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1 Astronomical Equipment for Martin Mobberley Springer
2 1 Fundamentals for Beginners 1 Using Low Magnification 1 Using High Magnification 4 Formulae 4 Jargon 4 Eyepiece Sizes 6 2 Refractors and Reflectors 7 Achromatic Refractors 7 Apochromatic Refractors 9 Semi-Apochromatic Refractors 11 Refractors or Reflectors? 12 Newtonian Reflectors 14 Long-Focus Newtonians 20 Collimation 22 Dobsonians 25 Buying a Telescope 27 Beginners' Telescopes 27 Buyer Beware! 28 High-Quality Refractors 31 Apochromats for the Connoisseur..; Other Telescope Considerations 35 3 Catadioptrics, Cassegrains and Schmidt-Cassegrains 37 Cassegrains 37 Schmidt-Cassegrains 38 Electronic Drive Control 41 Periodic Error Correction 44 Autoguiders 45 Summary 46 Maksutovs 47 Schiefspieglers 50 4 Binoculars 53 Stands for Binoculars 56 Image-Stabilised Binoculars 57
3 5 Eyepieces 61 Magnification 61 Lowest Practical Magnification 62 Highest Practical Magnification 62 Practical Considerations 63 Comet Seeking 64 Focusing-Tube Diameter 65 Real Field Limitations 66 Popular Commercial Eyepieces 67 High-Definition Eyepieces 70 Barlow Lenses 72 Eyepiece Projection 73 Illuminated-Reticle Eyepieces 74 Commercial Guiding Eyepieces 76 6 Telescope Mountings 79 The Equatorial Mounting 79 Commercial Telescope Mounting Systems 80 Fork Mountings 81 German Equatorial Mountings 84 The Split-Ring Equatorial 85 Commercial Drive Systems 86 Home-Made Drives and Unusual Mountings 89 Electronic Drive Design 89 Unusual Mountings 91 Poncet Platforms 94 Alt-azimuth Field De-Rotators 95 7 Accessories 97 Finders 97 Unity-Power Finders 98 Low-Power Finders 99 Guide Telescopes 100 Off-Axis Guiders 101 Horses for Courses 101 Photographic Equipment - Film versus CCD 102 Undriven Astrophotography 103 Simple Tracking 106 Dew 108 Film, Meteor-Photography Equipment and Wide-Field Camera Equipment 110 Satellite Trails 113 Medium-Format Cameras 114 Fish-Eye Lenses 114 Developing and Printing 115
4 (xi Developing Tanks 116 Developing Colour Film 118 Black-and-White Printing 119 Cold Cameras and Film Hypersensitising 121 Camera Interfaces 125 Focusers 126 Commercial Schmidt-Cassegrain Focusing 130 Manual Guiding and Off-Axis Guiders Guiding for Comet Photography 133 A Comet Marathon 137 Coma Correctors 137 A Final Word on Focusers 139 Filters 140 Planetary Filters 140 Venus 141 Mars 141 Jupiter and Saturn 142 The Moon 142 Deep Sky Filters 142 Comet Filters 145 Photographic Filters 145 Photometric Filters for CCDs 146 Schmidt Cameras and Astrographs Electronic Imaging and the Electronics Revolution 153 CCDs 153 The Basics 153 Camera Design 155 CCDs Compared with Film 158 Disadvantages of CCDs 161 Image Scale and Pixel Size 162 Buying a CCD Camera 167 Starlight Xpress 167 Colour Imaging 170 SBIGandMeade 172 Auto-Slewing with a Schmidt-Cassegrain and a CCD Camera 173 SBIG Autoguiding 174 Other Manufacturers 176 Using a CCD Camera 177 Understanding and Processing the Digital Image 179 A Dark Frame 182 Background Brightness 183 Flat-Field 184
5 xiij Contents Diffraction Focusers 187 Useful Processing Routines 187 Unsharp Masking 187 Deconvolution Median Filters 190 Non-Linear Contrast-Stretch 190 Image Formats 191 Astrometry 193 Photometry Image Processing, Planetarium and Telescope Control Software 199 QMips 1.81 by Christian Buil 200 MIRA AL by Axiom 201 Hidden Image by Sehgal 202 CCD Astrometry 202 PaintShop Pro 202 Adobe Photoshop 203 Printers and Scanners 204 Scanning Photographs 205 Planetarium Software 205 Redshift The Sky 207 Real Sky 207 Guide 207 Megastar 208 Starry Night Deluxe 208 NGCView Universe Explorer 209 Voyager II 209 Comet Explorer 209 The Astronomer Software 210 Planetarium Telescope Control Video Astronomy 215 Image Intensifies Observatories 223 The Simplest Solution 224 Simple Observatories 225 If It Can Go Wrong 229 Observatory Domes Equipment for Observing the Sun 239 Eyepiece Projection 240 Direct Solar Observation 240 Observing in White Light 241 Solar Filters: Inconel 241 Solar Filters: Mylar 241
6 Cxiii Seeing 242 Hydrogen-Alpha Equipment 243 Viewing Eclipses Star Atlases and Deep Sky Atlases 253 Appendix 1 Dealers, Bibliography and URLs Equipment Suppliers 257 Quality Binocular Mounting Suppliers 258 Societies Worth Joining 258 Internet URLs 259 Books 260 Appendix 2 Photographic and Visual Magnitude Limits 263 Index 265
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