Introduction to Earth Science SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS AND GRAPHING

Transcription

1 EARTH SCIENCE

2 Introduction to Earth Science SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS AND GRAPHING

3 Volume of Regular, Rectangular Objects (a box) Volume of Irregularly Shaped Objects (rocks) Common Instrument Mass Distance Time

4 density: percent error (deviation): rate of change:

5 What does it mean if you are asked to record your answer: a. to the nearest tenth one decimal place Example: 0.1 b. to the nearest hundredth two decimal places Example: 0.01 c. to the nearest thousandth three decimal places Example: 0.001

6 Photosynthesis Bad Breath Direct Relationship: As one variable increases, the other. Onions Eaten Amount of Sunlight

7 Examples

8 People Sitting Near You Indirect Relationship: As one variable increases, the other Beans Eaten

9 Examples

10 Cyclic Relationship: As one variable increases, the other Events that are cyclic are also

11 Examples

12 Stunning Good Looks No Relationship: As one variable increases, the other My Age

13 Examples

14 State in words the relationship between relief and the average rate of erosion as shown in the graph. As relief increases, the average rate of erosion increases

15 State in words the relationship between air temperature and relative humidity. As the air temperature increases, the relative humidity decreases

16 What is used to make an observation? HEAR

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18 After observations have been collected. What does it mean to make an inference? make an educated guess (an hypothesis)

19 Give examples of how scientists use classification systems.

20 Give examples of how scientists use classification systems.

21 DENSITY

22 :

23 If an object has a mass of 240g on Earth, its mass on the moon will be (more, less, the same). Why?

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25 What is the formula for finding the volume of this object?

26 Calculate the volume of this object to the nearest tenth of a cm 3. Show all formulas.

27 VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object: What instrument would be used to measure the volume of an object such as a rock?

28 VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object: Describe the process you would use. Put water into cylinder. Measure volume of water. Place object in cylinder. Re-measure volume of water. Subtract volumes.

29 DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE

30 DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE

31 DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE When an object is heated, it and the atoms become packed. Therefore the object becomes dense.

32 DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE When an object is cooled, it and the atoms become packed. Therefore the object becomes dense.

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34 What happens to the density of an object when it is split into smaller parts? why?

35 What is the formula for density? ESRT: Earth Science Reference Table Page 1

36 A rock has a mass of 240g and a volume of 12cm³. Showing all formulas and calculations, determine the density of the rock.

37 The box below has a mass of 120g. Showing all formulas and calculations, determine the density of the box. 2.0 cm 2.0 cm 10.0 cm

38 If the empty container has a mass of 100g and the filled container has a mass of 250g. What is the density of the liquid inside? Show all work below. mass of liquid 250g 100g = 150g density of liquid density = mass/volume = 150g /100mL = 1.5 g/ml

39 Density of water: 4 expands Water is most dense at C. This is because water above and below this temperature 4 C

40 Density of water: ESRT: Earth Science Reference Table Page 1

41 Density of water: Any material with a density less than water will

42 Density of water: Any material with a density greater than water will

43 Density of water example: If an object has a mass of 25g and a volume of 50mL, will it sink or float in liquid water?

44 Phases of Matter & Density During which phase of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) are most materials:

45 A balance between opposing forces. Small changes occur, but the overall system stays the same.

46 Give a real life, earth science example of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

47 Give a real life, earth science example of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

48 A boundary between two things with different properties.

49 Give a real-life, earth science example of an interface.

50 Give three real-life, earth science, examples of cyclic events

51 SPHERES OF THE EARTH

52 1.1 What Is Earth Science? Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand Earth And Earth's neighbors in space

53 What Is Earth Science? Earth science includes 1. geology, the study of Earth 2. oceanography, the study of the ocean 3. meteorology, the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather 4. astronomy, the study of the universe

54 Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found underground 1. Hydrosphere A View of Earth Ocean is the most prominent feature of the hydrosphere. - Is nearly 71% of Earth's surface - Holds about 97% of Earth's water

55 If we were to roll up all the water on earth, this small blue ball is what we would get.

56 A View of Earth 2. Atmosphere Thin, tenuous blanket of air One half lies below 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles)

57 Includes all life 3. Biosphere Concentrated near the surface in a zone that extends from the ocean floor upward for several kilometers into the atmosphere

58 4. Geosphere Based on compositional differences, it consists of the crust, mantle, and core. - Crust the thin, rocky outer layer of Earth. Mantle the 2890-kilometer-thick layer of Earth located below the crust. - Core the innermost layer of Earth, located beneath the mantle.

59 Earth System Science A system is any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole. Closed systems are self contained (e.g., an automobile cooling system). Open systems allow both energy and matter to flow in and out of the system (e.g., a river system).

60 Earth System Science Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts or spheres. Earth system science studies Earth as a system that is composed of numerous parts, or subsystems.

61 Sources of Energy Earth System Science Sun drives external processes such as weather, ocean circulation and erosional processes Earth s interior drives internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building

62 Earth System Science Consists of a nearly endless collection of subsystems Hydrologic Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle

63 What is environmental science? Humans are part of the Earth system. Environment - Surrounds and influences organisms Physical environment encompasses water, air, soil, and rock environmental science - study of relationships between people and the natural environment.

64 Environmental science Resources Include water, soil, minerals, and energy Two broad categories 1. Renewable can be replenished (e.g., plants, energy from water and wind) 2. Nonrenewable cannot be replenished in the near future (e.g., metals, fuels)

65 Population Environmental science Population of the planet is growing rapidly Use of minerals/energy has climbed more rapidly than the overall growth of population

66 Environmental science ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Local, regional, and global Caused by people and societies Urban air pollution Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming Caused by natural hazards Earthquakes Landslides

67 Earth and Environmental Scientists Atmospheric Scientist Artist/ Graphic Designer Computer Programmer Chemist Engineer Forest Ranger Geologist Internet Designer Lawyer Meteorologist Oceanographer/ Marine Biologist Politician/ Lobbyist Writer

68 LAYERS OF THE EARTH

69 The Layers of the Earth

70 The Four Layers The Earth is composed of four different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The outer core and inner core are even hotter with pressures so great you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you were able to go to the center of the Earth!

71 The Crust The Earth's Crust is like the skin of an apple. It is very thin in comparison to the other three layers. The crust is only about 3-5 miles (8 kilometers) thick under the oceans (oceanic crust) and about 25 miles (32 kilometers) thick under the continents (continental crust).

72 The Lithospheric Plates The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates "float" on the soft, semi-rigid asthenosphere.

73 The Asthenosphere The asthenosphere is the semi-rigid part of the middle mantle that flows like hot asphalt under a heavy weight.

74 The Lithosphere The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere.

75 The Crust The crust is composed of two rocks. The continental crust is mostly granite. The oceanic crust is basalt. Basalt is much denser than the granite. Because of this the less dense continents ride on the denser oceanic plates.

76 The Mantle The Mantle is the largest layer of the Earth. The middle mantle is composed of very hot dense rock that flows like asphalt under a heavy weight. The movement of the middle mantle (asthenosphere) is the reason that the crustal plates of the Earth move.

77 Convection Currents The middle mantle "flows" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again --repeating this cycle over and over.

78 Convection Currents The next time you heat anything like soup or water in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the asthenosphere they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents, like the cork in this illustration. Safety Caution: Don t get your face too close to the boiling water!

79 The Outer Core The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are all in the liquid state. The outer core is composed of the melted metals of nickel and iron.

80 The Inner Core The inner core of the Earth has temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move about like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place like a solid.

81 The End Find a pair or trio and answer this question: Have we ever seen part of the Mantle? Explain.