Mars: The Red Planet. Roman God of war Blood Reflects 30% of its incident sunlight 2 small moons : Phobos and Deimos
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1 Mars: The Red Planet Roman God of war Blood Reflects 30% of its incident sunlight 2 small moons : Phobos and Deimos
2 Property Earth Mars Radius 6378km 3394km ~ 0.51R E Mass 5.97x10 24 kg 6.42x10 23 kg = 0.11 M E Average Density 5520kg/m kg/m 3 Gravity Earth s Escape Speed 11.2km/s 5.0km/s Average Temperature = 1 M E 290K / 17C 210K / -63C (~ K) Eccentricity
3 Other Physical Properties Sidereal Rotation speed: 24hrs 37mins Sidereal orbital period: solar day (or tropical years) Perihelion 1.38AU, Aphelion 1.67AU Axis tilt: 24 Orbital inclination to ecliptic 1.85 Magnetic Field: 1/800 of Earth s Seasons - like Earth but complicated due to orbital eccentricity.
4 Views of Mars Left: Hubble 1997 Right: Viking 1976
5 Martian Surface Huge Volcanoes Deep canyons Vast Dune Fields
6 Mars Global Surveyor
7 Contrasting Hemispheres Northern Hemisphere: Volcanic planes (like lunar maria) Enormous lava flow in its history. Less Cratered: Younger? 3 Billion Yrs Southern Hemisphere: heavily cratered highlands. Older? 4 Billion yrs
8 Tharsis: the Martian Continent. Lies on the equator ~ size of North America. Rises ~10km above surface To its East: Chryse Planitia Plains of Gold To its West: Isidis Planitia Plains of Isis Both wide depressions ~3km deep oceans NO sign of Plate tectonics: Geologically Dead Few craters on Tharsis: 2 3 Billion yrs old?
9 Hellas Planitia Lowest point on Mars ~3000km across Basin is ~9km below rim > 6km below average level of Mars Huge Impact feature in early history! Maybe ~4 Billion yrs old.
10 Volcanism: Olympus Mons Largest volcano in the solar system. ~25km high 3x taller than Mt Everest 700km across at base. ~Texas Extinct. At least for ~100 Million years!
11 Ancient Flows from Olympus Mons
12 Volcanoes on Mars All are shield volcanoes -Venus Many 100 s of smaller volcanoes Tall due to small surface gravity. 2.5x that of Earth No signs of activity.
13 Craters on Mars and the Moon Lunar crater Copernicus: ejecta blanket dry powdery material. Mar s Crater Yuty. ~18km diameter Ejecta was liquid in nature splash crater Permafrost of water ice just below surface liquefied in impact explosion
14 A Mars Rover begin to explore Victoria Crater
15 Sand Dunes on Mars
16 Martian Grand Canyon Formed over 2 billion yrs ago. 4000km long, ~120km wide, ~7km deep (Grand Canyon ~20km wide, ~2km deep) Tectonic Fracture not water channel!
17 Odyssey s View of Valles Marineris On Earth, it would stretch right across Canada!
18 Valles Marineris
19 The floor of Ius Chasma's southern trench, located in the western region of Valles Marineris
20 Water on Mars? Photographic evidence that liquid water once existed in great quantities on surface. Runoff Channels : Dried up Rivers Water now locked in sub-surface permafrost From ~ 4 billion yrs ago ~400 km long up to 5 km wide
21 Outflow Channels Remnants of catastrophic flooding with >100x flow rate of the Amazon ~3 billion years ago.
22 Frozen Lake in Martian Crater
23 Polar Caps Mainly frozen CO 2 ( dry ice ) < 120C 150K Seasonal cap shrinks and grows each year. South ~4000km, North ~3000km diameter. 1m thick. Residual cap permanently frozen. South ~350km, North ~ 1000km across. North cap warmer ~-75C and mainly water Seasonal freezing reduces atmospheric pressure by up to 30%!
24 North Polar Cap on Mars Frozen Water and CO 2
25 Martian South Pole Melting ices in summer
26 Atmosphere on Mars Thin: ~1/150 pressure of Earth % CO 2 2.7% N 2 1.6% Argon 0.13% O % CO 0.03% H 2 O (changes)
27 Martian Weather Noon in summer surface temperature can reach 300K / +27C. At night temperature drops by 100C! Fog in early morning Large violent Dust storms in season No rain or snow
28 Sand Storms on Mars and Earth
29 Martian Evolution Why is Mars the way it is? Reverse Runaway Greenhouse Effect. In the past, a stable temperature of ~0C, dense atmosphere, heavy rain all possible Liquid water dissolved CO 2 and formed carbonates in rocks hence cooling planet. Eventually water freezes out of atmosphere Due to lack of greenhouse gases, tectonic motion and few volcanoes: CO 2 is not replenished.
30 View from Viking Lander 1 Large Rock ~2m big covered with fine grain debris. Dunes formed by sand storms.
31 Views from Viking Landers 1 & 2 Red Rocky Desert : High iron content (iron oxide)
32 Views from Martian Rovers Columbia Hills (Above), Endurance Crater (Below).
33 Unusual Rock Formation on the lower slopes of Endurance Crater. Cracking and alteration processes -. caused by H 2 0? Rover Opportunity plans a closer look! October 4, 2004
34 Panoramic Views from Spirit and Opportunity (2005)
35 Life on Mars? No signs of bacterial activity in rock samples though interesting inorganic chemistry Is there life from meteoritic rocks from Mars? Inclusive!
36 Two Martian Moons Discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall Phobos fear, Deimos panic : Mythical horses that drew the chariot of the Greek God of war.
37 Phobos ~28km x 20km with huge 10km wide crater. Circular, equatorial orbit of 9378 km (Just 3 Mars radii) Sidereal Period 7hrs 39mins much faster than Martian day races across the sky every 5.5 hrs. Rotates synchronously. Both moons reflect ~6% of sunlight: Hard to see
38 Phobos from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer
39 Phobos
40 Phobos....up close White-ish whispy streaks could be younger material.
41 Solar Eclipse of Phobos from seen from the surface of Mars!
42 Deimos ~16km x 10km with large 2.3km wide crater. Circular, equatorial orbit of 23,457 km (~7 Mars radii) Sidereal Period 30hrs 18mins. Moves across the Martian sky every ~3 days. Also Rotates synchronously. Both moons have average densities of ~2000kg/m 3 Unlike mars hence captured Asteroids
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