S8.A.2.2 SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENT

Transcription

1 S8.A.2.2 SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENT

2 Getting the idea Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and measurements. They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment. They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

3 Tables A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read and understand. Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons. Table 4 Endangered Animal Species in the US Year Number of Endangered Species

4 Graphs A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way. A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly. There are three common types of graphs: Line Bar Circle

5 Graphing Must Haves Every graph must have the following: Descriptive title Label on the x-axis Label on the y-axis Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or 0, 5, 10, 15) The graph must take up the entire space In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

6 Line Graph A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis x axis Independent variable Vertical axis y axis Dependent variable

7 350 US Endangered Species per Calendar Year Number of species Year

8 Bar Graph A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the relationships among variables. One variable is divided into parts The second variable must be a number

9 90 US Endangered Species per Animal Group Numbe er of Species Birds Fish Mamals Clams Insects Animals

10 Circle Graph A circle graph shows the parts of a whole Circle graphs can be called pie graphs Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a fraction of 360 degrees.

11 US Endangered Species per Calendar Year Insects 10% Birds 26% Clams 20% Mamals 21% Fish 23%

12 Microscopes Microscope were designed in 1590 They are used in making small objects appear larger Compound light microscopes use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of (magnify) the image you see They make images 2,000 times larger

13 Microscopes Electron microscopes are larger, more powerful microscopes They magnify objects 450,000 times their size Use electrons instead of light

14 Microscopes Scanning tunneling microscope creates a 3-D image of the specimen

15 Measurement Ruler measures distance or length Length is the distance between two points Measuring tape bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

16 Reading a Ruler 1/16 1/8 ¼ ½ 1

17 Reading a Ruler The larger numbers are centimeters The small lines are millimeters 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

18 Mass Mass is the amount of matter in the object Larger objects kilogram (kg) Smaller objects gram (g) Pan balance Triple beam balance Both measure mass

19 Reading a triple beam balance First move the sliders to zero (0) The first beam reads in one gram The tick marks are 0.1 grams The second beam reads in 10 grams The third beam reads in 100 grams Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an accurate reading You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side Add all numbers together

20 Density Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter An object more dense than water will sink An object less dense than water will float

21 Time Stopwatch Clock

22 Volume Volume the amount of space an object occupies Graduated Cylinder Read the meniscus the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the graduated cylinder Beaker

23 Weight Weight is a measurement of force Spring Scale

24 Thermometer Measures temperature Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion Three Scales Celsius Kelvin Fahrenheit

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26 Binoculars and Telescope Reveal the details of faraway objects

27 Computers and Calculators Organize data and make graphs