Deforestation. Can you name any countries rainforests can be found in?

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1 The test will be on everything you have studied this year. Use this resource as a guide to help you revise. It should support your other revision activities, such as making mindmaps or flashcards. You may find it helpful to use BBC Bitesize to check topics you are unsure of Climate: Hot and humid all year and rains every day E.g. March rainfall 310mm October temperature 27.5 o C Practise reading figures from the climate graph Deforestation Deforestation is the permanent removal or cutting down of trees Can you name any countries rainforests can be found in? Sort these into causes and effects of deforestation Which effect do you think is the biggest/worst and why? Assess ( +/- ) the impact of deforestation. Make a judgement overall

2 How many of these facts can you remember? Causes of flooding Factors influencing flooding In Boscastle, on 16 th August 2005, 75mm of rain fell over North Cornwall in 2 hours, 200mm over the whole afternoon. The rain was torrential, with really heavy rain and storms causing water flow down the village. Can you explain how these may increase flooding? Impacts of Cumbria flooding

3 Management of wildfires Aeroplanes and helicopters are used for air drops where water and fire-retardant chemicals and water are released from the aircraft onto the wildfire. Wildland fire engines use special equipment to spray water, foam, and chemicals. The engines are able to carry up to 800 US gallons (3,000 L) of water. Many wildland fire engines are also equipped with four wheel drive and special equipment for offroad use Smokejumpers parachute directly into the wildfire and carry axes and small amounts of fire retardant gel. Backfiring is used to deliberately burn areas of land ahead of the fire and use up the fuel. This is controlled by the firefighting services. Bulldozers may be used for large areas Evacuations are used when wildfires are becoming a risk to homes. People are moved to a safe area and sometimes the evacuations are enforced by law. Education/Volunteer groups help to remove dead leaves and branches from areas at risk. Park services also display advertising campaigns designed to increase awareness on how to prevent wildfires Pick two methods. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method?

4 Directions Write a set of directions for someone travelling from Aberdeen to Bristol. Use compass directions Longitude and Latitude Locate the following coordinates on your map: 10 S, 40 W 30 N, 110 E 20 N, 80 E 50 N, 40 E LATITUDE Lines Around the earth! LONGITUDE Lines Over the top of the earth! Remember look for latitude (N or S) at the side of your map and longitude (E or W) along the bottom! Both are flat! Relief We can show height on a map in three different ways: Contour lines join up places of the same height, and the patterns tell us about the relief of the land. Layer shading uses colours to show different heights e.g. green = low, brown = high areas Spot heights show the height of somewhere with a black dot or blue triangle with a number next to it measuring metres above sea level

5 Grid References and Scale A grid reference is a number which gives a location on a map. We can use them to find out where something is. A grid reference can be either 4 or 6 numbers which is more accurate. Golden rule: Along the corridor and up the stairs Match up the 6 figure grid reference for each location Scale takes real life things and reduces them in size, many times, so they can be shown on a map. Every map has a scale which tells you how much smaller the area is compared to real life If a distance is 16cm on a map, and the scale is 4cm:1km, what is the distance in real life? Remember: Six figure grid references are found by finding the bottom left hand corner of the square you are looking for e.g. if I m looking for Raven Crag: 41_ 04_. Imagine each box is made up of 10 little squares across and 10 little squares up. Then count how many little squares Raven Crag is across between 41 and 42 and how many little squares it is up between 04 and 05. So the six figure grid reference would be Find the six figure grid reference for Windermere train station (circled near Windermere) Name two features in grid square 3704 Which of the following is the correct six figure grid reference for Troutbeck? a) b) c)

6 The Water Cycle The water cycle is the process by which water moves from the sea to the air and then to the land. This cycle repeats. Match up the key terms and definitions. Then label the water cycle. Microclimates Choose one factor and explain how it affects a microclimate. Which factor do you think most affects a microclimate and why? Microclimate investigation Using the water cycle, explain why it rains. Factors which affect microclimates Different features affect microclimates differently. For example, trees create shade, bodies of water such as lakes and seas are cooler and sometimes create light winds and places at higher altitudes are cooler than places at lower altitudes. Shelter: Trees, hedges, walls and buildings all provide shelter from the wind. This can reduce wind speed or change direction of the wind so therefore sheltered places will be warmer. Surface: The colour of the ground affects how warm it is. Dark surfaces are warmer than light surfaces. For example grass reflects heat so it would be cooler whereas tarmac stores heat so it would be warmer. Buildings: Buildings give off heat that is stored during the day. They may give off heat from the heating or cooling systems. Temperatures can be 2-3 degrees hotter around buildings. Also, buildings can decrease or increase wind speed as buildings close together can break up winds. Sometimes wind speed can increase if it rushes around buildings. Aspect: Aspect is the direction a place is facing. In the northern hemisphere the sun is in the southern skies. Places facing the south will be warmer. Those facing the north will be cooler. You will visit three different sites on the school grounds: the mound (site 1), the back of A block (Site 2) and the front of A block (Site 3). At each site you will measure: Temperature (fill a plastic cup with water, place a thermometer in the water and read the temperature in C) Wind speed (hold your anemometer in the air and record the number displayed on the screen OR hold the anemometer up in the air and count the number of times the cups spin ) Direction it is facing (use a compass this has a coloured needle which needs to face north then estimate which way you are facing using the compass rose) You will make notes of these measurements in your table. Describe one method we used and how it helped us to answer our investigation. What factors affected our investigation? How reliable do you think our investigation was? Why?