Earth Science contains five areas of study: Astronomy Meteorology Geology Oceanography Environmental Science

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1 Chapter 1 Earth Science contains five areas of study: Astronomy Meteorology Geology Oceanography Environmental Science Subspecialties Astrophysics Atmospheric Chemistry Broadcast Meteorology Marine Geology Planetary Science Paleontology Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earth s atmosphere. Nicolaus Copernicus ( ) Galileo Galilei ( ) Sir Isaac Newton ( ) Edmund Halley ( ) Edwin Hubble ( ) Carl Sagan ( ) Stephen Hawking (1942- Present) Before the invention of sophisticated telescopes, many astronomers only described the locations of objects in space and tracked their movements. Today, astronomers study the universe and everything in it, including galaxies, stars, planets, and much more. Meteorology is the study of the forces and processes that cause the atmosphere to change and produce weather. Meteorologists also try to forecast the weather and learn how changes in weather over time might affect Earth s Climate 1

2 Broadcast Meteorologist Interpret and forecast the weather Research Meteorologist Study particular weather phenomena. National Weather Service Environmental Protection Agency NASA Military Climatologist Study long-term weather patterns and data to help predict future climate trends Geology is the study of the materials that make up Earth Ex: Paleontology: the study of the remains of organisms that once lived on Earth; ancient environments Geochemistry: the study of Earth s composition and the processes that change it. Oceanography is the study of Earth s Oceans. Study creatures that inhabit salt water Measure physical and chemical properties of the oceans Observe various processes that occur in the ocean. Environmental science is the study of the interactions of organisms and their surroundings. How organisms impact the environment: both positively and negatively. Natural resources, pollution, alternative energy sources, and the impact of human disturbances. Scientists who study Earth have identified four main Earth systems: Geosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere 2

3 From the surface of the Earth to the center is called the geosphere. The geosphere is divided into three main parts: Crust Mantle Core The rigid outer shell of Earth is called the crust: Continental and Oceanic The mantle is found underneath the crust and ranges in temperature from degrees C. The Earth s core is found below the mantle. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that surrounds our planet. 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% other gases (water vapor, argon, CO 2 ) Provides oxygen for living things, Protects us from radiation from the sun, keeps the Earth s temperature suitable for life. All the water on Earth, including the water in the atmosphere, makes up the hydrosphere. 97% of this water exists as salt water The other 3% is found in glaciers, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. The biosphere includes all organisms on Earth as well as the environments in which they live. Most organisms live within a few meters of Earth s surface, but some live deep beneath the ocean s surface. 3

4 Applying scientific discoveries to solve society s needs and problems is called technology. Freeze-dried Foods Velcro Ski Goggles Cordless Drills (battery operated) Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations. In May 2015, researchers using a radio telescope in Russia detected a candidate SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence) signal that seems to originate from HD , a star system that lies about 94 light-years from Earth. Observing and Asking Questions Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis Designing Controlled Experiments Variables and Controls 4

5 An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience. An observation is a process of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way (Data). Scene 3 Scene 4 Hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. Scientists generate hypotheses based on prior knowledge. Hypotheses are proposed in ways that can be tested. 5

6 Quantitative data are expressed as numbers, obtained by counting or measuring. Qualitative data are descriptive and involve traits that can t usually be counted. 1. The temperature outside is 36 C. 2. It is hot outside. 3. The Moon is smaller than the Earth. 4. The Moon reflects 8% of incoming solar radiation. 5. The Earth has a diameter of km 6. A day on Mercury lasts 1408 hours. 7. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. 8. There are days in a year. 9. Mars has a very thin atmosphere. Testing a hypothesis involves designing an experiment that keeps track of various factors that can change (variables). Variables: Temperature, Light, Time, Nutrients, ect. A hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed. If several variables are changed, it is hard to tell which variable is responsible for an observed result Independent Variable: The variable that is deliberately changed. Dependent Variable: The variable that is observed and changes in response to the independent variable. Sometimes a hypothesis can not be tested by an experiment. We can still test a hypothesis by direct observations. Observing animal behavior in their natural environment. Ethics: If a chemical is thought to cause cancer, we can t expose people to the chemical and observe what happens. 6

7 Good scientists are skeptics. This means that they question existing ideas and hypotheses. They refuse to accept explanations without evidence. Scientists who disagree with hypotheses will design experiments to test them. Researches need to think creatively to design experiments that yield accurate data. Claim: rinsing with Listerine is as effective as flossing in fighting tooth and gum decay. 7

8 in 2005, a federal judge ordered Pfizer, then maker of Listerine, to remove commercials making this claim. Claim: Made from sugar so it tastes like sugar. Equal sued Splenda over its marketing slogan and advertising campaign, arguing that the company led consumers to believe Splenda was healthier and more natural than other sugar substitutes The Kellogg Company agreed to dial back its advertising after being accused of going too far with claims that Rice Krispies could help your immune system. 8

9 Wrigley's was slapped with a lawsuit in 2010 that argued that its ads were misleading, and the company quickly settled to a $7 million payout to a fund that reimburses people who bought its chewing gum. A New York high school math class found the cookies don't really live up to their name. After weighing and measuring, the students concluded that Double Stuf Oreos contain only 1.86 times as much filling. 1. What are the 3 main parts of Earth s Geosphere? 2. An object has a mass of 286 g. Write the mass in grams using scientific notation. 3. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data? What is Peer-Review? Why does peer review need to be conducted by anonymous and independent reviewers. To avoid biases. A bias is a preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific. 9

10 A measurement is a number and a unit of measure. The science community use a standard system of units called SI units. Most SI units come directly from the metric system. Mass: the amount of matter in an object SI Unit: kg Weight: a measure of the gravitational force on an object. SI Unit: Newton (N) Area: m 2 Volume: m 3, ml, L, cm 3 Density: The measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given space SI Unit: g/cm 3, g/ml, kg/m 3 Time: Seconds (s) Temperature: Kelvin (K) Section 1.3 Scientific theory is an explanation based on many observations during repeated investigations. A scientific theory is our current best explanation Theories, like models, can change with the discovery of new data 1. When they are consistent with observations 2. Make predictions that can be tested. 3. Are the simplest explanation of observations 10

11 A Scientific Law is a principle that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon. A law can be thought of as a rule of nature, even though the cause of the law may be unknown. Ex: The Law of Gravity There are many ways to communicate information: Newspapers Magazines TV Internet Scientific Journals Scientists have the responsibility to truthfully and accurately report their methods and results. What is peer review? Peer review is used to verify and examine procedures and conclusions for bias. ELIMINATE BIAS A scientific model is an idea picture, a system, or a mathematical expression that represents the concept being explained. Climate models help meteorologist predict the weather 11

12 Bar Graphs Line Graphs Usually used when comparing groups Ex: Favorite types of food Heights of individuals in a given population Scatter Plots Used when comparing change over a given time Ex: Population increase over time Used when comparing 2 different variables in a set of Data Ex: Husband s age to wife s age Weight to height X-axis and Y-axis Axis Labels Axis Titles Graph Title Data points Y Vs. X (Height Vs. Weight) Growth (cm) Time (weeks)

13 X-axis and Y-axis Axis Labels Axis Titles Graph Title Data points Y Vs. X (Height Vs. Weight) We want to figure out if there is a relationship between the height of a person and their shoe size. How could we figure this out using the students in this class? What type of graph would we use? What will our labels and titles be? When conducting experiments, scientists use to help guide their processes. A. Laws B. Scientific Methods C. Instruments D. Facts When conducting experiments, scientists use to help guide their processes. A. Laws B. Scientific Methods C. Instruments D. Facts Which is NOT a specialized area of Earth science: A. astronomy B. environmental science C. technology D. oceanography 13

14 Which is NOT a specialized area of Earth science: A. astronomy B. environmental science C. technology D. oceanography 1. What Type of Scientist is Shown Here? Oceanographer Geologist Astronomer Meteorologist 2. Which type of research is this scientist conducting? Field Research Lab Research Library Research Biological Research Which type of water makes up 97% of Earth s water? A. Fresh Water B. Salt Water C. Frozen Water D. Water Vapor Which type of water makes up 97% of Earth s water? A. Fresh Water B. Salt Water C. Frozen Water D. Water Vapor The study of the materials that make up Earth is called: A. Astronomy B. Meteorology C. Chemistry D. Geology 14

15 The study of the materials that make up Earth is called: A. Astronomy B. Meteorology C. Chemistry D. Geology The study of objects beyond Earth s atmosphere is called: A. Cryptozoology B. Atmospheric Chemistry C. Astronomy D. Paleontology The study of objects beyond Earth s atmosphere is called: A. Cryptozoology B. Atmospheric Chemistry C. Astronomy D. Paleontology When making comparisons during an experiment, it is important to have a(an): A. Unknown Group B. Control Group C. Scientific Group D. Conclusive Group When making comparisons during an experiment, it is important to have a(an): A. Unknown Group B. Control Group C. Scientific Group D. Conclusive Group The replacement or updated version of the metric system is known as: A. SI system B. English system C. Scientific system D. Scientific notation 15

16 The replacement or updated version of the metric system is known as: A. SI system B. English system C. Scientific system D. Scientific notation A scientific theory is different from a scientific law in that a theory: A. can be changed and modified over time B. Describes the behavior of natural phenomena C. Is observed to be the same every time D. Can never be changed A scientific theory is different from a scientific law in that a theory: A. can be changed and modified over time B. Describes the behavior of natural phenomena C. Is observed to be the same every time D. Can never be changed What is the number in scientific notation? A. 803x10 3 B. 8.03x10 3 C. 8.03x10 5 D. 8.03x10-5 What is the number in scientific notation? A. 803x10 3 B. 8.03x10 3 C. 8.03x10 5 D. 8.03x10-5 Review the following for the Test Tomorrow Scientific Notation, metric conversions, and SI units of measurement. Know the difference between theory and law. Look over vocabulary. 16