mcnbn B[p\nI coxnbn Hm ØtUmIvkv XntbmfPn skan\mcn Bcw`n t mƒ AXns\ k hmfl\m t{]m kmln n pibmwv At±lw snbvxxv.

32 32 Xncp-k- n-[n-bn F m ]nsnhn pt]mimxncn m {]txyiw {i n pibpw snbvxp. ]m mxy sshzni hnzym`ymkw t\snb t]mƒ h Kokv (]n osv tum. ]ueqkv am {KotKmdntbmkv), ap pth Fw. hn. tpm v siωmi (]n osv tum. Koh Kokv am HkvXmØntbmkv) XpSßnbhsc kzbw tim[\ snbvxv t_m ys tijamwv k`bpss apjy[mcbntebv p {]thin n Xv. a\pjy\mb k\ymkn C y kwkvimca\pkcn mbmepw kpdnbm\n ]mcºcya\pkcn mbmepw Hcp XnI k\ymknbmbncp p At±lw. F nepw bm{xmthfifn ImgvNIƒ ImWm\pw 1937 hnam\øn Hcp D mkbm{x \SØp Xn\pw At±lØn\p hntcm[ap mbncp n. ]mcoknse G^ tkm]pcw kµ in p Xp aqew Xs k\ymk- Øn\p tim whcpsa p At±lw IW m nbn. Dds Nncn p- txm, ^enxw ]dbp txm, AXv BkzZn p txm X\n p hrx- `wkw hcpøpsa p hnizkn m am{xw k pnnx a\kvi\ mbncp p At±lw. X t]mcna ImWn m `mctadnb NpaSpIsf si n a p hcpss Npaen hbv p Hcp hc p k\ymkn Bbncp n Koh - Kokv ZznXob. adn v At±lw XnI {]mtbmknihmznbmbncp p. Hcp DZmlcWw am{xw tcjs SpØmw. XncphnXmwtIm v dºm F p {]kn \mb Iq p si. hn. KohdpKokv dºm\v {]Xnh jw \mev]xv Znhkw Pe]m\w am{xw Ign v D]hkn p ]Xnhp mbncp p. kztx Zp _e\mb dºm s Poh\v CXv `ojwnbmsw p ]ecpw `bs p. hnhcw Koh Kokv ZznXob\pw Adn p. dºm t\msv D hsc, Atßb w aq p awn hsc, D]- hkn m axnsb v At±lw Iev]n p. Bh Øn p ]d n pw dºm kωxn n. Ahkm\w Koh Kokv ZznXob... k`m y- \mb \mw Iev]n p p. dºm aq p awn hsc D]hkn m axn. AXp Ign v I n IpSn psim Ww.... F p K n p. A\pkcn pib msx a p am sam pw dºm s apºn ]ns tijn n. sndp{]mbøn A cn Hcp sshznis `mcybpw ]n p- Ip pßfpw Koh Kokv ZznXobs\ ImWms\Øn. Ahsc ssiapøn n v H pw an msx apdn ItØbv p Ibdnt mb At±lsØ Zo Lt\cambn pw ]pdtø p I n. Xnc n sn t mƒ