MATS2001. Physical Properties of Materials

Transcription

1 School of Materials Science & Engineering Course Outline Session MATS2001 Physical Properties of Materials Course Outline Session 1, 2014

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Course staff... 2 Timetable... 2 Course Outline... 3 The learning and teaching philosophy underpinning the course... 3 Table 1 Detailed Timetable... 3 Course Information... 5 Assessment... 6 Assignments Due... 6 Recommended Reference Materials... 7 Other suitable books at elementary level:... 7 Academic honesty and plagiarism... 7 Continual course improvement... 8 Administrative Matters... 8 Rules for Exams... 9 Course staff Professor Michael Ferry Lecturer / Course Coordinator Dr Jiabao Yi Lecturer Room: 120 Phone: m.ferry@unsw.edu.au Room: G09 Phone: jiabao.yi@unsw.edu.au Consultation hours: by appointment Consultation hours: by appointment Timetable Lectures Type Day Time Location Lecture Tuesday 14:00-17:00 Elec Eng 224 Tutorial Wednesday 15:00-17:00 Elec Eng G25 2

3 Course Outline Modern atomic theory: shortfall of classical physics and an introduction to wave mechanics; many-electron atoms and the Pauli exclusion principle; zone and band theories. Electrical properties: classification of metals, semiconductors and insulators. Thermal properties: heat capacity, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and thermoelectricity. Magnetic properties: diamagnetism, paramagnetism, antiferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism and ferromagnetism; magnetic anisotropy and magnetostriction; magnetic materials and devices. Superconductivity and superconducting materials. Optical properties. * A detailed breakdown of topics is given in table 1. The learning and teaching philosophy underpinning the course (based on UNSW Learning Guidelines) Students are actively engaged in the learning process. It is expected that, in addition to attending classes, students read, write, discuss, and are engaged in solving problems on the electronic properties of materials, and in analysis and evaluation of materials electron-related properties in the context of modern theories of physics. Effective learning is supported by a climate of inquiry where students feel appropriately challenged. Problems involving electron theory are challenging; students will be given assignments that will motivate deep analysis of various physical phenomena in materials science and engineering. Learning is more effective when students prior experience and knowledge are recognised and built on. This course is built on prior courses in mathematics, physics and chemistry. Students become more engaged in the learning process if they can see the relevance of their studies to professional and disciplinary contexts Students will be asked to analyse the role of electron theory in understanding various physical phenomena in materials science and how properties such as electrical conduction and magnetism influence the science and engineering of existing and new devices and components. Table 1 Detailed Timetable WEEK TOPIC 1-3 PART I - FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRON THEORY 1 2 Introduction to the course Shortcomings of classical physics and the development of quantum physics Particle and wave nature of matter Review of de Broglie s theory, Heisenberg s uncertainty principle & Pauli s exclusion principle. Introduction to the Schrödinger equation simple solutions to the Schrödinger equation (i.e. free electrons, electron in a potential well, electron tunneling). The wave function and its meaning. Free electron model of a solid. The Schrödinger equation model of the hydrogen atom. Quantum description of the atom: quantum numbers; shapes and distribution of electron orbitals; review of the quantum description of the elements in the periodic ASSESSMEN T TASK 3x TUTORIALS 3

4 table. The Schrödinger equation solution for a single electron in the periodic field of a crystal (Kronig-Penney model of a solid). The concept of energy bands in crystals. 3 Handling multiple electrons in a crystal: Fermi-Dirac statistics; Fermi energy and Fermi surface; density of states; energy bands in crystals; Effective mass of an electron; Brillouin zones Methods of describing electron energy levels in crystals. Quantum definition of metals, semiconductors & insulators. 4-8 PART II - ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 4 5 Electrical conduction in solids Breakdown of the classical theory of conduction & introduction to the quantum theory and its predictions. Quantum model of electrical conduction in metals; alloying effects; effect of temperature on conductivity. Intrinsic semiconducting elements. Compound semiconductors. Electrical conduction of intrinsic semiconductors: types of charge carriers; relationship between electron and hole densities; conductivity equations. The combined role of the band gap and temperature on conductivity. Simple intrinsic semiconductor devices QUIZ WEEK 8 6 Extrinsic semiconductors: doping - donor and acceptor atoms; conductivity equations; effect of temperature on conductivity - freeze-out curves. Introduction to band-gap engineering 7 Physics of the p-n junction. Basic semiconducting devices including diodes/rectifiers, LEDs, lasers, solar cells & transistors. 8 Summary of Parts I and II 9-10 PART III - ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 9 Basic concepts of magnetism: dipole moment and the Bohr magneton; magnetic susceptibility; magnetic induction; saturation magnetization. Types of magnetic behaviour: diamagnetism; paramagnetism; ferromagnetism; antiferromagnetism; ferrimagnetism Modern theories of ferri/ferromagnetism; exchange interaction; effect of temperature on saturation magnetization (Curie and Néel temperatures) Magnetic domains and Bloch walls. Generation of hysteresis loops and the definition of soft/hard ferri/ferromagnets. Magnetic anisotropy and magnetostriction. Basic ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic devices such as memory devices; electrical motors, computer hard disks, transformers etc. 2x TUTORIALS Superconductivity: Type I and II superconductors; concept of the critical temperature; high-temperature superconductors. Types of superconducting materials (metals and alloys, intermetallics, polymers & ceramics). BCS theory of superconductivity; effects of electrical and magnetic fields on superconductivity; Meissner effect. Superconducting devices. PART IV THERMAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Thermal properties of materials: classical and quantum theories of heat capacity. Thermal expansion. Thermoelectricity and the Seebeck effect. Optical properties of materials: interaction of radiation with matter; reflectivity. Optical devices (lasers, modulators, switches, waveguides, optical fibres, blue ray disks) FINAL EXAM 4

5 Course Information Units of credit 6 Parallel teaching None How the course relates to other course offerings and overall program(s) in the discipline Course aims Graduate attributes which will be gained through the course 1 Expected learning outcomes Teaching strategies Elements of modern physics are taught as part of first year physics and chemistry courses with mathematics in both first and second years sufficient to understand the content of this course. This course will provide the intellectual framework for understanding physical properties in higher level courses. o To generate a sound understanding of the fundamentals of Modern Electron Theory in order to understand various important physical phenomena including electrical and magnetic properties of materials and to show how such properties influence the design and operation of engineering components and devices used in motors, computers, DVD players, televisions, mobile telephones etc. Research, inquiry and analytical thinking abilities Capability and motivation for intellectual development Information literacy Ability to communicate effectively Capacity for creativity and innovation Ability to manage information and documentation Ability to function effectively as an individual Capacity for lifelong learning and professional development Students should gain: Enhanced critical thinking, analytical and problem solving skills in materials science and engineering A basic understanding of electron theory and its application to a broad range of materials An understanding of the modern physical principles underlying electrical conduction and magnetism in a range of materials An understanding of the importance of Schrödinger s equation for calculating electrical resistivity in metals, semiconductors and insulators An appreciation of a "materials" contributions and importance in electronic systems Core concepts, theories and approaches to numerous problems concerning the electron theory of solids will be covered in lectures. Examples will be provided to demonstrate the use of wave mechanics in materials science and engineering. A number of tutorial classes will be conducted throughout the course to enhance problem solving skills with incomplete problems given as home work. It is expected that students attending classes are prepared for discussion. Teaching material, including the course outline, assignments, examples of solutions of problems and course announcements are available on Blackboard. 1. Based on the professional attributes given in Engineers Australia National Generic Competency Standards - Stage 1 Competency Standard for Professional Engineers and UNSW Graduate Attributes. 5

6 Assessment Assessment Task Assignments You will be required to undertake calculations involving the application of modern electron theory to topics covered throughout the course including: (i) the wave nature of electrons, (ii) electrical conduction in metals, semiconductors and insulators, (iii) magnetic behaviour, (iv) thermal properties of materials and (v) optical properties of materials. These assignments will enable you to achieve the desired learning outcomes and develop graduate attributes. Due dates: see below. Mid-session exam The aim of this exam is to assess students skills in solving problems concerning introductory aspects of electron theory and its application to materials science and engineering (Parts I & II). It will consist of a combination of essay-style questions and calculations. Held: Week 8, 2 hours Final exam This exam is devoted mainly to parts III and IV of the course consisting of lectures, nominated reading material and assignments and will include, where appropriate, relevant equations. It will consist of a combination of essay-style answers and calculations. Any derivations will assume knowledge of the material rather than memorizing equations with relevant background equations provided. Held: Formal examination period, 2 hours. Fraction 40% 30% 30% Assignments Due Assignments due* Issue Submission Assignment 1 Wed, week 2 Wed, week 4 Assignment 2 Wed, week 4 Wed, week 6 Assignment 3 Wed, week 6 Wed, week 8 Assignment 4 Wed, week 9 Wed, week 11 Assignment 5 Wed, week 11 Wed, week 13 * The assignments will be issued on the prescribed week, depending on when certain lecture topics are completed. All assignments are always due 2 session weeks after the issue dates, excluding mid-session breaks. Note All assignments must contain a completed student declaration sheet and will be due on the dates specified above. Assignments submitted after the deadline will receive a 10% of maximum grade penalty for every day late, or part thereof. Marked assignments will be returned within two weeks of submission. 6

7 Recommended Reference Materials Reference materials include the following textbook (see below) and other course notes handed out throughout the semester. As indicated overleaf, there are numerous other textbooks concerned with the Physical Properties of Materials that students should consult throughout the course. Preferred textbook: Electronic Properties of Materials Hummel, Rolf E. 4th ed. Springer. ISBN: Other suitable books at elementary level: The Structure and Properties of Materials: Volume IV Electronic Properties: R.M. Rose, L.A. Shepard and J. Wulff, John Wiley and Sons, Lectures on the Electrical Properties of Materials: L. Soymar and D. Walsh, Oxford, An Introduction to the Electron Theory of Solids: J. Stringer, Pergamon, Introduction to the Modern Theory of Metals: A. Cottrell, Institute of Metals, London, Physics of Solids: C.A. Wert and R.M. Thompson, McGraw-Hill, Introduction to solid State Physics: C. Kittel, John Wiley and Sons, Electronic Properties of Crystalline Solids: R.H. Bube, Academic Press, New York, Solid State Theory in Metallurgy: P. Wilkes, Cambridge University Press, Solid State Electronic Devices: B.G. Streetman, Prentice-Hall, Magnetic Materials: R.S. Tebble and D.J. Craik, Wiley Interscience, Academic honesty and plagiarism What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is the presentation of the thoughts or work of another as one s own.* Examples include: direct duplication of the thoughts or work of another, including by copying material, ideas or concepts from a book, article, report or other written document (whether published or unpublished), composition, artwork, design, drawing, circuitry, computer program or software, web site, Internet, other electronic resource, or another person s assignment without appropriate acknowledgement; paraphrasing another person s work with very minor changes keeping the meaning, form and/or progression of ideas of the original; piecing together sections of the work of others into a new whole; 7

8 presenting an assessment item as independent work when it has been produced in whole or part in collusion with other people, for example, another student or a tutor; and claiming credit for a proportion a work contributed to a group assessment item that is greater than that actually contributed. For the purposes of this policy, submitting an assessment item that has already been submitted for academic credit elsewhere may be considered plagiarism. Knowingly permitting your work to be copied by another student may also be considered to be plagiarism. Note that an assessment item produced in oral, not written, form, or involving live presentation, may similarly contain plagiarised material. The inclusion of the thoughts or work of another with attribution appropriate to the academic discipline does not amount to plagiarism. The Learning Centre website is main repository for resources for staff and students on plagiarism and academic honesty. These resources can be located via: The Learning Centre also provides substantial educational written materials, workshops, and tutorials to aid students, for example, in: correct referencing practices; paraphrasing, summarising, essay writing, and time management; appropriate use of, and attribution for, a range of materials including text, images, formulae and concepts. Individual assistance is available on request from The Learning Centre. Students are also reminded that careful time management is an important part of study and one of the identified causes of plagiarism is poor time management. Students should allow sufficient time for research, drafting, and the proper referencing of sources in preparing all assessment items. * Based on that proposed to the University of Newcastle by the St James Ethics Centre. Used with kind permission from the University of Newcastle Adapted with kind permission from the University of Melbourne. Continual course improvement Students will be asked to provide evaluative feedback through the UNSW's Course and Teaching Evaluation and Improvement (CATEI) process at the end of the course Students are encouraged to address any problems regarding teaching of this course at the annual staff-student meeting Student comments on teaching during the session are welcome and will be appreciated At times students may be asked to answer a short questionnaire for feedback on the course Administrative Matters Students should attend at least 80% of all classes. Students unable to submit assignments on time or attend the mid-session quizzes or final exams on health grounds should make a request for special consideration. Information on this process can be found here ( Medical certificates or 8

9 other appropriate documents must be included. Students should also advise the lecturer of the situation. Assignments/lab reports submitted after the deadline will receive a 10% of maximum grade penalty for every day late, or part thereof. Students who have a disability that requires some adjustment in their teaching or learning environment are encouraged to discuss their study needs with the course coordinator prior to, or at the commencement of, their course, or with the Equity Officer (Disability) in the Equity and Diversity Unit ( Early notification is essential to enable any necessary adjustments to be made. Rules for Exams Rules governing conduct during exams are given at: html - Rulesfortheconductofexaminations Note that the use of mobile phones or music players in an exam room will constitute Academic Misconduct. 9