The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe

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1 Primary funding is provided by The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers Additional support provided by AIME Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program

2 Extraterrestrial Drilling: How On Earth Can Martian Drilling Help Us? Alfred William (Bill) Eustes III Colorado School of Mines Department of Petroleum Engineering Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program

3 How Did Life Begin? One instance of life known Earth. Second start on Mars? One start, but on Mars and migrated to Earth? The Grand Tour: A Traveler s Guide to the Solar System Why drill on Mars? 4

4 Physical Data Mars Earth Mass (10 23 kg) Diameter (km) 6,787 12,756 Gravity Field (relative to Earth) Escape Velocity (m/s) 5,000 11,200 Average Distance from Sun (AU) Day Year /4 Maximum Surface Temperature (ºC) Minimum Surface Temperature (ºC) Mars versus Earth 5

5 Land Areas The land area of the Earth is approximately equal to the total surface of Mars. The land area of Africa is about the same as the total surface of the Moon. Mars versus Earth 6

6 Martian Topography Mars versus Earth 8

7 Landing on Mars Score Martian Landers 9

8 Viking Lander (1976) Martian landers 10

9 Sojourner Truth (1997) Martian landers 11

10 Spirit and Opportunity (2004) Spirit Gusev Crater Opportunity Meridiana Martian landers 12

11 Phoenix Lander (2008) Martian landers 13

12 Curiosity (2012) Self Portrait Martian landers 14

13 Ravi Valles Catastrophic Flood Debris Head Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image The case for water 15

14 Curiosity Flow Channels The case for water 17

15 Recent Liquid Water on Mars Evidence for water: channels and aprons in East Gorgonum Crater Mars Global Surveyor image The case for water 18

16 ALH84001 The case for water 19

17 Water? Mars in the Past? Where is the Water? Expected distribution of water ~5 to 10% in the polar caps ~90 to 95% in the subsurface Form of water Adsorbed on minerals (clay?) Hydrous minerals Liquid Ice Gas hydrates Wikipedia Commons: Ittiz The case for water 20

18 Why is Water Important? Extraterrestrial life Subsurface water best chance of finding life Climate Water cycling between subsurface and atmosphere Geology Water is a key geological factor Standing water in the past? Resources Human exploration on Mars depends on in-situ resources such as water. The case for water 21

19 Motivation for Martian Drilling Understand the distribution and state of subsurface water and other volatiles. Understand the geology and evolution of the upper crust and regolith. Search for organic molecules and other potential indicators of past or present life. Characterize the geophysical environment, including heat flow, seismicity, stress and strain, and associated geophysical properties. Drilling on Mars 22

20 Martian Stratagraphic Column Desiccated Zone Ground Ice Zone Crater ejecta Volcanic flows Weathering products Sedimentary deposits Unsaturated Zone Basement fractured in situ Saturated Zone Modified Oil and Gas Journal image Drilling on Mars 23

21 Mars Pathfinder Landing Site Drilling on Mars 24

22 Drilling Depths on Mars 0-10 cm class Can be arm deployable 1 m class Single drill string 10 m class Need a carousel with drill strings and relatively larger lander >> 10 m need very large lander or a tethered drill approach Drilling on Mars 25

23 Drilling Requirements Penetration Low specific energy Percussion and rotary Cuttings Transport Mechanical Fluid Borehole Stability Casing Borehole fluid Drilling on Mars 26

24 Spacecraft Design Mass 0.1 kg changes can cause problems Lifting out of Earth s gravity well Volume Size and length Rocket volumes limited Power Source Sunlight Nuclear 50 to 2,400 WHrs Spacecraft drilling design and plans 29

25 First Extraterrestrial Drillers Lunar Coring 500 Watt Battery Powered (1st!) Human Operated Cores 2 m Apollo 15 (1971) 3.5 m Apollo 16 (1972) 3.5 m Apollo 17 (1972) On Apollo 15, Dave Scott experienced near lost time incident Spacecraft drilling design and plans 30

26 You think you ve drilled in isolated places? Spacecraft drilling design and plans 31

27 Current Ideas Rock Abrasion Tools (RAT) on Mars Phoenix Scoop and Rapid Active Sampling Package (RASP) Robotic Tests Drilling Automation for Mars Exploration (DAME) Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) Lunar drills Moon Breaker Spacecraft drilling design and plans 32

28 Rock Abrasion Tool (2004) RAT prepares clean rock for analysis Tools in the drill determines Elemental chemistry of rocks and soils Assesses composition and abundance of ironbearing minerals Microscopic imager Close-up views of rocks Spacecraft drilling design and plans 33

29 Phoenix Scoop / RASP (2008) First human-made hardware that touched extraterrestrial ice Scoop removes loose layer RASP acquires permafrosted soil/ice Spacecraft drilling design and plans 34

30 Curiosity Rotary/Percussive Drill Rotary/percussive system 20 kg 100 Watts Generates powder Spacecraft drilling design and plans 35

31 First Hole on Mars John Klein site Feb. 8, 2013 TD = 2.5 in (6.4 cm) H = 0.63 in (1.6 cm) Spacecraft drilling design and plans 36

32 Deepest Hole on Mars Cumberland site May 19, 2013 TD = 2.6 in (6.6 cm) H = 0.63 in (1.6 cm) Spacecraft drilling design and plans 37

33 Planetary Deep Drills (10m) MARTE (2005) Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment DAME (2004) Drilling Automation for Mars Exploration Spacecraft drilling design and plans 38

34 Designed as a 1 m class drill for repeated sampling of lunar regolith Rotary/percussive type drill Testing ROP of 1m/hr 100 N WOB 100 watts MoonBreaker Spacecraft drilling design and plans 41

35 Planned for 2016 Launch Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport HP 3 : percussive drilling system to 5 meters (DLR) NASA Insight Spacecraft drilling design and plans 42

36 ESA ExoMars Drill Planned for 2018 landing 2 m class drill for repeated sampling of Martian soil Collects up to 17-1 cm by 3 cm core samples Retrieves and sends to onboard laboratories LWD unit is a multispectral IR imager spectrometer Spacecraft drilling design and plans 43

37 Proposed Mars 2020 Rover Uses same technique and rover as Curiosity 31 core samples for cached for future retrieval Core diameter of 0.4 in (1 cm) Spacecraft drilling design and plans 44

38 Deep Drilling Mission Spacecraft drilling design and plans 46

39 So How Does This Help Us? Technology Development Understanding drilling mechanics Energetics Rock failure mechanisms Sensor technology Hydrocarbon detection Drilling automation Routine Trouble avoidance and recovery Testing procedures and equipment Building Specialized Equipment Learning Process Aircraft example: X-15 -> airliners Automotive example: Formula 1 -> cars Conclusions 47

40 Concluding Thoughts Many challenges to overcome Drill system autonomy Power, volume, and mass issues Autonomous downhole and surface sampling and analysis Solving these issues there gives us better understanding of how to tackle our Earthbound issues Generating excitement Recruitment of people into industry Industry involvement with the general public Conclusions 48

41 Mankind on Mars 20XX? Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet Conclusions 49

42 Not your average driller Mars Attacks! Conclusions 50

43 Your Feedback is Important Enter your section in the DL Evaluation Contest by completing the evaluation form for this presentation Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 51