Technology Goals for Small Bodies
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1 Technology Goals for Small Bodies Carolyn Mercer Julie Castillo-Rogez Members of the Steering Committee 19 th Meeting of the NASA Small Bodies Assessment Group June 14, 2018 College Park, MD 1
2 Technology Goals: What s been done? 2016 SBAG Technology Goals Document PESTO listing of Small Bodies technology needs presented at January 2018 SBAG meeting ations/915-mercer.pdf Pretty consistent but 2016 document included technologies for the human portion of the Asteroid Redirect Mission (EVA suits, SLS, etc.) while the PESTO listing does not. Small Bodies Assessment Group
3 2016 SBAG Goals Document: Baseline Instrument Priorities Progress since Next Gen IR / Vis low-noise detectors for Survey WFIRST sufficient? 2. Sensors for lander operations (landing proximity, rugged lasers) 3. Longwave infrared (LWIR) camera 4. Cosmic dust sample acquisition technology 5. Flexible orbital radar for subsurface sounding and software for radar data analysis 6. Deep drill / coring technologies for small body surfaces (e.g., low-strength regolith) 7. Small body lander payload Many instruments are available from previous/ongoing missions 8. Drill embedded physical instruments (e.g., resistivity, thermal, shear) 9. General SmallSat instruments PICASSO, MatISSE, infusion via SIMPLEx 10. Seismometers Several seismometers funded by NASA under development 11. Geotechnical instruments for ISRU (e.g., penetrometers, shear gauges, compaction) 12. ISRU regolith flow instruments 13. Mass spectrometer electronics and detector system New products funded for development 14. Instruments to measure chemical compositions a. Gamma ray instrument for landers Instruments available but infusion pending b. Gamma ray instruments for orbiters HPGe GRS for Psyche and MMX (MEGANE) c. In situ X-ray micro-imaging technology PIXL in development for Mars Drill embedded chemical instruments: LIBS, neutron spectrometer 16. Ground penetrating radar for landers/rovers M2020 RIMFAX and Exo-Mars WISDOM 17. Submm heterodyne radiometer New products funded for development (?) 18. Fluid process control technologies Small Bodies Assessment Group
4 2018 Instrument Priorities Telescope Technologies 1. Next Gen IR / Vis low-noise detectors for Survey 2. Cosmic dust sample acquisition technology Small Instruments for Landers and SmallSats 3. Gamma ray instrument for landers Instruments available but infusion pending 4. Mass spectrometer electronics and detector system resource reduction Components under development 5. Seismometers Instruments under development 6. Passive or no cooling infrared cameras* (e.g., photon efficient imaging) Material Sampling/Processing and Instrumented Drills 7. Drill embedded physical instruments (e.g., resistivity, thermal, shear) 8. Deep drill / coring technologies for small body surfaces (e.g., low-strength regolith) 9. Drill embedded chemical instruments: LIBS, neutron spectrometer 10. Front ends specific to small body surface properties (e.g., low-strength regolith)* 11. Fluid process control technologies Orbital Instruments 12. Longwave infrared (LWIR) camera 13. Submm heterodyne radiometer New products funded for development 14. Flexible orbital radar for subsurface sounding and software for radar data analysis Sensors for In Situ Operations 15. Landing proximity 16. Rugged lasers ISRU-Specific Technologies 17. Geotechnical instruments for ISRU (e.g., penetrometers, shear gauges, compaction) 18. ISRU regolith flow instruments *Newly added in 2018 Small Bodies Assessment Group
5 1. Optical communications 2. Lightweight solar arrays 3. Autonomous high-accuracy star tracker 4. Optimetric data for navigation 2016 SBAG Goals Document Baseline Technology Priorities 5. Miniature high-accuracy multi-function star tracker 6. Long life secondary batteries 7. Miniature Hall thruster / Iodine Hall 8. Primitive body proximity ops and pinpoint landing 9. Small body navigation 10. Electrospray propulsion 11. Hall Thrusters / Electric Propulsion 12. Prototype software and algorithmic framework to support rapid exploration 13. Reliably retractable solar arrays kw-class solar array structures 15. Higher thrust green propellant 16. High rate spacecraft guidance, navigation, and control 17. High specific energy human-rated lithium secondary batteries 18. SLS technologies 19. High temperature high voltage capacitors 20. Onboard real-time fault detection, isolation, and recovery Psyche Gateway Gateway Gateway }Tech Demos/ Flights Planned }ARM-related 5
6 2016 SBAG Goals Document Baseline Technology Priorities w/o ARM and techs under development Guidance, Navigation, and Control 1. Autonomous high-accuracy star tracker 2. Miniature high-accuracy multi-function star tracker 3. Small body navigation 4. Optimetric data for navigation 5. High rate spacecraft guidance, navigation, and control 6. Primitive body proximity ops and pinpoint landing 7. Prototype software and algorithmic framework to support rapid exploration 8. Onboard real-time fault detection, isolation, and recovery Small Spacecraft Propulsion 9. Miniature Hall thruster / Iodine Hall 10. Electrospray propulsion Energy Storage and Power 11. Reliably retractable solar arrays 12. Long life secondary batteries 6
7 PESTO Prioritized Technologies SMALL BODIES 10/6/17 o Anchoring and Sampling Mechanisms for Small Bodies (new) Small Spacecraft Propulsion EP & Chem Communications DRAFT TIER 1 Low Intensity/Low Temperature Solar Power System Autonomy Efficient Planetary Science Ops o Navigation for Proximity Ops (new) o Fault Protection (new) DRAFT TIER 2 High performance/low power/rad hard computing and FPGAs High Bandwidth, High Data Rate Communications Large Deployable Reflectors and High Power TWTs System Autonomy Autonomous Nav for Descent/Landing Reactive Science Autonomy Heat Shield Technologies for Cryogenic Sample Return Ice Sample Return Integrated Cryogenic Chamber DRAFT TIER 3 RPS Power System Autonomy Planetary Surface Science Ops Rovers Planetary Protection High-Temperature Compatible Power Systems if needed for PP
8 Destinations Far Centaurs/KBOs/Pluto Technology Applications Med Main Belt Asteroids and Comets Near NEOs Objectives Science ISRU Defense SKGs for human exploration Mission Types Flyby reconnaissance and limited characterization Orbit detailed characterization Land surface characterization, ISRU Sample Return Space-Based Telescopes Deflection We grouped the Goals Document and PESTO space vehicle technologies to this taxonomy of small bodies destinations, mission types, and objectives. Small Bodies Assessment Group
9 Top Technology needs for Small Bodies for Representative Missions Centaurs/KBOs/Pluto Science (flyby, orbit, land) All: Lander on Pluto: Multi-Flyby Centaur tour: Communications, Power, FDIR Planetary Protection + same as landers w/ cold electronics (below) Radioisotope electric propulsion; long-lived subsystems Main Belt Asteroids and Comets Science (flyby, orbit, land, sample return, space telescope) Phobos/Deimos Orbiter: Lander on MBA (Ceres): Cryo comet sample return: Survey: Small Spacecraft Propulsion/Power/Communications Planetary Protection + same as landers (below) Sampling Hardware, Cold containment, Curation, Autonomy, Batteries Small spacecraft Navigation/Propulsion/Power/Communications NEOs Science / ISRU / Defense / SKGs (flyby, orbit, land, sample return, deflection, space telescope) Orbiters: Landers: Sample return: Deflectors: Survey: Autonomous Proximity Ops and Navigation, High Performance Computing Same as Orbiters + Anchoring, Surface Mobility Systems, Dust mitigation, Retractable Solar Arrays Same as Landers + Sampling Hardware Kinetic impactors, laser tractor beam, nuclear impulsors* Small Spacecraft Propulsion/Communications/Power *Newly added in 2018 Cross cutting: Low-mass star trackers, High specific energy batteries Small Bodies Assessment Group
10 Next step: Short description of the attributes needed for these technologies Examples: Communication Technology Higher data rates needed from KBO objects. Examples include large deployable reflectors and high power TWTs. Optical comm is being demonstrated on Psyche. Higher data rates needed for small spacecraft. Examples include conformable antennas. Surface Systems Microgravity anchoring systems, surface mobility systems, vacuum-rated low power drilling systems, down-hole sensors, health monitoring, autonomous operations, thermal systems to prevent the loss of volatiles. Planetary protection Nothing more is needed than that being developed by Europa Lander Small Bodies Assessment Group
11 Questions 1. Should we include a multi-flyby Centaur tour as representative mission? If so, should we include radioisotope electric propulsion as an enabling technology? YES 2. Is this level of technology description sufficient? YES 3. Should we include space-based telescopes? AS MISSION TYPES, NOT TECHNOLOGIES 4. What else did we miss? Small Bodies Assessment Group
12 Backup 12
13 2016 Goals Document 408 technologies were considered TA01 Launch Propulsion (4) TA02 In-Space Propulsion (15) TA03 Power and Energy Storage (32) TA04 Robotics and Autonomy (50) TA05 Communications and Navigation (29) TA06 Human Systems (20) TA07 Human Destination Systems (25) TA07.1 ISRU (6) TA08 Instruments and Sensors (8) TA10 Nanotechnology (38) TA11 Modeling, Processing, and Simulation (58) TA12 Materials, Structures, Mechanical Systems, and Manufacturing (58) TA13 Ground and Launch Systems (39) TA14 Thermal Management (31)
14 2016 Goals Document 71 Technologies not related to general spacecraft improvements or human-mission specific TA02 SmallSat propulsion TA03 LILT solar power; RPS Power TA04 3D ranging and imaging; surface, sub-surface, and aerial mobility systems; anchoring; microgravity navigation; terrain adhesion; manipulator arms and end effectors; drilling; FDIR; autonomous decision making; LWIR camera TA05 Optical comm, autonomous star tracker, conformal antennas, onboard trajectory planning, navigation-grade cameras, flash LIDAR, primitive body prox ops TA07 ISRU penetrometers, shear gauges, compaction, density, and regolith flow instruments; drill embedded chemical instruments; chemical composition instruments TA11 Rad hard flight processor and memory
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