6th Grade Earth's Systems

Transcription

1 Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87 6th Grade Earth's Systems The Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes Table of ontents: The Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes Slide 3 / 87 lick on the topic to go to that section The Water ycle States of Matter in the Water ycle Forces of the Water ycle Global Pattern of Interconnected Ocean urrents Erosion and Weathering

2 Slide 4 / 87 The Water ycle Return to Table of ontents Wonderful Water Water is a part of our daily lives and all around us. ut have you ever wondered where does water come from? Slide 5 / 87 t your table, come up with an idea of where water comes from. Slide 6 / 87

3 The Water ycle Slide 7 / 87 The water on Earth is continuously moving through what is known as the water cycle. The water cycle details the movement of water throughout Earth and its journey between liquid, gas and solid states. The water cycle is a never ending cycle that has been going on for millions of years. What Powers the Water ycle? Slide 8 / 87 Where does the water cycle get its energy from? The answer should not surprise you - it is also where every organism on Earth gets their energy. The answer is probably above you right now. iscuss what you think the answer is with your partner. What Powers the Water ycle? Slide 9 / 87 The energy from the sun powers the water cycle. The sun heats water and turns it into water vapor, starting the cycle. s the water condenses, it falls back to earth and returns to water stores where it is again heated by the sun, thus again starting the cycle over.

4 What Powers the Water ycle? Slide 9 () / 87 The energy from the sun powers the water cycle. The sun heats water and turns it into water vapor, starting the cycle. Since the water cycle is continuously in motion and there is not a correct starting point. It is commonly taught to start from the evaporation of water into vapor. The water cycle can go through various paths to reach the same point. Explore some of the other possible paths or sub cycles. Note s the water condenses, it falls back to earth and returns to water stores where it is again heated by the sun, thus again starting the cycle over. The Water ycle Steps The water cycle is composed of multiple steps during which water can be found in all three states of matter. Let's break down the water cycle and look at the steps... Slide 10 / 87 Evaporation Infiltration ondensation Percolation Precipitation Transpiration Interception Runoff Storage Evaporation Slide 11 / 87 The main force behind the water cycle is the sun. The sun heats up water stored on Earth, which evaporates and rises in the atmosphere. Water vapor, although not visible, surrounds us all the time. This is considered the starting point of the water cycle. What are some examples of water stores on Earth?

5 Evapotranspiration Slide 12 / 87 Evaporation is the process of transforming from a liquid to a gas. The sun heats the liquid water and turns it into water vapor. nother type of evaporation that contributes water vapor to the cycle is evapotranspiration, which is the loss of water from the soil through both evaporation and transpiration from plants. ondensation Slide 13 / 87 s the evaporated water vapor rises it mixes with air currents and is taken higher into the atmosphere. s the warm water vapor cools it condenses. What is condensation? What happens to the glass if you have a cold drink on a hot day? ondensation Slide 14 / 87 ondensation is the opposite of evaporation and is the process by which a vapor becomes a liquid. s water condenses, millions of tiny droplets of water join to create clouds.

6 Precipitation s the clouds move through the atmosphere they increase in size as they collect more water vapor. Eventually, clouds reach a point where they are unable to hold any more water vapor and they release it in the form of precipitation. Slide 15 / 87 Precipitation is water falling from the atmosphere to Earth. What forms of precipitation can you think of? Interception s precipitation falls some of it may become interrupted on its journey through the water cycle by plants or puddles. Slide 16 / 87 This interruption of the water cycle creates a smaller subcycle. The precipitation that is intercepted is evaporated back into the atmosphere before it completes the cycle. Infiltration Slide 17 / 87 The majority of precipitation reaches the surface of Earth where it starts the process of infiltration. Infiltration is the movement of water through Earth's surface. s the water soaks into the ground it moves between the soil and rocks. Plants soak up some of the water but the majority of the water reaches a level that is filled with water, called ground water. courtesy of dnr.wi.gov

7 Percolation Slide 18 / 87 Water also percolates or moves downward through openings in the soil to replenish aquifers under the ground. Percolation describes the action of water as it moves through spaces in the soil and rock. Percolation Slide 19 / 87 Inside a coffee maker is a filter which the ground up coffee beans go into before the hot water is added. Explain at your table how this type of percolation works and is similar to the one which happens on Earth. Run Off Precipitation that travels over the landscape is run off. Precipitation falls on the land, flows overland (runoff), and runs into streams, rivers, and lakes. Slide 20 / 87 Run off from snowmelt is also a major component to the water cycle. Snow fields act as water stores during cooler seasons and release their water in the form of run off during warmer months.

8 Storage Slide 21 / 87 Water is constantly moving through the water cycle but the majority of it is in storage. Water is stored not only in visible sources such as rivers and lakes, but also in groundwater or ice caps. Some water in storage is quickly returned to the cycle while some may be locked up for a while. Name some major bodies of water near you which store water. Review the Water ycle Slide 22 / 87 lick on the video link below to review the water cycle. Listen for the terms and concepts we learned about. 1 What is the water cycle? Slide 23 / 87 continuous, endless and natural cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. The path water flows from the clouds to the sea. How water is processed for human consumption. The interactions between water and the Sun.

9 1 What is the water cycle? Slide 23 () / 87 continuous, endless and natural cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. The path water flows from the clouds to the sea. How water is processed for human consumption. The interactions between water and the Sun. 2 The provides the energy for the water cycle. Slide 24 / 87 Gravity tmosphere Wind Sun 2 The provides the energy for the water cycle. Slide 24 () / 87 Gravity tmosphere Wind Sun

10 3 Which of the following are forms of precipitation? (hoose all that apply.) Vapor Rain Pond Hail E Sleet Slide 25 / 87 3 Which of the following are forms of precipitation? (hoose all that apply.) Vapor Rain Pond Hail E Sleet,, E Slide 25 () / 87 4 Evaporation is: Slide 26 / 87 the process by which a vapor becomes a liquid the conversion of a liquid into a vapor the process of precipitation entering the ground. water falling in a liquid or solid state from the atmosphere.

11 4 Evaporation is: Slide 26 () / 87 the process by which a vapor becomes a liquid the conversion of a liquid into a vapor the process of precipitation entering the ground. water falling in a liquid or solid state from the atmosphere. 5 ondensation is: Slide 27 / 87 the process by which a vapor becomes a liquid the conversion of a liquid into a vapor the process of precipitation entering the ground. water falling in a liquid or solid state from the atmosphere. 5 ondensation is: Slide 27 () / 87 the process by which a vapor becomes a liquid the conversion of a liquid into a vapor the process of precipitation entering the ground. water falling in a liquid or solid state from the atmosphere.

12 6 Melting snow is an example of. percolation storage interception run off Slide 28 / 87 6 Melting snow is an example of. percolation storage interception run off Slide 28 () / 87 Skills heck Now that you have learned about the steps of the water cycle, put your knowledge to the test. lick on the image below to get started. Slide 29 / 87

13 Skills heck Now that you have learned about the steps of the water cycle, put your knowledge to the test. lick on the image below to get started. Here are more activities for additional practice. Water ycle Review ctivity Slide 29 () / 87 More Water ycle Vocabulary Game Water ycle Review ` Fill in the chart with examples of where you observe the water cycle in your daily life. Slide 30 / 87 Evaporation ondensation Precipitation Run Off Slide 31 / 87 States of Matter in the Water ycle Return to Table of ontents

14 States of Matter in the Water ycle s water is recycled through the water cycle it passes through all three states of matter. These slides will introduce you to the terms associated with this cycle as the water changes its form, or its state of matter. Slide 32 / 87 States of Matter in the Water ycle s water is recycled through the water cycle it passes through all three states of matter. These slides will introduce you to the terms associated with this The cycle three as states the water of matter changes are: its form, or its state of matter. Solid, Liquid and Gas Teacher Notes lick the link below for a quick review of the states of matter. States of matter video Slide 32 () / 87 Evaporation Slide 33 / 87 s water is heated it changes states of matter from a liquid to a gas. Liquid Gas

15 - Precipitation Slide 34 / 87 s water is condensed in the clouds it eventually falls back to earth. If the precipitation is in the form of sleet, snow or hail it is an example of liquid water turning into a solid by freezing. omplete the diagram below. Liquid (hail) Transpiration Slide 35 / 87 nother source of evaporation is through transpiration. uring transpiration water from the leaves, stems or flowers of plants is converted from water into water vapor. omplete the diagram below. Freezing Slide 36 / 87 s liquid water cools during the water cycle it changes state from liquid to solid. Glaciers are an example of a frozen water store. omplete the diagram with the correct change of state.

16 Melting Slide 37 / 87 What happens when water melts? Fill in the correct states below. 7 Which of the following are examples of a liquid changing into a gas in the water cycle? (hoose all that apply.) The evaporation of rain off a side walk. Slide 38 / 87 The freezing of snow to form a glacier.. The transpiration of water from a plant. The condensing of water vapor to form clouds. 7 Which of the following are examples of a liquid changing into a gas in the water cycle? (hoose all that apply.) The evaporation of rain off a side walk. Slide 38 () / 87 The freezing of snow to form a glacier. &. The transpiration of water from a plant. The condensing of water vapor to form clouds.

17 8 is the change in the state of matter from gas to liquid. Slide 39 / 87 Freezing Transpiriation ondensation Evaporation. 8 is the change in the state of matter from gas to liquid. Slide 39 () / 87 Freezing Transpiriation ondensation Evaporation. 9 Which of the following is/are not an example of precipitation? (hoose all that apply.) Vapor E Rain Pond Hail Snow Slide 40 / 87

18 9 Which of the following is/are not an example of precipitation? (hoose all that apply.) Vapor E Rain Pond Hail Snow & Slide 40 () / The conversion of a frozen glacier into runoff water is an example of. Infiltration Slide 41 / 87 Melting Precipitation ondensation 10 The conversion of a frozen glacier into runoff water is an example of. Infiltration Slide 41 () / 87 Melting Precipitation ondensation

19 hanging Water ctivity Slide 42 / 87 How does water transform from one state to another? Find out in this activity! Source: pmm.nasa.gov Slide 43 / 87 Forces of the Water ycle Return to Table of ontents Forces of the Water ycle Slide 44 / 87 While the Sun is the primary driving force behind the water cycle, other forces impact the cycle too. These forces are gravity, the atmosphere, and land masses. These forces that influence the water cycle are constantly affecting the cycle in ways we cannot see.

20 Gravity's Impact on the Water ycle s water is evaporated by the sun and lifted into the atmosphere, gravity pulls the water back to Earth in the form of precipitation. Slide 45 / 87 Gravity also causes the runoff to flow through rivers and streams back to the ocean. long its way gravity pulls against the water, eroding Earth, cutting canyons and transporting sediments. 11 Which of the following is not a result of gravity's impact on the water cycle? Slide 46 / 87 Runoff traveling down a mountain stream Precipitation falling back to the Earth's surface. ooler ocean temperatures at the poles Water erroding the wall of a canyon 11 Which of the following is not a result of gravity's impact on the water cycle? Slide 46 () / 87 Runoff traveling down a mountain stream Precipitation falling back to the Earth's surface. ooler ocean temperatures at the poles Water erroding the wall of a canyon

21 Solar Energy Slide 47 / 87 While solar energy influences all surface processes, its impact is not consistent because Earth is not a perfect sphere. The amount of sunlight and its influence depends on the angle of the earth in relation to the sun. Look at the map and notice that the areas around the equator receive the highest levels of solar energy. What causes the polar regions to be cooler than the equator? Solar Energy Slide 47 () / 87 While solar energy influences all surface processes, its impact is not consistent because Earth is not a In perfect polar regions, the sun's rays sphere. The amount of come in slanted at a shallow angle sunlight and its influence and considerably less heat is depends on the angle received. of the earth in relation to the sun. More Look at the map and notice that the areas around the equator receive the highest levels of solar energy. What causes the polar regions to be cooler than the equator? onvection urrents The uneven global heat distribution causes convection currents that attempt to equalize the heat distribution around Earth. The heated air at the equator rises up, and spreads north and south towards the poles. Slide 48 / 87

22 onvection urrents Slide 49 / 87 s water gradually cools it sinks down in the polar regions, and then flows across Earth's surface to the equator. There it heats up again and the convection current cycle is repeated. oriolis Effect Since Earth is constantly rotating, the rotation effects the currents. The oriolis Effect makes the northward flowing currents veer off course. Slide 50 / 87 The air currents are pushed to the right, in the direction of rotation. The air exchange between equator and poles is classified into three circulation belts; Westerlies, Northeasterly Trades and Southeasterly Trades. oriolis Effect Impact ir currents from the equator bring with them lots of moisture and thus there are a large quantity of clouds. Slide 51 / 87 These clouds lead to a lot of rainfall and the wet tropical environments found around the equator. s the currents travel to between 20 and 35 degrees latitude, they encounter warm and dry air masses.

23 oriolis Effect Impact ir currents from the equator bring with them lots of moisture and thus there are a large quantity of clouds. More These clouds lead to a lot of rainfall and the wet tropical environments found around the equator. s the currents travel to between 20 and 35 degrees latitude, they encounter warm and dry air masses. Here is a demonstration to help demonstrate this concept. oriolis ctivity Slide 51 () / 87 oriolis Effect Impact Slide 52 / 87 More Here is a demonstration to help demonstrate this concept. In these drier regions, oriolis what ctivity type of environment do you predict will be there? Once the currents reach the poles they again form cloud formations and thus precipitation. oriolis Effect Impact Slide 52 () / 87 More Here is a demonstration to help demonstrate this concept. In these drier regions, oriolis what ctivity type of environment do you predict will be there? Once the currents reach the poles they again form cloud formations and thus precipitation. Teacher Notes

24 Moving ir = Moving Water The movement of global air current is also the movement of water through the atmosphere and water cycle. ompared to atmospheric gases, water has a much higher heat capacity. s water is constantly traveling through the water cycle it is releasing its absorbed heat. Slide 53 / 87 Moving ir = Moving Water The heat from the Sun that causes water to evaporate is put into the air when the water condenses into clouds and precipitates. The continuous evaporation and condensation cycle is a main way heat is transferred from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and in moving heat around Earth. Slide 54 / 87 Moving ir = Moving Water Slide 55 / 87

25 12 Which of the following is not a driving force behind the water cycle? Slide 56 / 87 Gravity The Sun Land masses Ocean currents E The atmosphere 12 Which of the following is not a driving force behind the water cycle? Slide 56 () / 87 Gravity The Sun Land masses Ocean currents E The atmosphere 13 Which of the locations on the map would receive the highest amount of solar energy? Slide 57 / 87.

26 13 Which of the locations on the map would receive the highest amount of solar energy? Slide 57 () / 87. It is closest to the equator and would receive the most direct solar energy. 14 The oriolis Effect is. Slide 58 / 87 the force behind the global conveyor belt what happens when water vapor condenses and give off heat. the movement of ocean currents.. the impact of Earth's rotation on air currents. 14 The oriolis Effect is. Slide 58 () / 87 the force behind the global conveyor belt what happens when water vapor condenses and give off heat. the movement of ocean currents.. the impact of Earth's rotation on air currents.

27 15 Where would you expect to find more precipitation? Equator North Pole Prime Meridian South Pole Slide 59 / Where would you expect to find more precipitation? Equator North Pole Prime Meridian South Pole Slide 59 () / 87 Slide 60 / 87 Global Pattern of Interconnected Ocean urrents Return to Table of ontents

28 Ocean Temperatures When compared to the land masses on Earth, the oceans store much more heat. Since the majority of the thermal energy on Earth is stored in the oceans, they are important in the regulation of Earth s climate. Slide 61 / 87 Ocean Temperatures The warmer water near the equator tends to move towards the cooler poles, similar to the air currents. Wind blowing over the warm ocean water helps move the surface water. Slide 62 / 87 Ocean urrents The ocean currents are influenced by the water temperatures and the position of landmasses. reas of the ocean such as the Pacific where there are few land masses, mostly follow the air currents. Slide 63 / 87

29 Ocean urrents However, in areas of the ocean where there are more land masses, such as the Indian Ocean, the currents are impacted by the land masses and thus more complex. The rotation of the Earth also impacts the ocean current, notice which way the currents in the Northern and Southern hemispheres are predominately rotating. Slide 64 / 87 Ocean urrents However, in areas of the ocean where there are more land masses, such as the Indian Ocean, the currents are impacted by the land masses and thus more complex. Here is a video to help reinforce The rotation of the Earth also impacts the ocean current, notice which way the currents in the Northern and Southern hemispheres are predominately rotating. More this concept. urrents Video Slide 64 () / 87 Oceanic irculation System Slide 65 / 87 Generally, the warm equatorial surface waters move towards the poles where they cool and return back towards the equator along the sea floor. The pattern of surface circulation is called a gyre. complete run through this current system is estimated to take about 1000 years.

30 Oceanic irculation System Slide 66 / 87 The map shows the oceanic circulation (gyre) system. These gyres are set in motion by wind and gravity and are steered by the placement of continents and rotation of Earth. Tides Tides are the periodic rise and falling of large bodies of water. They are formed by the attraction between Earth and the moon. Slide 67 / 87 cting like magnets the moon tries to pull anything on Earth closer. Since the water on Earth is always moving the moon is able to pull at it. How many tides per day of each type are there? Global onveyor elt Slide 68 / 87 eep ocean currents are fueled by differences in the temperature and salinity of the waters, in what is known as the global conveyor belt. How do the differences in temperature create a current? lick on the image below to view a video explaining the process

31 Global onveyor elt s water enters the poles and becomes cooler, sea ice is formed. s the water freezes the salt is left behind. s the sea water gets colder and saltier its density increases and it starts to sink towards the bottom. Slide 69 / 87 Surface water is pulled in to replace the sinking water and it turn eventually becomes cold and salty enough to sink. Thus a current is formed. The denser water travels down past the equator towards ntarctica where fresh streams of cold water sink-in, recharging the current. 16 Ocean currents are influenced by (hoose all that apply.) Slide 70 / 87 Water Temperatures Evaporation Landmasses Salinity. 16 Ocean currents are influenced by (hoose all that apply.) Slide 70 () / 87 Water Temperatures Evaporation Landmasses., & Salinity

32 17 Warmer water temperatures are found near the: Equator Slide 71 / 87 North Pole Prime Meridian South Pole 17 Warmer water temperatures are found near the: Equator Slide 71 () / 87 North Pole Prime Meridian South Pole 18 The global conveyor belt is fueled by what two factors? Slide 72 / 87 Gravity and the sun Temperature and Salinity Tides and the moon phase Wind currents and time of day

33 18 The global conveyor belt is fueled by what two factors? Slide 72 () / 87 Gravity and the sun Temperature and Salinity Tides and the moon phase Wind currents and time of day It's ll onnected: Global irculation ctivity Slide 73 / 87 Use this simulation to trace pathways of wind and water from one part of the Earth to another. Slide 74 / 87 Erosion and Weathering Return to Table of ontents

34 Erosion and Weathering Erosion and weathering are two of the major forces that have shaped and are continuing to shape the physical world around us. Slide 75 / 87 Understanding these two forces provide us insight on how our land is shaped from mountains to streams to lakes to beaches. Weathering and erosion slowly chisel, polish, and buff Earth's rock into ever evolving formations and wash the remains downstream. Weathering Weathering is the breaking down of the surface of rock, soil, and minerals into smaller pieces. Flowing water changes the landscape as it flows or moves by breaking down rocks or soil as it goes. Slide 76 / 87 Moving water is the strongest weathering force that changes the land we see. Freezing water is also powerful when it enters the cracks of rocks, it will split the rocks in half. Erosion Erosion is the movement of particles away from their source. Water carries small pieces of rock away from a mountain. Erosion is facilitated by water, oceans, wind and glaciers. Slide 77 / 87

35 eposition fter Earth's surface has eroded or been weathered away, the materials are moved by water. When they stop moving and are dropped off we call this deposition. eposition is when soil and rocks are deposited or left somewhere different than where they started. The tiny pieces of rocks that are deposited are sediments. Slide 78 / 87 Water's Role in Weathering and Erosion Water is nature's most versatile tool and is responsible for the bulk of erosion on the planet, from ocean waves and currents to sediment filled streams, rivers, and floods. Slide 79 / 87 Frozen water also moves large amounts of weathered rock via glaciers. Water's Role in Weathering and Erosion Slide 80 / 87 Underground weathering and erosion can lead to caverns and sinkholes. Weathering & Erosion Video

36 19 Erosion is the. Slide 81 / 87 breaking down of rocks and soil into smaller pieces. water freezing in the crack of a rock the movement of particles away from their source process of disintegration of rock and soil 19 Erosion is the. Slide 81 () / 87 breaking down of rocks and soil into smaller pieces. water freezing in the crack of a rock the movement of particles away from their source process of disintegration of rock and soil 20 When soil and rocks are left somewhere different than where they started, it is known as: Slide 82 / 87 Landslide eposition Erosion Weathering

37 20 When soil and rocks are left somewhere different than where they started, it is known as: Slide 82 () / 87 Landslide eposition Erosion Weathering 21 Which of the following forces would not cause weathering? Slide 83 / 87 Glaciers moving down a valley strong flowing river The sun shining on a rock Water freezing the cracks of rocks 21 Which of the following forces would not cause weathering? Slide 83 () / 87 Glaciers moving down a valley strong flowing river The sun shining on a rock Water freezing the cracks of rocks

38 ` Slide 84 / The weathering and erosion of underground water could create and. Volcanoes Sink Holes averns Groundwater ` 22 The weathering and erosion of underground water could create and. Slide 84 () / 87 Volcanoes Sink Holes averns Groundwater & Erosion and Weathering: ctivity 1 Slide 85 / 87 Examine the effects of weathering and erosion in this activity.

39 Erosion and Weathering: ctivity 2 Slide 86 / 87 Examine the effects of the freeze/thaw cycle in this activity. This is a frozen waterfall on Wappinger reek, New York. Erosion and Weathering: ctivity 3 Slide 87 / 87 Examine how water flow affects erosion and weathering in this activity. This formation in South Wales was caused by the erosion of the cliffs by the ocean.