Comet Churyumov- Gerasimenko. A long voyage back to our origin. Prof. Kathrin Altwegg University of Bern, Switzerland

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1 Comet Churyumov- Gerasimenko A long voyage back to our origin Prof. Kathrin Altwegg University of Bern, Switzerland

2 Big Bang, 13 Billion years, From hydrogen to the Hydrogen and Helium From the elements heavy elements to molecules and dust History of the material in the solar system Krebs Nebula From dust and molecules to the presolar nebula From the presolar nebula to the soalr system of today

3 Entstehung Kometen Comets, Witnesses of our past Comets Snow line

4 The Earth billion years ago

5 4.6 billion years ago: T > 200 C

6 Did comets bring terrestrial water? Mass Earth: kg water thereof: 1%o Mass comet: kg 10 7 Comet impacts

exist outside of our Earth and of the solar system Comets preserve

7 Did comets bring the building blocks of life, the organic material? In space, there exists organic chemistry Molecules up to amino-acids exist outside of our Earth and of the solar system Comets preserve organic material Comets can serve as carrier for water and organic material

DFMS Doubled focussing Details mass spectrometer for the volatile material

resolves 13 C and CH) 16 kg, 22W DPU Digital data processing unit, fully

2 kg, 5 W RTOFContext and heavy species Reflectron Type time-of-flight- mass

organic material (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons) 15 kg, 30W COPS-FS (NG, left

Emission, Ion Pressure 100 sensor to measure the medium Ion current (pa) 5uA

8 DFMS Doubled focussing Details mass spectrometer for the volatile material Very high mass resolution (e. g. resolves 13 C and CH) 16 kg, 22W DPU Digital data processing unit, fully redundant 2.2 kg, 5 W RTOFContext and heavy species Reflectron Type time-of-flight- mass spectrometer; Very high mass range and sensitivity in order to identify organic material (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons) 15 kg, 30W COPS-FS (NG, left filament) 103 ua Emission, Ion low COPS uA Emission, Ion low 15uA Emission, Ion Pressure 100 sensor to measure the medium Ion current (pa) 5uA Emission, Ion low total 10 and the ram pressure in order 5uA Emission, Ion medium to derive 1 the gas dynamics, safety instrument for Rosetta E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E kg, 7 WPressure (mbar)

Scientific, USA Meier Laserschweisstechnik CNES Toulouse, F

9 ETH Zürich PSI Elektronenstrahl- Dann kommt die schweisstechnik Physik GVE EMPA FS Biel Montena EMC FS Bern TUB, D Sigmund Scientific, USA Meier Laserschweisstechnik CNES Toulouse, F APCO Hauptverantwortung FS Fribourg Max Planck, Lindau, D Contraves Space

10 Chury the rubber duck Credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO /INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA

The perfume of 67P/C-G is quite strong, with the odour of rotten eggs (hydrogen methanol sulphide), horse stable (ammonia), and the pungent, methane suffocating odour of formaldehyde.

12 The perfume of 67P/C-G is quite strong, with the odour of rotten eggs (hydrogen methanol sulphide), horse stable (ammonia), and the pungent, methane suffocating odour of formaldehyde. This is hydrogen mixed with sulphide the faint, bitter, water almond-like aroma of hydrogen carbon cyanide. disulfide Add some whiff of alcohol (methanol) to this mixture, paired with the vinegar-like carbon aroma monoxide of sulphur sulphur dioxide dioxide and a hint of the ammonia sweet aromatic scent of carbon cyanide disulphide, and you arrive at the perfume of our comet. carbon dioxide formaldehyde

14 Which small bodies brought the terrestrial water? D/H 1.5 x10-4 3x x10-4? Hartley 2 Credit:NASA Lutetia Credit: ESA/Rosetta/OSIRIS Asteroids Oort cloud 67P/C-G Credit: ESA/Rosetta/OSIRIS Kuiper belt

15 Deuterium to hydrogen ratio measurements Credit: ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM Water from the comet Water from Rosetta background

16 Asteroids, Oort comets, Kuiper belt comets: which small bodies brought terrestrial water? Temperature D/H 1.5x10-4 3x x10-4 Credits: ESA/Rosetta/OSIRIS Asteroids Oort cloud Credits: ESA/Rosetta/OSIRIS Kuiper belt

17 Atoms: Sodium, Magnesium, Silicon und Calcium Sputtering by solar wind particles ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM

18 Noble gases 36 Ar & 38 Ar Indicators for a very low formation temperature ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM

19 ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM Benzene

20 Conclusion on habitability > The comet stinks due to a lot of Sulfur, but there is molecular oxygen and water and there is even alcohol to drink -> it is habitable! ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM

21 Acknowledgements The ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) instrument package was designed and built by an international consortium led by the Space Research and Planetary Sciences Division, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland. Hardware subsystems were delivered by: > the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASP), > Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology (IRAP) > Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, France, > Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (LMATC), Palo Alto, MPS, Göttingen, Germany, > Institute of Computer and Network Engineering at the TUB > University of Michigan - Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences. Thanks to the Rosetta team at ESA, especially the operations team in Darmstadt for taking excellent care of Rosetta and ROSINA. 21

Deciphering the Rosetta stone

Deciphering the Rosetta stone The ultimate goal of Rosetta: Decipher the origin of the solar system, the Earth and life by studying a comet Payload OSIRIS Camera 28 kg ROSINA Gas-Mass spectrometer 35 kg