Airborne Remote Sensing for Ocean and Coastal Applications
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1 Airborne Remote Sensing for Ocean and Coastal Applications Ben Reineman, Luc Lenain, Nick Statom, David Castel, Ken Melville Scripps Institution of Oceanography 17 October, 2011 Address for correspondence: Ben Reineman: Ken Melville (PI): 5th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA Collaborator: Leonel Romero (UC Santa Barbara) Acknowledgement: Daniel Bedenko (UCSD/SIO)
2 Introduction Airborne lidar altimetry as a means for in situ calibration/validation of satellite coastal altimetry Compared to buoy / tide gauge, large spatial coverage, captures variability Mapping of sea surface wave field included Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of coast, land targets Airborne remote sensing as a tool for investigating phenomena not captured by satellites Able to capture small scale spatial and temporal variability Short notice availability - capture weather phenomena SST fronts, unstable features Support of real-time forecasting during extreme events Assimilate into model analysis and forecasts of extreme events / coastal environments 17 October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 2
3 Outline Airborne remote sensing instrumentation review, description Coastal DEM examples from airborne scanning lidar Sample sea surface topographic survey, wavenumber spectra of surface waves Sample IR and visible imagery of sea surface temperature front Altimetry comparison of airborne lidar, Jason-1 pass 17 October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 3
4 Airborne scanning lidar system comparison NASA/EG&G ATM RIEGL Q240i RIEGL Q680i Nominal altitude over water 400 m m m (condition dependent) Swath width over water 200 m m up to 800 m (condition dependent) Point spacing m 1-2 m down to 15 cm (altitude, speed dependent) Laser beam divergence 1 mrad 2.7 mrad 0.5 mrad Vertical RMS accuracy 8 cm 9 cm 2-4 cm Sampling rate 5 khz 30 khz up to 400 khz Twin Otter / Hi-Res, (CIRPAS) Cessna Caravan / LEI, 2008 Partenavia / C130 / GOTEX, 2004 (NSF/NCAR) Piper Twin Comanche / Reineman et al Romero and Melville October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 4
5 Airborne remote sensing system, Q680i + IR + hyperspectral Full waveform lidar (RIEGL Q680i) Fiber Optic Gyro GPS/IMU (NovAtel LN200 SPAN), Second GPS/IMU dedicated for hyperspectral imagery (OXTS RT3003) Complete system approx. 500 W Hyperspectral (Specim AISA EAGLE) GPS/IMU (NovAtel LN200 SPAN) Power distribution, synchronization, data acquisition Operator touchscreen Secondary pilot screen 8 Mpx digital color camera Long Wave IR Camera (FLIR SC6000 LWIR) 54 cm Scanning waveform lidar (RIEGL Q680i) 17 October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 5
6 Airborne lidar beach and coast data sample, RIEGL Q680i Beach and cliff elevation on a segment of Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base 4 November passes, 460-m AGL Elevation (m) Backscattered Amplitude (-) Latitude m Longitude 100 m Longitude 17 October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 6
7 Santa Barbara Channel, 1100 m AMSL, RIEGL Q680i pass 4 Aug 2011, instrumentation demonstration 9-km, 2x2 m regridded segment, aircraft speed = 67 m/s over ground wind 11.8 m/s (NDBC 46054) 25 km 17 October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 7
8 Y (m) Sea surface topography, omnidirectional surface wavenumber spectra a) Segment from previous slide, 4 Aug 2011, 1100 m AMSL Z (m) a) Santa b) Omnidirectional wavenumber spectra m AMSL (blue) m swath width, 1.2-m resolution m AMSL (red) 200-m swath width, cm resolution ATM resolves to here X (m) -2 equilibrium spectra k -5/2 Elevation (m) a) Santa b) saturation spectra k -3 c) Perspective view example of raw point cloud color coded for height above MSL. Insert: top view of the same wave field 17 October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 8
9 SST fronts, wave-current interaction, Hi-Res, 17 June 2010 Fronts correlated with enhanced wave breaking IR Imager (FLIR A325 LWIR) aboard CIRPAS Twin Otter, 1000-m altitude 2 x 2 m spatial resolution SST ( C) 120 m Visible video imagery Latitude photograph from cockpit m Longitude 17 October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 9
10 Comparison of airborne lidar and Jason-1 altimetry Hi-Res, Northern CA, 29 June 2010 Twin Otter: ATM+nadir lidar (RIEGL LD90) 260-km segment, 300-m alt Jason-1: 00:57:27-00:58:15 UTC Twin Otter: 00:33:59-01:34:04 UTC Jason-1 elevation includes sea state bias, tropospheric, ionospheric, corrections; does NOT include tides clouds = no lidar RMS differences ATM: 6.6 cm Nadir Lidar: 7.7 cm SF Bay SST source: MODIS Terra, 28 June October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 10
11 Conclusions Aircraft-based topographic mapping is a potential means for satellite altimetry calibration/validation in coastal regions Aircraft-based altimetry and imaging can be used to measure small- to mesoscale, O(1 m) - O(100 km) sea surface features Wave field mapping Mapping of short temporal and spatial scale events On-demand measurement of extreme events (storms, surge) References Reineman, BD, L Lenain, D Castel & WK Melville A Portable Airborne Scanning Lidar System for Ocean and Coastal Applications. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2009, 26, Romero, L and WK Melville Airborne Observations of Fetch- Limited Waves in the Gulf of Tehuantepec. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, October th Coastal Altimetry Workshop - San Diego, CA 11
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