All Weather Wind Monitoring with Integrated Radar and Lidar
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1 All Weather Wind Monitoring with Integrated Radar and Lidar Sensors for Wind Monitoring in All Weather Conditions WakeNet3 - Greenwake March 2010 Stephen Hannon, Keith Barr, Jerry Pelk Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Sensing & Exploration Systems Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies (LMCT) 2010 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved. WTDS 3/29/2010 1
2 Overview Motivation Existing all weather implementations Combined performance for Lidar + Radar Making it happen in Europe the DWD ITWS/LLWAS project Summary WTDS 3/29/2010 2
3 Motivation All Weather Often interpreted as adverse weather But All = Fine + Adverse Goal: robust, cost-effective terminal area wind monitoring all the time Select the right sensor combination to optimize Aerodrome Monitoring and Airport CDM WTDS 3/29/2010 3
4 Airport Wind Monitoring Recent terminal area wind sensing operations have added Lidar to address alerting deficiencies Hong Kong: TDWR + Lidar Japan: DRAW + Lidar (2 airports and counting) USFAA/LAS: TDWR + Lidar However, these have all coupled Lidar with expensive, large dish radars at C-band C (5 cm) wavelengths WTDS 3/29/2010 4
5 FAA Evaluation Success McCarran International Airport (Las Vegas) 35%/25% (POD/PFA) 91%/10% with TDWR+Lidar TDWR deficiencies detecting dry microburst and winds ahead of gust fronts FAA procured unit in 2008 after completing Operational Test & Evaluation System moved to permanent location in 2009 WindTracer at McCarran - July-October 2005 evaluation - Substantial gains in safety and efficiency LAS WindTracer in Permanent Location WTDS 3/29/2010 5
6 WindTracer Terminal Doppler Solution Goals Create an all weather wind hazard detection system that combines clearer air capabilities of Lidar with the adverse weather capability of Radar Provide coverage for airport terminal area ( km distance minimum) Minimize total system cost to allow cost-effective deployment WTDS 3/29/2010 6
7 Lidar and Radar Performance Rain and Clear Air Transition region where ground clutter interference becomes problematic for the radar Current dbz hazard alerting threshold for TDWR in Eastern U.S. & Hong Kong Scaled PDF for DEN microburst reflectivity (dry microbursts) Scaled PDF for MCO microburst reflectivity (wet microbursts) Current dbz hazard alerting threshold for TDWR in Western U.S. ~ 50 KW X-band radar & the WindTracer Lidar provide ALL WEATHER capability Notional range requirement for radar not centrally located Typical range needed for centrally-located sensors Super Clear -70 Typ Clear -60 Heavy Haze Lidar db beta (clear air conditions) Typical Radar Provides No Capability Colors painted on an airborne radar display Lidar = 2 µm m WindTracer WTDS 3/29/2010 7
8 Additional Benefits - Radar Spatial surveillance of medium range (radius 50km) Detection/tracking/nowcasting of significant weather regions Using polarimetric radar systems: echo classification WTDS 3/29/2010 8
9 Initial Implementation. Summer, 2008 WindTracer loaned by FAA WTDS 3/29/2010 9
10 Lidar Picks up where Radar Drops Off Terminal Area Velocity PPI (15 km) Terminal Area Velocity PPI (11 km) RADAR LIDAR Good aerosol backscatter, Lidar outperforming Radar METAR KOUN Z AUTO 16009KT 10SM CLR 25/22 A3008 RMK AO2 Long Range Reflectivity PPI (255 km) Terminal Area Backscatter PPI (11 km) WTDS 3/29/
11 Windy Day Agreement PPI and Vertical Wind Profile Agreement Terminal Area Velocity PPI (15 km) Terminal Area Velocity PPI (11 km) Windy day RADAR LIDAR Comparison of Radar and Lidar wind profiles METAR KOUN Z AUTO 15014G18KT 10SM CLR 33/17 A2979 RMK AO2 Radar VVP Vertical Wind Profile Lidar VVP Vertical Wind Profile WTDS 3/29/
12 Misty day performance Radar Picks Up Where Lidar Drops Off Terminal Area Velocity PPI (15 km) Terminal Area Velocity PPI (11 km) Visibility reduced by mist Lidar performance limited by weather RADAR LIDAR Radar picks up where Lidar drops off Long Range Reflectivity PPI (255 km) Lidar RHI Velocity (11 km) METAR KOUN Z AUTO 00000KT 7SM BR CLR 18/18 A3001 RMK AO2 WTDS 3/29/
13 Rainy day performance Radar Picks Up Where Lidar Drops Off Terminal Area Velocity PPI (15 km) Terminal Area Velocity PPI (11 km) Lidar performance reduced by rain and low overcast RADAR LIDAR Radar fills in most of the gaps METAR KOUN Z AUTO 15004KT 1 3/4SM RA OVC004 21/21 A3001 RMK AO2 Long Range Reflectivity PPI (255 km) Lidar RHI Velocity (11 km) WTDS 3/29/
14 Radar Performance Storm Detection Terminal Area Velocity PPI (15 km) VVP Vertical Wind Profile Range performance out to 250 km X-band signal does attenuate more than longer- wavelength alternatives in heavy storms But focus is terminal area Long Range Reflectivity PPI (255 km) Terminal Area Reflectivity PPI (15 km) WTDS 3/29/
15 DWD ITWS/LLWAS Project Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) Low Level Windshear Alert System Key element of ITWS Prime contractor SELEX, supported by LM Frankfurt and Munich Airports METEOR 50DX Dual Polarization Weather Radar WindTracer WTX 1.6 µm Doppler Lidar + = All Weather Terminal Area Wind Shear Alerting Courtesy SELEX GmbH WTDS 3/29/
16 Seamless Data Fusion through SELEX Rainbow 5 Software METEOR 50DX Polarimetric Weather Radar Courtesy SELEX GmbH WindTracer WTX 1,6um Doppler Lidar Runway oriented speed loss / gain Base wind profiling Processing of horizontal wind fields Glide slope monitoring Runway oriented alerts on adverse weather condition Airport airspace monitoring and feature detection Storm structure analysis Di- and convergence detection Echo classification (rain, hail, etc.) Protected area alerts Data import (LLWAS-3, lightning detection, etc.) Data export (Asterix CAT008) Courtesy SELEX GmbH Rainbow 5 Touchscreen based Meteorological Situation Display (RainScout) Courtesy SELEX GmbH WTDS 3/29/
17 SELEX Rainbow 5 Software Operational in 50+ countries Platform independent: Windows XP / 7, Linux Usage of latest software technologies More than 60 meteorological products in operation NEXRAD / TDWR style product implementations Now-casting capabilities Integration of other sensors GIS support Data export Lidar detected gust front. Processed and displayed on RB5 Lidar detected microburst. Processed and displayed on RB5 Graphics courtesy SELEX GmbH RB5 Display & Analysis application WTDS 3/29/
18 Frankfurt Airport Illustrative Lidar Coverage WTDS 3/29/
19 Key Performance Indicators Parameter WindTracer METEOR 50DX Application Wind shear detection in dry conditions Windshear detection in wet conditions Maximum Range km Typically km Minimum Range 300 m 500 m Frequency Infrared (eye-safe):1.6 um wavelength 9 GHz X-Band Radar Detectable Velocity +/- 38 m/s +/- 80 m/s Range Resolution 60 m 50 m Scan Modes PPI, RHI, VAD PPI & RHI & 3D Maximum Scanning Speed 20 deg/sec 36 deg/sec Peak Power >5 kw 75 kw, Magnetron Pulse Repetition 750 Hz typical Hz Mean Power 2 Watt Total: < 2.5 KW Beamwidth Collimated, <0.001 deg/pulse < 1.4 deg Antenna gain N / A > 38.5 db WTDS 3/29/
20 DWD ITWS/LLWAS Project Project initiated in late 2009 System installations begin late 2010 Verification phase through much of 2011 Final acceptance by end of 2011 WTDS 3/29/
21 Summary Lidar installations have augmented large C-band C radars to address deficiencies Pairing X-band X Doppler Radar with Lidar is more cost-effective for terminal-area area wind sensing Recent measurements support complementary nature of the two sensors DWD s s ITWS/LLWAS project provides first opportunity to deploy integrated sensors SELEX and LMCT working together to install radar/lidar solution for Frankfurt and Munich WTDS 3/29/
22
23 Types of Wind Hazards Microburst Wind Shear Gust Front Shear Sea Breeze Shear Low-Level Level Jets and Other Vertical Shear Turbulence Terrain-Induced Shear and Turbulence WTDS 3/29/
24 WindTracer Key Installations Wake Turbulence Research & Wind Shear Measurement Wind Shear Measurement New York JFK International Airport St. Louis Lambert International Airport San Francisco International Airport Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport Las Vegas McCarran International Airport London Heathrow Airport Coming soon to: Palermo Airport Frankfurt Airport Munich Airport Hong Kong International Airport (2) Tokyo Haneda Airport Tokyo Narita Airport Coming soon to Japan: Haneda Airport 2 Kansai Airport WTDS 3/29/
25 System Design Industry experts consulted to help specify the system Guiding Principles: Focus on terminal-area coverage Let Lidar take care of low dbz conditions Keep Radar dish diameter small (~2m) Utilize common radar wavelength Numerous radar vendors were surveyed for initial/baseline system Flexibility of software integration enables alternate radars to be considered WTDS 3/29/
26 Test Radar Specifications Radtec 200-I I Radar GHz Magnetron, 200 kw Transmitter 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 microsecond pulse widths 2 m Kavouras Reflector Offset feed to improve clutter performance First side lobe down 31.0 db from peak 40.4 dbi Gain 1.63 degree beam width Co-located with WindTracer temporarily loaned by FAA WTDS 3/29/
27 Lidar and Radar have Performance Overlap Terminal Area Velocity PPI (15 km) Terminal Area Velocity PPI (11 km) Good comparison between the two systems RADAR LIDAR Lower backscatter than the previous slide, but better radar performance METAR KOUN Z AUTO 13008KT 10SM CLR 30/21 A2998 RMK AO2 Long Range Reflectivity PPI (255 km) Terminal Area Backscatter PPI (11 km) WTDS 3/29/
28 Aerosol Backscatter does not predict radar performance Terminal Area Velocity PPI (15 km) Terminal Area Velocity PPI (11 km) Very similar aerosol backscatter to last slide RADAR LIDAR Radar performance completely different METAR KOUN Z AUTO 16005KT 10SM CLR 33/17 A3000 RMK AO2 Long Range Reflectivity PPI (255 km) Terminal Area Backscatter PPI (11 km) WTDS 3/29/
29 Demonstrated >20 km Performance 1 Hz Update Rate, Colorado USA 21.2 km Radial Velocity versus Range 16.0 km 5.5 km 10.5 km 15.4 km 20.4 km 10.9 km 5.7 km SNR versus Range Doppler Spectrum versus Range WTDS 3/29/
30 Demonstrated 25 km Performance 1 Hz Update Rate, Colorado USA 30.1 km Radial Velocity versus Range 25.1 km 15.0 km 19.9 km 24.9 km 29.8 km 20.1 km 15.1 km SNR versus Range 10.1 km Doppler Spectrum versus Range WTDS 3/29/
31 Demonstrated ~15 km performance coverage (250+km 2 ) in Colorado Simple config changes allow trade of update rate and spatial resolution for greater range Near field blockages Better performance will be achieved for lower altitude, higher aerosol loading environments WTDS 3/29/
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