23 2 Vol123 No12 2008 3 JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES Mar., 2008 : (, 100101) :,,,,,,,(),,, : ; ; ; : X24 : A: 1000-3037 (2008) 02-0177 - 08 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,, [ 1, 2 ] : 2007-06- 09; : 2007-12- 26 : (40535026) : (1951 - ),,,,,
178 23, [ 3 ],,,, 18 2. 1,,,, ( Essay on the Princip le of Population, 1798 ) [ 4 ] 2. 2, :,, 1500 1820, 1. 51 ;,GDP 0. 15 1820 2000, 4. 7,GDP 8. 1 ( 1) [ 5 ] 1GD P ( 1500 2000 ) Table 1 The changed pattern of the world s population and GDP per cap ita (1500-2000) GDP (1990 ) /10 6 (100% ) / (100% ) (1500 = 1) 1 500 425 1. 00 565 1. 00 1 820 1 068 2. 51 651 1. 15 (1820 = 1) 1 900 1 600 1. 50 1 235 1. 90 1 950 2 520 2. 36 2 131 3. 27 2 000 6 085 5. 70 5 925 9. 10 : [ 6 ] 2. 3,, 2070 (1972 ), 2080 ( 1987 ),,1992 21, [ 7 ] 3, ( ),
2 : : 179,,,,, ( 2) 2: Table 2 D isasters: The p ractices of human development 2004-11 - 28 15%, 166 2004-12 29 10 4, 24 10 4, (),,,, 10 10 4,,,200,,,, ( 1), ;, [ 8 ] 1 Fig. 1 The polarized effective of resource use GDP, GDP 300 400, 350,,,1850, GDP 1, 650, 1900 1 000, 19956 483 [ 8 ],GDP 1750 1850, GDP 0. 7%,
180 23 1850 1900 0. 9%, 1901 1950 1. 0%, 1950 1995 2. 1% ( 2) 2GDP (1500 1995, 19902) Fig. 2 The world s changing pattern of GDP per cap ita (1500-1995, at the p rice of 1990 International Geary2Kham is dollars),,, GDP, 1860 109kg, 1900 468kg, 20002 111kg, 3,,, ( ) 3 (1860 2000 ) Fig. 3 The world s energy consump tion of per cap ita (1860-2000) 3, 1997 Table 3 U rbanization and m ineral consump tion for selected countries, 1997 / 10 4 / / ( kg/ ) 35. 16 < 1 000 323 358 69 48 14. 96 1 000 9 999 2 574 568 162 146 8. 85 > 10 000 5 670 1 270 451 860 58. 97 5 771 680 548 150 194 : [ 9, 10 ],, 3 :,,2000, 2. 6 10 8 t, 5 389hm 2, ( 4)
2 : : 181 4 (1977 1999 ) Fig. 4 Coal output and subsided land of the Yanzhou CoalM ine in Shandong(1977-1999),, 1950 5 270, 198036 500, 19009 000km 50 10 4 km ( 5), 5, (1680 1980 ) Fig. 5 The rebuilt channels for river conveying of the world, 1680-1980, ph 5. 0, 70% ;,,ph 5. 0, 70% ;, 70% 30% ( 6) 6 (2000 ) Fig. 6 The distribution of acid2rain in China, 2000
182 23 4 : 1935, [ 11 ],,, 7(2030) Fig. 7 The general pattern of population in China, 1934,, ( 7),,,,,,, [ 12 ], 7. 08, 3. 13,1. 5 ;, 5. 89,4. 41, 0. 34 ( 8) 8 (2000 ) Fig. 8 A synthetic factor analysis for regional resource2environmental base in China, 2000 : RCER = ( RFi/N Fi) ; RFi = fi/ t; N Fi = Fi/ T, RCER ; RF; fi ( i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ) ; t ; N F; Fi ( i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ) ; T 24 ; 7 16 ; 15
2 : : 183,,() 2000, ( + ) 263 /km 2, 63 /km 2 3. 16,2,,, ( 9) 9 (1952 2000 ) Fig. 9 The changing pattern of regional population distribution in China, 1952-2000 5,,,, 18,,,,,,,,,,, ( References) : [ 1 ]. [M ]. :, 1998. [WU Chuan2jun. TheMan2land Relationship and Econom2 ic Location. Beijing: Xueyuan Press, 1998. ] [ 2 ],. [M ]. :, 1993. [ J IN Q i2m ing. TheMan2land Relationship. Nanjing: Jiang2 su Education Press, 1993. ] [ 3 ]. [M ]. :, 2004. [ ZHANG Lei. M ineral Exp loitation and National In2 dustrialization. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2004. ] [ 4 ] T R. (,) [M ]. :, 1992. [ T R Malthus( Translated by ZHU Yang, et al). An Essay on the Principle of Population. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1992. ]
184 23 [ 5 ]. [M ]. :, 1997. [MA Yin2chu. A New Theory on Population. Changchun: Jilin Peop le s Press, 1997. ] [ 6 ]. ( ) [M ]. :, 2003. [ A Maddison. The World Economy: A M illen2 nial Perspective ( in Chinese version). Beijing: Peking University Press, 2003. ] [ 7 ] E B Barbier. The concep t of sustainable econom ic development[ J ]. Environ. Conservation, 1997, 14: 101-119. [ 8 ]. [ J ]., 2004, 19 (2) : 283 288. [ ZHANG Lei. An issue on the national security of natural resources and environment for China. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2004, 19 (19) : 283-288. ] [ 9 ] UN Energy Statistics Yearbook[ Z]. 1997. [ 10 ] World Metal Statistics Yearbook[ Z]. 1997. [ 11 ]. [ J ]., 1935, 2 ( 2) : 33 74. [ HU Huan2yong. D istribution of population in China. Acta Geographica S inica, 1935, 2 (2) : 33-74. ] [ 12 ],. [M ]. :, 2006. [ ZHANG Lei, L IU Yi. The Resource2En2 vironmental Foundation for Regional Development in China. Beijing: Science Press, 2006. ] The Resource2Env ironm en ta l Ba se: A Start Po in t for Ch ina s M an2land Rela tion sh ip ZHANG Lei ( Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China) Abstract: A s the top of ecological chain on the earth, our human society, nowadays, has already been in the p rocess of modernization. Even though, no one could be living on the earth without a fully supp ly of natural materials and an entirely p rotection of environment. In fact, material supp ly and environmental p rotection are still the first needs for human society today. No matter how ad2 vanced a country is, the status of natural resource2environment is still the key p reconditions for its survival, and any instability of the resource2environm ental base caused whether by natural or by man him self could stop civilizations evolve. That is why inquiring a coordinated relationship be2 tween natural resource2environment and hum an society has become the p rincipal target for the sus2 tainable development of all nations. China, as one of the largest develop ing countries in the world, p roves again the fact itself that the p recondition and stability of the national resource2environmental base are the decisive factors for the changing pattern of spatial organization in human social activities of the country. It is well known that East China by south had acted as a central p lace of the national civilization for a long time, and has becom ing even more important for the whole country nowadays since the imp lemen2 tation of the Open Door Policy in the late 1970 s. Such a development of East China by south, according to the analysis of the man2land Relationship Model in this paper, is p roved to stand by better conditions of local resource and environment. It is, therefore, to fully understand this phe2 nomenon of man2land relationship based upon the natural resource2environment could benefit a lot for a sustainable development of China in future. Key words: the resource2environmental base; man2land relationship; sustainable developm ent; integrated factor analysis