Part I: Review Data Tables & Graphing Part II: Speed Acceleration
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1 Part I: Review Data Tables & Graphing Part II: Speed Acceleration
2 A Standard Data table consist of two columns. The left-hand column contains the values for the Independent Variable in numerical order. (Usually lowest to highest.) The right-hand column contains the values for the Dependent Variable. (These are filled in during the experiment.)
3 1. Line graphs 2. Bar graphs 3. Pie graphs (a.k.a. Circle graph)
4 To choose the right graph you must: ~Determine the INDEPENDENT variable. Then, look at your data ~ If data is numbers that show a steady progression LINE GRAPH must be used. ~ If data is non-numbered sets and/or do not follow a steady progression BAR GRAPH may be used. ~ If data is percentages or parts of a whole PIE/CIRCLE GRAPH may be used.
5 1. Use a pencil, ruler, and graph paper!!! 2. Identify the independent and dependent variables. 3. Label each axis with the name of the variable and unit. ~independent variable on horizontal axis (x or abscissa) ~dependent variable on vertical axis (y or ordinate). DRY MIX!!
6 4. Choose your scale carefully so your graph is readable. 5. Give your graph a descriptive title. Do NOT just title the graph with the name of the lab.
7 Force (N) Stretch cm)
8 A. Relationships & trends between variables can be established. B. Extrapolation predicting a data point from beyond the plotted data. C. Interpolation predicting a data point from between two plotted data points.
9 ~ Linear relationship a straight line is able to be drawn on the graph. ~Directly proportional the line slants upwards (positive slope). Both variables increase or decrease. ~Indirectly proportional the line slants downwards (negative slope). One variable increases as the other decreases.
10 ~calculation of the ratio between the y and x variable of a line graph. ~calculated to determine different experimental values such as speed, acceleration, density, etc.
11 ~ RISE OVER RUN. ~ Equation looks like: Slope = y x Or (y 2 y 1 ) (x 2 x 1 )
12 ~To use the formula, we must: 1. Select two different points that lie on the line, (x 1, y 1 ) and (x 2, y 2 ), 2. Plug them into the equation (y 2 y 1 ) (x 2 x 1 )
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14 ~ Distance v. Time (a.k.a. Speed) (y 2 y 1 ) (x 2 x 1 ) ~ Speed v. Time (a.k.a. acceleration) (y 2 y 1 ) (x 2 x 1 )
15 Motion is the change in position of an object relative to a reference point.
16 ~Distance how far an object has moved. ~Displacement distance and direction of an object s change in position from a starting point. ~Take a look at this example: anics/displacement/desk-animated.html
17 ~ Speed: distance an object travels per unit of time ~Velocity: speed and direction of an object s motion Note: for the purposes of IPC, we will use speed an velocity interchangeably
18 ~Speed equation: v = d t Where - v = speed (or velocity) d = distance t = time Other forms of the speed equation: Solving for distance d = vt Solving for time t = d v
19 A rocket travels 4500 meters in 150 seconds. What is its average speed? How long does it take a train moving 100 km/hr to travel 750 km? A regular jet traveling at 710 km/hr goes from New York to London in 7 hours. What is the distance between the two cities?
20 Average speed = total distance total time. Instantaneous speed the speed at a specific point in your journey (speed you see on your car s speedometer) Constant speed the speed that does not change over time. Zero speed the object is not moving.
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22 Constant Speed Zero Speed Increasing Speed Decreasing Speed
23 ~the rate at which velocity changes ~Positive acceleration: speed is increasing ~Negative acceleration: (deceleration): speed is decreasing. ~Zero acceleration: when an object travels at a constant speed in one direction.
24 ~ due to gravity, objects that are dropped fall at a constant rate of acceleration? ~ known as free fall ~ in a vacuum (no friction) the rate is 9.8 m/s 2
25 Acceleration formula: Acceleration = change in speed change in time or Acceleration = (v 2 v 1 ) (t 2 t 1 ) **Acceleration is the slope of a speed vs. time graph
26 Example 1: A toy car is measured by two photo gates. At 0.10 sec., the speed is 50 cm/sec. Then at 0.60 sec., the speed of the car is 150 cm/sec. Calculate the rate of acceleration. Example 2: A bumble bee traveling at 5 m/s comes to a complete stop in 4 sec to smell a rose. What is the bumble bee s rate of deceleration?
27 These types of graphs tell us: 1. The rate of change in speed. (Slope of the line = acceleration) 2. If the object is speeding up, slowing down or constant speed.
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