Relative contribution of groundwater and surface water fluxes in response to climate variability over a mountainous catchment in the Chilean Andes

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1 C Rgi Hygy i Chgig Cit (Pig f Syiu H h uig IUGG i Mbu, Auti, Juy (IAHS Pub.,. Rti tibuti f guwt uf wt fux i t it ibiity utiu tht i th Chi A H. JOURDE,, R. ROCHETTE,, M. BLANC,, N. BRISSET,, D. RUELLAND, G. FREIXAS & R. OYARZUN, UM HySi Mti, P E. Bti, Mti Cx, F h.@u.f CNRS -UMR HySi Mti, P E. Bti, Mti Cx, F CEAZA, Ci E Pi, Uii L S, L S, Chi DGA, Dii G Agu,Pz A; Dtit Igií Mi, Uii L S, L S, Chi Abtt I th i-i gi f Nt Chi (Chi, it ibiity, iy t by ENSO LNSO t, gt high ibiity f bth uf wt guwt fux. Tkig th u Equi tht x, thi tuy fu tht, uig LNSO t, th by high u (>% f th uff ffiit y b th qu f guwt tibuti t uf wt fw. Duig ENSO t, hw, th w u (<% f th uff ffiit th yi f th wt tb highight th hg f th ubuf tt. F th hygi y htiz by high Puiti Ix uig th i, th yi f itti btw guwt uf wt itifi: (i th wt tb i bf th i ihg, it githi i highight i hg t t th it f wt if t; (ii th wt tb i ft th i ihg it xti i hw gi itifiti f th hg ti; (iii th wt tb th i ihg i itt. Dyi (i (ii b uig th ENSO t, wh iitti u g i; yi (iii i b uig th ut y, wh high itity iitti u ht i. Aigy, if th t it t k by i fquy f E Niñ t i t (IPCC, it, thi hu fu yi (i (ii, thu h th ti it f th guwt u with t t uf wt u. Hw, bth th t iti t i ttu th iff f t t th f th tht y fu th ffiit f th tw yi i t f guwt hg. Ky w hy-iti ibiity; wt u; uf/ubuf itti; wt; Rí Equi, Nth-Ct Chi INTRODUCTION I Nth-Ct Chi, it ibiity t iy by th E Niñ L Niñ t u ubtti iity i iitti itity itibuti. Th wt b i y t t u i th tht f th gi (Fi t.,, iy u t k f utig f ghi ht f iitti, f gi tibuti. Hw, th ib f th wt bugt u i f utiti f th ubuf tt tibuti t uf uff. A btt htizti f th uf ubuf tt futi itti t h th i thf f i it t btt ut A hygi yt. Uig th u Equi tht x, uf guwt fux y i thi tuy, ig t th tit it ibiity y (. BASIN DESCRIPTION AND METHODS Th Equi tht ( k, Fig. (, i f th th i hyghi twk f th Cquib gi (Chi. It i btw titu S S gitu W W, u btw th Pifi t th uit ig f th A, whih x t i. Lik t i f thi gi, th Rí Equi xhibit Cyight IAHS P

2 Hygi t it ibiity f A tht tg itu ibiity i i ihg ( u ihg btw /. Thi i tt t th fu f th Rí Tubi Rí C (titu it tw i tibuti hig tht f k, tiy. Thy bth h i hygi gi, tyi f i utiu, with th hight i ihg f Nb t Fbuy. F ggi it f iw, th tht it f fu j ty f fti: git, i k, -ity it, Quty ity. Th tt, iy ui ui, b thik f th i quif i th tuy z (USDI,. Thi quif t g u f wt (Mi & L,. I th Rí Tubi Rí C tht f k wt f thi fu (Agb, it b th thik, thi biity h b t /, whih w i guwt tf. Rgig th ubttu, th uti k iy ifft hyui utiiti ut f ftuig t iu (USDI,. Fig. ( G txt f th Rí Equi tht (Cbz t., itig twk: tgi tti (L S (, A (, Viuñ (, Rii (, Mt G ( L Lgu (, gugig tti (Rí Equi t Agb (, Rí Tubi t Vi ( Rí C t Rii (, f izt (Agb (, Bu ( Mt G (; (b Puiti ii (PI ut f th i t th tgi tti. Cit i i-i i thi gi. Piitti i th g th t th i uti, wh w th h t i xti y. Th u iitti th tht i y with uiti ii (PI, fi t u u f h hygi y (Ai t Mh: σ x xi PI = ( wh xi i iitti f y i, x i u iitti th f i, σ i t iti f u iitti th f i. PI, itifyig x htg f iitti ti t th f i, i th t y with ONI (Oi Niñ Ix t b Pifi O uf ttu i i th NIÑO. gi. F h tht, w i f izt tti f th tu yi f th ubuf tt ( uig tg it u ibiity hyti tti (Tb. Hygi y with high PI w t f yi f th (b Hygi y with ENSO t Hygi y with LNSO t Hygi y withut t (ut y $K Gugig tti # Rif tti ^ Rf izt Quty it Giiti it fig Git Giit Mthi k Riu it Ait -ity it (

3 H Ju t. xitig ti btw uf ubuf tt. Fu f th y k by E Niñ t:,,. Tw th ut y ( t:. A f iitti htizti, hygi ix HI (t u ihg u izti ii PZI (t u izti u ut t iti f ihg guwt fw i ti t th f i, tiy. Tb Atitu f th f izt hyti tti f th th tht. Rf izt Hyti tti Rí Tubi tht Bu (titu Vi (titu Rí C tht Mt G (titu Rii (titu U Equi tht Agb (titu Agb (titu T t th yi, uff ffiit (RC i ut : R RC = ( P wh R i th uut uff fw u t th utt f th tht, P th u f iitti th tht uig th hygi y. F h tht (Tb, th uut uff fw ut f iigti itk (ib t uti, P i ut with iitti t itt t uti uig th i it wightig (IDW th. Ruff ffiit RC i ifu by ggy, tghy, i ty, u t. It gi i f i ifitti ity titi, but w itifyig th tibuti f ubuf fw t uf fw wh b RC u (> %, bti (Ju t.,. Th, ig th u with th xt RC u ig t th htiti f th wth, w qutifiti f th ubuf fw tibuti. Tb Ruff ffiit (RC i th Rí Tubi, Rí C, u Equi tht f h hygi y. Gy ight gy hig iit y ig t E Niñ L Niñ t, tiy. Gy uff ffiit w ut with t i ighty it. Rí Tubi tht Rí C tht U Equi tht P ( RC % % % % % % % % % % % P ( RC % % % % % % % % % % % P ( RC % % % % % % % % % % % Rí Tubi tht Rí C tht U Equi tht P ( RC % % % % % % % % % % % P ( RC % % % % % % % % % % % P ( RC % % % % % % % % % % % RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I th Rí Tubi tht, yi f t u ti hw tht HI i wy gt th PZI (Fig. i th wt y (high PI. Thi ut f ft hygi f uf wt tt th ubuf guwt tt. Hw, PZI i high i th y fwig wt y, i i t high th tht f th ig y whi HI tgy. Thi i t t th gt iti f th ubuf tt, highight by g i i ( t y. Fiy, htg f if ut i bth HI PZI u i y fwig th y y. Thi yy yi i biu i th Rí C tht wh iigti wt f i; thi

4 Hygi t it ibiity f A tht Fig. Puiti Ix, Hygi Ix, Pizti Ix f: ( th Rí Tubi tht; (b th Rí C tht, ( th u Equi tht. T bk gy yb iit hygi y it t E Niñ L Niñ t, tiy. Btt bk w iit y with iig t. tibut t hg gt bth ti PZI i HI ( th iigti wt f th Rí C. PZI u high th HI u ti (Fig. i y y (w PI ik,, but i tiuy wt y (high PI, uh. I bth, thi iit t hg f th ubuf tt with t t uf uff; i y y (w PI, thi bhiu u b xi by th ggy, with hg f th ubuf tt ig f th uyig ftu git bk tht, f thi tht, titut th % f it. Ath ibiity ight b th tibuti f wt f ft w t ig f f iitti. Hw, thi bhiu hu u i tib i th Ri Tubi tht th i th Ri C tht wh ti i w, thu wt tg wk ft it; thi i t th. Bi, th y y (, iity fw th y y withut tib iitti, whih t t xu thi hythi. I th u Equi tht, ii iy th t th f th Rí Tubi, whih highight th i f thi j tibuty th yi f itti btw uf ubuf tt. Duig th wt y (high PI, th uff ffiit (<% b i th Rí Tubi u Equi tht hw tht th ti tibuti f th ubuf tt t uf fw i w th i y y (w PI. Thi iit g hg f th ubuf tt, iutt by ib izti iti f y t th Bu izt ( Fig (. Cig thi hg, it tk - - ( (b ( Puiti ix Hygi ix Pizti ix

5 H Ju t. i iu : (i hg i th j b f th i wh ihg thh i h i fw; (ii it ifw f th ubuf tt (quif f th i tibuti; (iii y hg f th ftu bk, b. Duig th y y (w PI, uff ffiit gt th % (>% uig L Niñ t, whih b xi by th tg tibuti f guwt t uf fw. Ath ibiity y b th tibuti f wt f ft t f w uuti f f iitti, tt iuy. Hw, xi b, thi bhiu hu u i tib i th Ri Tubi tht th i th Ri C tht; thi i t th. Aigy, guwt tibuti t uf fw i th t iky hythi t xi th high uff ffiit u uig y y. Ayi f uff ffiit i ui f y y hw tht th tibuti f th ubuf tt t uf fw iby i uig th y iity fwig t t th igi f high PI, th guy. Aigy, th ti btw uf ubuf tt wi b figit f it ibiity. Th tihi btw uff ffiit RC u iitti (Fig. hw tht wh iitti x xity, RC u i btw %; thi iit ti quiibiu btw uff hg. Bw thi thh, RC u i xtiy wh iitti. Figu w u t itify tw tgi f hygi y: (i hygi y,, (ight gy i with PZI > HI, whih iit quif hg t with t t uf uff; (ii hygi y, (w with tib tibuti f th ubuf tt t uf fw (high RC ut f y y. H, th b ti thh y b u wig f ught; i, wh iitti i bw thi thh, hg t th ubuf tt i z th ubuf tt f th i; th qu high hyi fiit, highight by izti i th quif. % % Ruff ffiit % % % % % % Au if g th bi ( Fig. Viti f th Rí Tubi uff ffiit u u iitti th Rí Tubi tht. Rgig th ti ibiity f uff ffiit, RC u uh high i th Rí C tht th i th Rí Tubi u Equi tht; thi highight gt tibuti f th ubuf tt i th Rí C tht, fi by hygi ig (Ru t.,. Thi u b xi by th ti f uiu i th Rí C th i th Rí Tubi tht (.% f..% f tht. A ut, th u f wt t i th ubuf tt (uiu wu b ttiy i th Rí C tht gt high uut uff fw u ( thu RC u. Hw, b, th t iky hythi y b t t th ggy, with th hg f th ubuf tt ig f th uyig ftu git bk tht % f th tht. F hygi y htiz by

6 Hygi t it ibiity f A tht ( Rif ( Ttu ( C Dihg ( / ( Rif ( Ttu ( C Dihg ( / P = P = P = P =.-.- RC = % RC = % RC = % P = P = P = P =.- RC = % RC = % RC = % RC = % Pizti ( Pizti ( Rif ( Ttu ( C Dihg ( / (b P =.-.- P =.-.- P = High titu if (L Lgu Eb Rif g th bi.-.- P = High titu ttu (L Lgu Eb High titu iiu ttu (L Lgu Eb Ob ihg (Vi Dihg i xit f (L Lgu Pizti (Bu Pizti ( Fig. Hyiti thy iti f hygi y: ( it with yi, (b it t yi, ( it t yi. high PI, it i f thy t (Fig. tht th yi f itti btw th uf ubuf tt b itifi: (i yi t i i izti tht th i ihg i. It i b f tw E Niñ t ( with high iitti f tw t th th; (ii yi t i i izti tht tk ft i ihg i. Thi yi i b f tw E Niñ t (, with high iitti f g i ( th; (iii yi t iutu i f izti i ihg, hwig th tf yi btw uf ubuf tt. Dyi i b i ut y (, with g iitti uig y ht ti ( wk. If th it t k by i fquy f E Niñ t i t (IPCC, it, thi hu fu yi, h th ti it f guwt u with t t uf wt u. I, th yi it with g izti i: + +, f yi, tiy, thugh it i y + f yi. Th it f iiu ttu ig t th t f ihg i izti i hw i Fig.. Th it fi by th thy ttu bf ft th t f ihg i izti i, tiy. Th it f ttu ig t th t f ihg tiy tb (Fig. (. I tt, th ttu it ig t th t f izti i xhibit high ibiity (Fig. (b, with yi it with tiby

7 H Ju t. Ttu ( C ( (b Ttu ( C High titu iiu ttu High titu ttu Fig. Ttu it ig t th t f ( ihg i, (b izti i. It gi f iiu ttu t L Lgu tti (. high ttu. Aquif hg thf i ig ft th th ttu. Th githi i f izti u ti (yi, Fig. ( iit i hg f th ubuf tt, whih ubquty. Thi yi u b th qu f gu ttu i (Fig. ( tht u w t f th w thu h ifitti with t t uff i fit tg. I tt, th xti i f izti u ti (yi, Fig iit y hg f th ubuf tt. F yi, thi y i i izti th i ihg u b t t quif hg utig f th fwig f th Rí it it j b. Bi, iitti th ( fft th tutu f th w (hig fzig, whih tbiiz th y th wt. F yi, th it f ttu ig t th t f ihg, but iy t th t f hg, high th tht f th yi (Fig.. Figu hw tht thi yi i it by uf uff t t i wt, whih t g ifitti tw th ubuf tt. A yi f ttu hg i thi gi (Suigt t., hw tht bth xiu iiu thy ttu h iti t. Bi, ifft t i ttu btw th high i ti iit ib iti f th t itt ftu i th w uuti t. If th t t i ttu it, th fquy f yi, ffiit th th yi with t t guwt hg, y thu i i th futu. At th iy ti, tg ti btw ttu i ihg b b f th th yi (Fig.. A f th thy ti, i ihg i i tw tg: th fit tg b ttibut t wt, th tg i th i i f fw, utig f ubtti wt wh th high titu iiu ttu x th thh f C. I yi (Fig (, th i i i th izti ig tht f i ihg tk wh high titu iiu ttu i b C bw C, iuy ti thh f uffiity g i (tit t b but th. Withi thi ttu g, w t t t ifitt th i y th th fig uf uff. Ri ihg thf i tb whi th izti i. I yi (Fig (b, th i i ihg i, whih th i i izti, tk wh high titu iiu ttu x th C thh, t i w th th C thh f g ugh. Th w thu t quiky, with t t gt th fitti t, utig i tg i ihg i. Th uh t i i izti ight b t t quif hg utig f th fw f th Rí Tubi f it i t it j b, wh / i ihg

8 ( - ī C ( tu - T- / ( g h i D / ( f i R - ī ( - ī C ( tu - T- / ( g h i D / ( f i R - ī - i - i - i - i i.- i.- i.- i.- Hygi t it ibiity f A tht t- t- t- t j.- j.- j.- j - f - f - f - f P i z ti - - ( P i z ti - - ( (b - ( C tu - T- / ( g h i D / ( f i R - Fig. Diy f iti hygi ib f t hygi y: ( htiti f yi, (b htiti f yi, ( htiti f yi. ī ī - i - i i.- i.- t- t j.- j - f - f - - P i z ti - - ( - Rif g th bi Ob ihg (Vi Dihg i xit f (L Lgu Eb Pizti (Bu High titu ttu (L Lgu Eb D bi g f high titu ttu High titu iiu ttu (L Lgu Eb D bi g f high titu iiu ttu - - thh i h (Fig (b. Ath, i th thy yi, wu b th hg i th tutu f th w, itt t t thu yig th tibuti f t wt t uf fw. I yi (Fig (, th i i bth th izti i ihg u wh high titu iiu ttu x C i withi th g iuy itifi ( C C but f ht i th i yi. Aft xig th C thh f y, f i high titu iiu ttu t bw C u th fzig f t wt. Wh high titu iiu ttu th C thh gi, thi tigg i i i ihg th i i izti, wh th / ihg thh ig t fig it th j b i tti. Th ttu thh g y thu b u wig it f f ik wt i th wth, iy wh yi, it with g f k, i iky t u. CONCLUSION Ayi f uff ffiit th t hw tht wh u iitti i w th xity, th ti quiibiu btw uff hg i bk, whih y gt g guwt fiit tht wi ut i high hyi fiit t th wth. Aigy, thi thh y b u wig f ught. Th ti ibiity f th uff ffiit hw high tibuti f th ubuf tt i

9 H Ju t. z wh git th t t, thu highightig th hg f th quif f th uyig ftu git bk. Aigy, uh z wu b uitb f utib guwt u xitti. Ay t th thy ti f f th Rí Tubi tht th i w u t itify th itit yi f itti btw uf ubuf tt. Eh f th yi i it with g guwt hg fw by tiy g i f th izti ( y ht i f th i ( th. A it t i k by i fquy f E Niñ t i t (IPCC,, thi hu fu yi, it with uh t, thu h th ti it f th guwt u with t t uf wt u. Hw, th t i ttu t th tht y fu th ffiit yi (yi i t f guwt hg. Fiy, iy yi w itifiti f ttu thh g tht y xi bth th t f uf uff guwt hg; thy u b u wig it f f ik wt th wth, iy wh yi i iky t u. Akwgt Thi wk w iz withi th fwk f th ti ECOS. CU. It w ut by th HySi Lbty, but by th CEAZA Agi itti withi th fwk thi btw th Ci g Hut th Cquib gi. Th uth wu ik t thk th Diió G Agu (DGA, Chi f iig th y t f thi tuy. REFERENCES Cbz, R., C, J. & Bii, A. ( Diió tgáfi hy higáfi í Equi (Rgió Cquib Chi. Uii L S. Fi, V., Fy, M., Rbt, A., PRí, E. & Lz, D. ( Ittig ii btw ihg iitti i high-titu f Chi Nt Chi gi ( S. Wt R., W. IPCC ( Cit Chg : Th Phyi Si Bi. Ctibuti f Wkig Gu I t th Futh At Rt f th Itgt P Cit Chg (. by S. S, D. Qi, M. Mig, Z. Ch, M. Mqui, K. B. Ayt, M. Tig & H. L. Mi. Cbig Uiity P, Cbig, Uit Kig Nw Yk, NY, USA,. Ju, H., Rh, A., Guit, V. & Biy-Ct, V. (. Dyi tibuti f kt guwt t uf fw uig Mit f. Eit Ggy J.,. Lug, P., Oyzú, R., Oyzú, J., Az, P. & Cut B, C. ( Agu ubtá iz ftu : u utiizió z u tñ Ct Nt Chi. VIII Cg Ltii Higí Subtá, Auió, Pguy. Mi, E. & L, J. C. ( Etui gu ubtá u Rí Equi. Mi títu t titu Igi Cii. Uii L S,. Ru, D., Bit, N, Ju, H. & Oyzu, R. ( Mig th g-t it f iti ibiity th guwt uf fw f utiu tht i th Chi A. I: C Rgi Hygy i Chgig Cit (P. f y. H h uig IUGG i Mbu, Auti, Juy. IAHS Pub., thi u. Suigt, M., Hiih, J. & G, H. ( Rt hy-iti t i th i Nth-Ct Chi: ig it ibiity f iy k. I: Gb Chg: Fig Rik Tht t Wt Ru (P. f th th W FRIEND Cf., Fz, M, Otb. IAHS Pub.,. USDI ( Equi Vy Chi, Gu Wt Itigti,. Uit Stt Dtt f Th Iti Buu f Rti.