Earth s Early History. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview Earth s Early History

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1 Lesson Overview 19.3

2 THINK ABOUT IT How did life on Earth begin? What were the earliest forms of life? How did life and the biosphere interact? Origin-of-life research is a dynamic field. But even though some current hypotheses will likely change, our understanding of other aspects of the story is growing.

3 The Mysteries of Life s Origins What do scientists hypothesize about early Earth and the origin of life?

4 The Mysteries of Life s Origins What do scientists hypothesize about early Earth and the origin of life? Earth s early atmosphere contained little or no oxygen. It was composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen, with lesser amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide.

5 Miller and Urey s experiment suggested how mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds on a primitive Earth.

6 The Mysteries of Life s Origins Geological and astronomical evidence suggests that Earth formed as pieces of cosmic debris collided with one another. While the planet was young, it was struck by one or more huge objects, and the entire globe melted.

7 The Mysteries of Life s Origins For millions of years, violent volcanic activity shook Earth s crust. Comets and asteroids bombarded its surface. About 4.2 billion years ago, Earth cooled enough to allow solid rocks to form and water to condense and fall as rain. Earth s surface became stable enough for permanent oceans to form.

8 The Mysteries of Life s Origins This infant planet was very different from Earth today. Earth s early atmosphere contained little or no oxygen. It was principally composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen, with lesser amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide. Because of the gases in the atmosphere, the sky was probably pinkishorange. Because they contained lots of dissolved iron, the oceans were probably brown.

9 The First Organic Molecules In 1953, chemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey tried recreating conditions on early Earth to see if organic molecules could be assembled under these conditions. They filled a sterile flask with water, to simulate the oceans, and boiled it.

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11 The First Organic Molecules To the water vapor, they added methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, to simulate what they thought had been the composition of Earth s early atmosphere. They passed the gases through electrodes, to simulate lightning.

12 The First Organic Molecules Next, they passed the gases through a condensation chamber, where cold water cooled them, causing drops to form. The liquid continued to circulate through the experimental apparatus for a week. After a week, they had produced 21 amino acids building blocks of proteins.

13 The First Organic Molecules Miller and Urey s experiment suggested how mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds on a primitive Earth. We now know that Miller and Urey s ideas on the composition of the early atmosphere were incorrect. But new experiments based on current ideas of the early atmosphere have produced similar results.

14 Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation Biogenesis: The process in which life forms arise from similar life forms. Living things can only be produced by another living thing, and not by a non-living thing. Spontaneous generation: The previously, and now proven FALSE, popular notion that living organisms arise or develop from non-living matter

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