1. The geosphere consists of three major layers: the,, and.
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1 1. The geosphere consists of three major layers: the,, and. rust, mantle, core crust, core, mantle mantle, crust, core mantle, core, crust core, crust, mantle core, mantle, crust 2. The is the zone inhabited by life. iosphere 3. The majority of water on Earth is found in the. ANSWER: oceans 4. The Earth formed years ago. ANSWER: 4.6 billion 4,600,000, The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly and. ANSWER: nitrogen, oxygen oxygen, nitrogen 6. The fundamental source of energy that drives the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere is the. ANSWER: Sun 7. The is the largest layer of Earth. ANSWER: mantle 8. Earth's outer, cool, rigid shell that makes up tectonic plates is called the. ANSWER: lithosphere 9. The central portion of the Earth, called the, contains a solid layer surrounded by a molten layer. ore 10. A(n) is a sequential process or phenomenon that returns to its beginning and then repeats itself over and over. ycle Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
2 11. A complex community of individual organisms interacting with each other and the environment is called a(n). ANSWER: ecosystem 12. is a principle stating that the geologic processes operating today also operated in the past. ANSWER: Uniformitarianism 13. is a principle that states that occasional huge catastrophes alter the course of Earth history. ANSWER: Catastrophism 14. A(n) occurs when a small initial perturbation affects another component of the system, which amplifies the original effect. ANSWER: feedback mechanism 15. Earth's average temperature has increased by 0.8 C since the Industrial Revolution due to an increase in the atmospheric gas. arbon dioxide CO 2 Fill in the blank. 16. Oceans, rivers, glaciers, and rain are part of the. a. geosphere b. atmosphere c. hydrosphere d. biosphere 17. The is the densest layer of Earth. a. lithosphere b. core c. mantle d. crust Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
3 18. are large segments of lithosphere that float on the asthenosphere. a. Crustal cells b. Convection cells c. Subduction zones d. Tectonic plates ANSWER: d 19. Water frozen in glaciers is part of Earth's. a. geosphere b. atmosphere c. hydrosphere d. biosphere 20. Earth's core consists mostly of. a. iron and nickel b. frozen water c. solid rock d. gas 21. The rigid, outer part of Earth, including the crust and the uppermost mantle, is called the. a. atmosphere b. geosphere c. lithosphere d. hydrosphere 22. The majority of Earth s freshwater is found in. a. glaciers b. groundwater c. streams and lakes d. oceans Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
4 23. The atmosphere consists mainly of. a. nitrogen and argon b. nitrogen and oxygen c. oxygen and carbon dioxide d. carbon dioxide and argon 24. A(n) occurs when the initial response to a change is minor, but any additional change results in a rapid and dramatic response. a. feedback mechanism b. catastrophic event c. threshold effect d. systematic catastrophe 25. Earth's surface systems are ultimately powered by the. a. Moon b. mantle convection c. Sun d. radioactive decay in Earth's interior 26. Homo sapiens and our direct ancestors have been abundant on our planet for about years. a. 5-7 million b million c million d. 4.6 billion 27. Geologists estimate that Earth formed years ago. a. 4.6 million b. 46 million c. 4.6 billion d. 46 billion Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
5 28. means that the geologic processes operating today also worked in the past. a. Gradualism b. Uniformitarianism c. Catastrophism d. Density layering 29. During cycles, matter never disappears, though it may change form. Scientists say this means matter is. a. recycled b. reserved c. conserved d. reformed 30. According to current trends in Earth's population development, it is likely that pressure on Earth's resources will. a. increase b. decrease c. not change d. be insignificant 31. The lithosphere consists of. a. crust and asthenosphere b. crust only c. crust and upper mantle d. mantle only 32. As we move from the surface of Earth to the interior,. a. temperatures increase b. layers become less dense c. layers become molten liquids d. tectonic plates become smaller Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
6 33. The mantle is. a. the least dense layer of Earth b. the densest layer of Earth c. the thickest layer of Earth d. composed of liquid magma 34. Ground water saturating rock underground is a component of the. a. atmosphere b. hydrosphere c. biosphere d. geosphere 35. Water frozen in glaciers is a component of the. a. geosphere b. biosphere c. hydrosphere d. atmosphere 36. Which scientist is responsible for formulating the principle of uniformitarianism? a. Nicholas Steno b. John McPhee c. James Hutton d. William Whewell 37. The crust is the. a. thinnest layer of Earth b. hottest layer of Earth c. densest layer of Earth d. innermost layer of Earth Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
7 38. The consequence of the vastness of geologic time is that. a. events that occur slowly become insignificant b. events that occur slowly become significant c. improbable events seldom occur d. improbable events never occur 39. Our Solar System formed. a. when a fiery hot nebula in space coalesced under the force of gravity b. from huge meteoroids that had been flying through intergalactic space c. when another star exploded, shooting rocky debris into space d. from a coalescing frigid cloud of dust and gas ANSWER: d 40. A tectonic plate is composed of. a. cool, rigid rock that rides on a continuous shell of molten magma b. cool, rigid rock that rides on a plastic mantle layer c. hot, plastic rock supported by a rigid foundation of cool rock d. cool, rigid rock that floats on the Earth's molten core 41. Which of the following is not a system? a. The human body b. The digestive organs in a human body c. A bacterium that lives within the small intestine d. An atom ANSWER: d 42. The earliest known life forms existed on Earth. a. 38 million years ago b. 544 million years ago c. 1 billion years ago d. 3.8 billion years ago ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
8 43. During the formation of the solar system, rocky clumps collided to form larger bodies called, which would ultimately collide to form the planets. a. asteroids b. meteorites c. planetismals d. accretionaries 44. What is an example of a catastrophic event? a. mountain erosion b. formation of mountains via plate collisions c. a tsunami d. formation of an ocean 45. As Earth warms, the rate at which organic matter decomposes increases. As organic matter decomposes, carbon dioxide is released, which in turn, makes Earth warmer and increases the rate at which organic matter decomposes. This is an example of. a. uniformitarianism b. catastrophism c. a threshold effect d. a feedback mechanism ANSWER: d 46. At its center, Earth is as hot as the Sun's surface. 47. The direct ancestors of humans lived on Earth with the dinosaurs. 48. Scientists have become adept at predicting the effects of a change to a system. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
9 49. Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and hydrogen. 50. Multicellular life forms have existed for the majority of Earth history. 51. Each of Earth s spheres is an independent system with unique cycles that has minimal interactions with other spheres. 52. When Earth was forming, it was so hot that most of the material on the planet was molten. 53. Earth's mantle is composed of liquid magma. 54. Earth s layers formed due to density differences in materials. Less dense material sank, while more dense material rose to the surface. 55. Oceans cover about 71 percent of Earth. 56. Systems are driven by the flow of matter and energy. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9
10 57. Earth's atmosphere is thickest at the surface and rapidly thins with altitude. 58. Humans are presently living through the largest documented extinction event since the age of the dinosaurs. 59. Studies of Earth history reveal that catastrophic events rarely occur. 60. A threshold effect begins with a rapid and dramatic change in response to an event, and then after a threshold is crossed, additional small perturbation causes further little or no effects. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10
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