Website Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1

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1 Website Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1 1

2 Lectures 3 & 4 1. Biogeochemical Cycling 2. Solar Radiation 3. The Atmosphere 4. The Global Ocean 5. Weather and Climate 6. Internal Planetary Processes Biogeochemical Cycles 2

3 3

4 Cycling of Materials Matter moves among organisms, ecosystems, and the abiotic environment Pools, compartments Cycling of Materials Biogeochemical cycling Interactions between biological, geological, and chemical aspects of environment Five major cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Water (Hydrologic) 4

5 The Carbon (C) Cycle The Carbon (C) Cycle Global circulation of C between living and non-living environment Major processes Photosynthesis Respiration Soil, in particular Combustion of fossil fuels CO 2 dissolving into ocean 5

6 The Carbon (C) Cycle Human Affects on C Cycle CO 2 was 0.029% of atmosphere (1700s) CO 2 is 0.04% (2014) Expected 0.06% by 2100 Higher CO 2 creates lots of feedbacks in environment > CO 2 dissolved in ocean 6

7 The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle Cycles among organisms, atmosphere, land, and ocean All organisms use water 7

8 Transpiration Loss of water vapor from land plants 97% of plant water can be lost this way Human Affect on Water Cycle Air pollution may decrease precipitation Pumping, diverting surface and groundwater for irrigation Climate Change warming temperatures are melting polar ice caps Sea level rise Greater frequency of storms predicted 8

9 What do they have in common? Solar Radiation 9

10 Solar Radiation Sun provides energy for life, powers biogeochemical cycles (carbon, Water, etc.), and determines climate Solar Radiation Albedo The reflectance of solar energy off earth s surface Dark colors = low albedo Forests and ocean Light colors = high albedo Ice caps 10

11 Solar Radiation Question! Why is the earth warmer at the equator that at the poles?????? Solar Radiation 11

12 Climate- Global Scale Temperate Tropics Beams of sunlight shine down directly overhead in tropical regions In the higher latitudes same amount of sunlight is spread over a much larger area. Temperature Changes with Latitude Solar energy does not hit earth uniformly Due to earth s spherical shape and tilt Equator (a) High concentration Little Reflection High Temperature From (a) to (c) In diagram below Closer to Poles (c) Low concentration Higher Reflection Low Temperature 12

13 What does this mean for climate? Tropics more sunlight striking the earth per unit area. Energy more concentrated - warmer. Temperate Areas less sunlight per unit area. Energy is less concentrated - cooler. As result, as you move away from the tropics, the average temperature gets cooler and cooler. Temperature Changes with Season Seasons determined by earth s tilt (23.5 ) Causes each hemisphere to tilt toward the sun for half the year Northern Hemisphere tilts towards the sun from March 21 September 22 (warm season) 13

14 The Atmosphere The Atmosphere Content 21% Oxygen 78% Nitrogen 1% Argon, Carbon dioxide, Neon and Helium Greenhouse gases (CFCs, CO 2, CH 4 ) Density decreases with distance from earth Shields earth from high energy radiation 14

15 Atmospheric Layers Layering is based upon temperature changes with altitude. 1. Troposphere (0 12 miles) Where weather occurs Temperature decreases with altitude Atmospheric Layers 2. Stratosphere (12 30 miles) Temperature increases with altitude- very stable Ozone layer absorbs UV Where jets fly 15

16 Atmospheric Layers 3. Mesosphere (31-53 miles) Temperature decreases with altitude Atmospheric Layers 4. Thermosphere ( miles) Gases in thin air absorb x-rays and short-wave UV radiation = very hot Source of aurora Reflects radio waves with need for satellites 16

17 Atmospheric Layers 5. Exosphere (400 miles and up) Outermost layer Atmosphere continues to thin until converges with interplanetary space 17

18 Atmospheric Circulation Atmosphere is very dynamic! Air is in constant motion all over the planet Atmosphere is a giant heat engine Air movement powered by the sun. Atmospheric Circulation At the Equator Solar Radiation is most intense, and shines directly down on the earth s surface As a result, the surface is warmed 18

19 Atmospheric Circulation At the Equator The warm surface causes the air above it to get warm Warm air rises, because it is less dense (lighter) than cool air Atmospheric Circulation At the Equator The warm air rises into the atmosphere, as it does, it cools down, and becomes more dense (heavy) At some height, the air cools down to a point at which it s density becomes equal the air around it. The air stops rising 19

20 Atmospheric Circulation Sun Equator Atmospheric Circulation 30 North Equator 30 South 20

21 Atmospheric Circulation Atmospheric Circulation This occurs at higher latitudes as well Moves heat from equator to the poles 21

22 Atmospheric Circulation Earth s rotation influences direction of wind Earth rotates from East to West Deflects wind from straight-line path Coriolis Effect Coriolis Effect Influence of the earth s rotation on movement of air and water Turns them Right in the Northern Hemisphere Turns them Left in the Southern Hemisphere 22

23 How does it work?? Coriolis Effect Coriolis Effect Earth is a sphere that rotates on it s axis. Greater circumference at the equator than at the poles 23

24 Coriolis Effect Earth s surface is moving fastest at the equator. Earth s surface moves slower as you move towards the poles Coriolis Effect Image you are standing on the equator with a magic paper airplane! 24

25 Coriolis Effect You throw the plane directly north You think the plane will fly directly north Coriolis Effect But it doesn t! Instead, it veers off to the east. 25

26 Coriolis Effect If you turn around and throw the plane south, the same thing happens! Why? 26

27 Coriolis Effect Earth s surface is moving fastest at the equator. Earth s surface moves slower as you move towards the poles, but the airplane is still moving at the same speed as the equator. 27

28 Coriolis Effect Coriolis Effect High altitude winds moving away from the equator 30º N 30º S 28

29 Coriolis Effect winds Coriolis Effect Surface winds moving toward the equator 30º N 30º S 29

30 Coriolis Effect Surface winds moving toward the equator 30º N 30º S 30

31 The Global Oceans Patterns of Ocean Circulation Prevailing winds caused by the earth s rotation produce ocean currents and generate large areas of circulating water gyres 31

32 Patterns of Ocean Circulation Example: the North Atlantic Ocean Trade winds blow west, Westerlies blow east Patterns of Ocean Circulation Westerlies Trade winds 32

33 Position of Landmasses Large landmasses in the Northern Hemisphere help to dictate ocean currents and flow Very little land in the Southern Hemisphere Vertical Mixing of Ocean Ocean water varies in density/temperature Gulf Stream and N. Atlantic Drift deliver heat from tropics to Europe Heat transferred to atmosphere, becomes denser, sinks ~8ºC cooler than surface current 33

34 Vertical Mixing of Ocean Ocean Conveyor Belt Affects regional and possibly global climate 34

Website Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1

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