Why does the Pope have an Astronomer?
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1 Why does the Pope have an Astronomer? A History of the Vatican Observatory Br. Guy Consolmagno SJ
2 QuickTime and a H.264 decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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4 The Religious Basis of Science There is a real universe (it s not just a dream) It follows laws (it s not chaos) It s worth the effort to learn those laws
5 The modern study of astronomy began in the medieval Church universities The trivium: grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic The quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music 13th Century Student notes
6 The Discarded Image Bishop Tempier s Edict of 1277 Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle John Buridan (1355): impetus (momentum) Nicholas Oresme (1377): relative motions of Earth, sky Nicholas of Cusa (1440): every star is a sun with planets Bishop Nicholas Oresme
7 1582: Pope Gregory XIII Fr. Christopher Clavius SJ
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11 Cassini s 1655 meridiana, San Petronio, Bologna (from Heilbron, The Sun in the Church)
12 1651:
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15 Painting on the Ceiling of the Jesuit College in Prague, 1760
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18 1761: Transits of Venus 25% of all observatories in Europe are run by Jesuits Jesuits observe the transit from Austria, Sweden, China Ron Dankowitz, Castel Gandolfo, 2004
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22 1870: Fr. Angelo Secchi, SJ
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24 The War of Science with Religion Enlightenment anti-clericalism French Revolution, suppression of Church 19th Century myth of Progress Triumphalism of 19th century Church; Vatican I 19th Century German University; professional class Darwin vs. "Social Darwinism"
25 1887: Pope Leo XIII celebrates his Ordination Jubilee As part of a large exposition organized for the occasion, Fr. Francesco Denza organizes an exhibition of scientific work done by Italian clergy After the expo, Denza suggests keeping the instruments in the Tower of the Winds, organizing a permanent staff for meteorology and astronomy
26 1891: that everyone might see clearly that the Church and her Pastors are not opposed to true and solid science, whether human or divine, but that they embrace it, encourage it, and promote it with the fullest possible devotion. Pope Leo XIII The Refounding and Restructuring of the Vatican Observatory 14 March 1891 Pope Leo XIII
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28 The tower of the Winds was equipped with the most up-to-date scientific equipment of the day
29 Fr. Giuseppe Lais Fr. Johann Hagen SJ
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32 1910: Fr. Hagen s Isotomeografo
33 1930:
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35 1935: Pope Pius XI Dedication of the new Specola at Castel Gandolfo, September 29, 1935
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37 Zeiss 40 cm refractor Pre-WWII optics (but objective lost during the war) f/15 Chromatic aberration, alas Primary workhorse today with CCDs
38 Refractor: Zeiss Double 40 cm aperture, f/5 Astrograph 4 lens objective chrom to 0.46 µm plate scale 1.42 /mm 8 field of view to plate Reflector: Newtonian & Cassegrain 60 cm aperture parabolic mirror
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41 The Marquis Charles Adrien de Mauroy ( ) French mining engineer and agronomist Two times vice president of French Society of Mineralogy World-famous collector of minerals Second-largest private meteorite collection in world
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43 1944:
44 1957: Schmidt Camera Spherical mirror, 98 cm aperture Corrector lens, 65 cm aperture Focal length 2.4 m Scale 1.26 /mm Photo plate 20 x 20 cm 2
45 1965:
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47 2007:
48 Mt. Graham, Arizona Elevation 10,469 ft (3192 m) Dark, Dry Site Stable Atmosphere
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54 Today: 12 researchers, 6 nations, 4 continents Rich Boyle: US; star cluster photometry; St. Louis and Georgetown David Brown: US; stellar evolution and galaxies; Texas A&M and Oxford Guy Consolmagno: US; IAU Nomenclature; meteorites and asteroids; MIT and Arizona Chris Corbally: Britain; IAU Div IV president; stellar spectroscopy; Bristol and Toronto George Coyne: US; director emeritus; interstellar dust; Fordham and Georgetown José Funes: Argentina; director; galaxy evolution; Cordova (Argentina) and Padua
55 Pavel Gabor: Czech Republic; extrasolar planets; Charles (Prague) and Paris Gabriele Gionti: Italy; quantum gravity and string theory; Trieste Jean-Baptiste Kikwaya: Congo; meteors and celestial dynamics; Paris and W. Ontario Alessandro Omizzolo: Italy; quasars and active galactic nuclei; Padua Bill Stoeger: US; Cosmology and General Relativity; Spring Hill and Cambridge Jonathan Stott: US; optics and spectroscopy; Worcester Polytech and Case Western Reserve
56 , Pope Pius XI
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60 The heavens proclaim the glory of the Lord and the firmament the work of his hands
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