Apollo Part 2 15 Sept Apollo at the Moon The Facts walked on Moon. Number women been in space = 60 9/15/17

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1 2.5 Current Number of Astronauts in Space 3.5 Number of Astronauts Who Walked on the Moon Apollo Part 2 15 Sept Number of Astronauts Who Have Been in Space Bit under 5% About 0.5% Number women been in space = 60 First woman in space Valentina Tereshkova Jun 1963 First US woman in space Sally Ride 1983 Why not more & sooner? Read "The Mercury 13: The True Story of Thirteen Women and the Dream of Space" For the misogynist viewpoint read "Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control From Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond" by Gene Kranz Apollo at the Moon The Facts walked on Moon Jul 1969 Apollo 11 Armstrong & Aldrin land on Moon (2.5 hour on surface) Collins stays in Command module Nov 1969 Apollo 12 Conrad, Gordon, Bean 7.8 hrs Apr 1970 Apollo 13 see the movie... Jan 1971 Apollo 14 Shepherd, Roosa, Mitchell hrs Jul 1971 Apollo 15 Scott, Worden, Irwin 18.5 hrs Apr 1972 Apollo 16 Young, Mattingly, Duke 20.2 hrs Dec 1972 Apollo 17 Cernan, Evans, Schmitt 22 hrs 1

2 "Earthrise" Apollo 8 Dec 24, 1968 Impacts of Apollo on Society - 1 Said astronaut Jim Lovell, "The vast loneliness is aweinspiring and it makes you realize just what you have back there on Earth." Impacts of Apollo on Society - 2 Neil Armstrong "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." * Forget the [a]... what about "humankind"? Impacts of Apollo on Society - 3 Impacts of Apollo on Society - 4 The Blue Marble photograph taken on December 7, 1972 during Apollo 17. "We went to explore the Moon, and in fact discovered the Earth." Eugene Cernan 2

3 Front side humans have been observing every month for eons Moon Near Side Back side first observed from space '60s Moon Far Side Experiments on the Moon - 1 Lunar Highlands 3

4 Mare Imbrium Rocks from the Moon USA USSR Lunar Mare 381 kg (840 lbs) 326 g (0.72 lbs) Rocks from the Moon Apollo 17 Harrison Schmitt only scientist on Apollo found real rock! Where collected photos give context Type of geological environment What made of Date 4

5 Cratering of Moon Younger regions were flooded by lava after most intense cratering was finished Impact Rate of the Moon Most impacts over by 3.5 billion years ago Log Impact Rate High impact flux early TIME (billion years before now) Low current impact rate heavily cratered areas = old Dating of Moonrocks brought back by Apollo astronauts gives us accurate ages of different areas on the Moon. Counting numbers of craters tells us the impact rate in that area at that time. The ~$100,000,000,000 plot Your grandparents paid ~$100B in taxes for Apollo Why is it so valuable to planetary science? 1. It shows the relationship between crater density (measured by looking at Moon images) and age (measured by dating rocks brought back by Apollo) Why is this Impact Rate vs. Time plot so important for planetary science? IF you assume the Moon is typical of all planetary surfaces THEN You can count the crater density of ANY planetary surface and get its AGE 5

6 Late Heavy Bombardment Other Science... Related to migration of Uranus & Neptune and scattering of left-over planetesimals???? Other Science... Other Science (?) Apollo 15, 16,17 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package - ALSEP Images -> Geology, lack of atmosphere Craters dust -> impact history Gravity -> interior Seismology -> interior Magnetic field no dynamo, solar source Particle data solar wind impact, cosmic rays 6

7 Post-Apollo Why did it end? What followed? What's next? NASA budget as Percentage of Federal Budget Apollo Program

8 GDP per capita US$ $40B $40B Dept. of Defense Space-Based Systems 8

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10 Let's start with a $100 dollar bill. I's currently the largest US denomination in general circulation. They're guaranteed to make friends wherever they go. A packet of one hundred $100 bills is less than 1/2" thick and contains $10,000. It fits in your pocket and is more than enough for week or two fun. Believe it or not, this next little pile is $1 million (100 packets of $10,000). You could stuff that into a grocery bag and walk around with it. While a measly $1 million looked a little unimpressive, $100 million is more respectable. It fits neatly on a standard pallet. And here's $1 billion which is really impressive. 10

11 Okay, so let's look at one trillion dollars. It's the number we're been hearing so much about. What is a trillion dollars? Well, it's a million million. It's a thousand billion. It's a one followed by 12 zeros. Are you ready for this? notice that those pallets are double stacked FY2017 Federal budget ~$4 Trillion America spends $300 million on halloween costumes for pets NASA s MAVEN mission to Mars cost ~$800 million. How much is this per taxpayer? Number of taxpayers ~ 130M $800M / 130M taxpayers = $5.50 each Back of Envelope Calculations How much does the US spend on highheeled shoes per year? Cost of shoes let s guess $50/pair Population = 300 M How many shoes bought? High guess = 150M total = 150M x $50 = $7.5 B Low guess = 20M total = 20M x $50 = $1B Equivalent to 1-10 MAVENS/year! 11

12 Military Industrial Complex Apollo What did we learn? You tell me astronauts walked on the Moon all guys, all US, all but 1 (scientist) were test pilots Future of Human Exploration? What's changed since Apollo: No cold war Capabilities of robots cameras, computers, lightweight, autonomous, etc. There's nothing humans can do better than robots in space except tourism Should the taxpayer pay for tourism? Alternatively, give every child goggles and gloves and let them explore virtual space using images from thousand of robots around the solar system Article from Nautilus magazine where I make some more controversial statements about human exploration 12